Well, that page says that support in Gnus is minimal.
It also says:
,----
| Composing or replying an article with long lines will choose a more
| resilient encoding such as ‘quoted-printable’ by default.
`----
Which is exactly what's happened to your message: it's not
format=flowed, but quoted-printable. Quoted-printable[1] also has a way
to encode soft newlines. Looks like it's a decent way of sending
reflowable messages.
BTW, you can look at the raw message in mu4e if you press `.` in the
message view (*mu4e-view* buffer).
> I have checked my sent messages in GMail and iPhone, and the
> occasional mailing list archive, but not elsewhere. Yes I do think
> this paragraph is one long line.
It was in the text that you composed, and in the buffer in which mu4e
shows the message, but because of quoted-printable, the raw message is
wrapped. (Which, IIUC, is as it should be, since email messages should
be wrapped.)
The difference with format=flowed is that an email client must support
quoted-printable in order to display the message correctly, whereas
format=flowed was designed to allow the message to be displayed
correctly even by clients that don't support it.
Anyway, I guess the upshot for the OP is to just go ahead and write
emails with long lines. message-mode should handle the rest.
Joost
[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable