TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

[user2301]

I am publishing the topic from command prompt mosquitto_pub -h mybrokerhostname -p 1883 -t "service/" -m "ontest2"
I have written a subscriber code, when I get this message, to run a test service. the test service will run. After that I get this below  error message:


File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 1481, in loop_forever
rc = self.loop(timeout, max_packets)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 1003, in loop
rc = self.loop_read(max_packets)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 1284, in loop_read
rc = self._packet_read()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 1849, in _packet_read
rc = self._packet_handle()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 2305, in _packet_handle
return self._handle_publish()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 2500, in _handle_publish
self._handle_on_message(message)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/client.py", line 2640, in _handle_on_message
for callback in self._on_message_filtered.iter_match(message.topic):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/paho_mqtt-1.3.1-py3.6.egg/paho/mqtt/matcher.py", line 60, in iter_match
lst = topic.split('/')
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

[rahul kumar]

Python makes a clear distinction between bytes and strings . Bytes objects contain raw data — a sequence of octets — whereas strings are Unicode sequences . Conversion between these two types is explicit: you encode a string to get bytes, specifying an encoding (which defaults to UTF-8); and you decode bytes to get a string. Clients of these functions should be aware that such conversions may fail, and should consider how failures are handled.

We can convert bytes to string using bytes class decode() instance method, So you need to decode the bytes object to produce a string. In Python 3 , the default encoding is "utf-8" , so you can use directly:

b"python byte to string".decode("utf-8")