I think there may be 5-minute cache-ttl for the critical CSS data hardcoded. I filed
https://github.com/pagespeed/mod_pagespeed/issues/1311 to track this. Feel free to subscribe. It seems like this shouldn't be hard for us to make configurable.
The reason for this conservatism is that the CSS may stay constant, but the HTML might change, causing previously non-critical CSS to become critical, which would result in a flash-of-unstyled-content. However it would self-correct once more beacons are sent, so at least we should leave it up to the site owner.
-Josh