Saad:
Thanks for the file. Note that MathJax's line-breaking algorithm is based on the MathML model. It allows line breaks at <mo> and <mspace> elements (and within token elements, but MathJax hasn't implemented that yet). So line breaks will only occur at the equal signs in your equation (the only <mo> elements there). Your example, does produce a line break at one of these.
In particular, MathJax will not break the <mtext> elements, which is what I expect you are looking for. This text is really should not be part of the mathematics, but should be regular text within the page. That is, I would expect things like "In this equation c and a are relatively prime" to be regular text in the HTML page (with the "c" and "a" in math mode), not <mtext> elements within a larger math expression. Semantically, these are not part of the math, and should not be included in the <math> tag. That is one of the reasons you are having the problems you are experiencing.
Also, MathJax's line breaking within tables is not optimal. A cell is broken based on the width of the container without taking the other columns into account, so that may also be a factor here. It is not clear to me why this needs to be in a table; I would expect <mspace linebreak="newline" /> would be a better way to obtain the forced line breaking that your StarMath source suggests you want, rather than using an <mtable>.
So the upshot is that you probably aren't going to get the results you want from MathJax's line breaking mechanism. Restructuring to use a mix of plain HTML text and individual math expressions (rather than one big one with internal text) would help.
Davide