I don't think the issue is the missing <meta> tag (though it would be good to use it anyway) because both your images show the correct output for their respective situations. The issue is not cause by a wrong scaling being used by MathJax, but by the fact that the font used for the surrounding text is different in the two browsers. Here's why that matters:
MathJax tries to match the size of the surrounding font by scaling its own fonts so that the ex-height matches that of the surround font. That means that lower-case letters should be approximately equal in height between the math and the surrounding text. This is true in both your examples (note that the "a" in "a ≠ 0" matches the height of the preceding "n" in both cases), so MathJax is correctly determining the ex-height of the surrounding font and is matching that.
The reason the capitals don't match is that different fonts have different ratios between the heights of their upper- and lower-case letters. In your case, with the desktop browser, the font in use has an ex-height that is roughly half the height of the capitals (the "o" is just over half the height of the following "M"), while in the android browser, the "o" is around 80% of the height of the "M". That means the capitals in the text surrounding the math on the android are much smaller compared to the lower case letters than on the desktop browser.
Because the MathJax fonts have ex-height about half the size of their capitals, on the desktop, matching the ex-height of the surrounding font also means the capitals will match as well, because they have the same relative ex-height. But for the android browser, matching the ex-height will mean the capitals in the math will be larger than the capitals in the surrounding font. That is, if you get the lowercase letters to match, the uppercase ones will not (and vice versa). With fonts that have a different uppercase-to-lowercase height ratio than the MathJax fonts, you won't be able to get both to match the surrounding font at the same time. That is inherent in the design of the two fonts.
The only other possibility would be to scale the uppercase letters differently from the lowercase ones, but that would mean the weights of the characters would not match properly, and the quality of the math layout would suffer.
In order to void this, you could specify the font used for the surroundings, and make sure it is one that has ex-height of 50% to 60% of its capital letters.
Davide