1) Not sure what you mean. Regarding core extensions the question usually is if templates would break due to the changes. There is no B/C for the code itself, but for the end result there sure is. For example URLs need to still work, output has to be more or less the same, template overrides still need to work. If a user updates Joomla and suddenly the extensions don't work anymore, it's a fail.
2) com_search uses an API to trigger the plugins. This API has to be kept B/C obviously. How com_search works internally can be changed.
3) We did that already with com_weblinks. The same as 1) applies. Websites are not allowed to break during an update. So removed extensions will have to be left on the system.
Mostly it's common sense when it comes to extensions.