You are doing this right. In my environment, if I export my user specific config, I can see Eureka server loads it properly:
export JAVA_OPTS="-Deureka.environment=tbak"
./catalina.sh run
2014-11-10 09:35:27,957 INFO com.netflix.config.util.ConfigurationUtils:180 [main] [getConfigFromPropertiesFile] Loaded properties file file:/mnt/hgfs/tbak/projects/tools/apache-tomcat-6.0.41/webapps/eureka/WEB-INF/classes/eureka-server.properties
2014-11-10 09:35:27,986 INFO com.netflix.config.util.ConfigurationUtils:180 [main] [getConfigFromPropertiesFile] Loaded properties file file:/mnt/hgfs/tbak/projects/tools/apache-tomcat-6.0.41/webapps/eureka/WEB-INF/classes/eureka-server-tbak.properties
2014-11-10 09:35:27,995 INFO com.netflix.config.util.ConfigurationUtils:180 [main] [getConfigFromPropertiesFile] Loaded properties file file:/mnt/hgfs/tbak/projects/tools/apache-tomcat-6.0.41/webapps/eureka/WEB-INF/classes/eureka-client.properties
2014-11-10 09:35:27,997 INFO com.netflix.config.util.ConfigurationUtils:180 [main] [getConfigFromPropertiesFile] Loaded properties file file:/mnt/hgfs/tbak/projects/tools/apache-tomcat-6.0.41/webapps/eureka/WEB-INF/classes/eureka-client-tbak.properties
If you look into eureka-server.properties, you will find this line there:
@next=eureka-${environment}-${region}.properties
This defines extra configuration file that will be loaded, on top of the default files. You can use this for region specific configuration. To use environment variables to control environment/region change this to:
@next=eureka-server-${@environment}-${@region}.properties
/Tomasz