The Element type here is analogous to object oriented programming - you have a parent type Element, with 2 sub-types AnElement and AnotherElement. Your 'mapNamed' function is like a virtual method - it knows just enough about the overall type of Element to work with all 'sub-types' of it.
As Ilias points out, the type of the records within the Element type is 'Named {}' but the function is of type 'Name a -> b'. So you are thinking that the 'a' variable should get bound to {} when this function is invoked?
This would work in an object oriented language, but not Elm. The reason is that Elm does not support sub-typing at all. Elm has type inference - it looks at the type of function you wrote and deduced that the type of 'func' should be 'Named {} -> b' and finds that it does not match with what you specified in the type signature, so it fails the type checking.
'Named {}' is a sub-type of 'Named a' in languages that support sub-typing. It makes sense because anywhere you can use a 'Named a', you should also be able to use a more specific type such as 'Named {}' or 'Named Int' or whatever.
Elm has type inference and type inference does not work with sub-typing. The typing problem is semi-decidable. This means that given the type of an expression, it is possible to decide whether or not that is the correct type of the expression. Going the other way, given an expression it is not possible to deduce what the type of that expression should be when sub-typing is allowed in the type system.
It is easy to mistake Elms extensible records for sub-typing, especially if you come from an OO back-ground. It is generally not worth trying to use extensible records at all for data modelling in Elm, because they tend to lead you down this blind alley very quickly. Their use case is for narrowing the exposure of a function to parts of a record it does not care about. I reference Richard Feldman's 2017 Elm Europe talk as a good resource to learn more about this:
The moral of the story is - don't try and do OO programming in Elm, it won't work.