Culturen of The Netherlands

[Funny Girl]

Identification. The English word "Dutch" derives from the German
deutsch ("German"). "Dutch" referred originally to both Germany and
the Netherlands but came to be restricted to the people and language
of the Netherlands when that country became independent in the
seventeenth century. "Holland" and "the Netherlands" often are used as
synonyms even though "Holland" refers only to the provinces North and
South Holland.

The Dutch distinguish between two major cultural subdivisions in their
nation. The most important distinction is between the Randstad (Rim
City) and non-Randstad cultures. Randstad culture is distinctly urban,
located in the provinces of North Holland, South Holland, and Utrecht.
The non-Randstad culture corresponds to the historical divide between
the predominantly Protestant north and the Catholic south, separated
by the Rhine River.

Significant local variations of Dutch culture include the Friesian
culture in the extreme north and the Brabant and Limburg cultures in
the south. The southern culture was subject to discriminatory policies
until the nineteenth century. The Friesians prize their language and
descent from the ancient Friesian people, while the Limburgers and
Brabantines emphasize their southern culture and Catholic heritage.

The Netherlands has for centuries provided a safe haven for ethnic
minorities fleeing from discrimination and persecution, with each
minority influencing Dutch culture in its own way. Many Jews from
Spain and Portugal and Protestant merchants from the Spanish-ruled
southern Netherlands sought refuge in the Dutch Republic in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The twentieth century was
characterized by the influx of guest workers from the Mediterranean,
migrants from the former Dutch colonies, and refugees from war-torn
countries.

The Netherlands does not have a strong uniform national culture. Most
Dutch people reject the notion and consider it to be tainted with an
unacceptable form of nationalism. Instead, they emphasize the
country's cultural diversity, tolerance of difference, and
receptiveness to foreign influences. Nevertheless, the Randstad
culture has been hegemonic in the Netherlands because of the
concentration of political, economic, and cultural power in that
densely populated region.

Location and Geography. The Netherlands is situated in northwestern
Europe and borders on Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and
the North sea to the west and north. The name "Netherlands" means "Low
Lands" in reference to the nation's topography as an alluvial plain.
Differences in altitude are minimal. Almost one-quarter of the
landmass is below sea level, protected from the encroaching sea by
dikes and dunes. The Netherlands is also a relatively small country
(13,297 square miles [34,425 square kilometers]) without surface
water.

The Netherlands is divided in twelve provinces. Amsterdam (730,000
inhabitants) is the capital, but the government meets in The Hague
(440,000 inhabitants). Utrecht (235,000 inhabitants) is the
transportation hub, while the port city of Rotterdam (590,000
inhabitants) constitutes the economic heartland. These four cities
together with a string of interconnected towns, form the Randstad,
which has a population of 6,100,000.



The Netherlands

Demography. The Netherlands had a population of 15,898,331 in 2000. It
is the most densely populated country in Europe (1,196 inhabitants per
square mile [462 per square kilometer] in 1996). There are 2,700,000
foreign residents. The majority, approximately 780,000, originate from
the European Union, including 432,000 Germans. Other sizable groups
are Surinamese (297,000), Turks (300,000), Moroccans (252,000), and
Antilleans (99,000).

The average life expectancy in 1996 was 75.2 years for men and 80.7
years for women, while the infant mortality rate was 5.1 per 1,000.

Linguistic Affiliation. The official language of the Netherlands is
Standard Dutch. This language is used in all official matters, by the
media, and at schools and universities. Dutch closely resembles German
in both syntax and spelling. It freely borrows words and technical
terms from French and especially English.

Dutch is also the official language in Flandres, Belgium, where it is
called Flemish. Creole languages are increasingly replacing Dutch in
Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles as decolonization progresses.
Afrikaans, which is widely spoken in South Africa, is related to
Dutch. Friesian is the second official language of the Netherlands; it
is spoken by a half million Friesians. In addition, there are about
twenty-five major dialects of Dutch.

Symbolism. The display of the national flag and the singing of the
national anthem are important expressions of identity for a decreasing
number of citizens. The flag consists of three horizontal strips in
the colors red, white, and blue. The national anthem is the
Wilhelmus . It was a rebel song during the independence war against
Spain and was adopted as the national anthem in 1932.

The complex relationship of the Dutch people with the sea is notable.
The sea has historically been both adversary and ally. The Dutch used
to repel foreign invaders by deliberately piercing river dikes.
However, if not for the extensive waterworks, 65 percent of the
Netherlands would be flooded permanently. The Dutch take great pride
in their struggle against the sea and reclaiming of land, which they
view as mastery over nature.

Another source of national pride that sets aside regional and
religious differences is sports, especially soccer and speed skating.
Whenever the national team engages in international competitions,
orangemania reigns. People dress in orange (in reference to the name
of the royal family), raise national and orange flags, and decorate
houses and streets as a patriotic feeling of athletic superiority
floods the nation. The Elfstedentocht ("Eleven-City Tour") also raises
national awareness. This speed-skating event in Friesland occurs only
occasionally as it takes a prolonged period of frost to harden the 125
miles of lakes and canals that connect the eleven Friesian towns.

The clearest example of national symbolism is the Dutch royal family.
The queen is regarded as the embodiment of the Dutch (nation) and a
symbol of hope and unity in times of war, adversity, and natural
disaster. Her popularity is manifested annually at the celebration of
Queensday on 30 April. The capital, Amsterdam, in particular, is
transformed into a gigantic flea market and open-air festival.

The 1940–1945 occupation by Nazi Germany provides a continued source
of national identity. There are more than eight hundred World War II
monuments and memorials, and the Dutch people still use the war years
as the most important historical point of reference. The conflation of
Jewish and non-Jewish Dutch suffering is a striking characteristic of
national remembrance. The Dutch pride themselves on their fierce
resistance to the Nazi regime and their sheltering of 25,000 Jewish
and 300,000 non-Jewish Dutch, but there also was extensive
collaboration with the Nazis. More than a hundred thousand Jews were
deported to concentration camps. Anne Frank symbolizes this deeply
ambiguous self-perception of the Dutch as victims, resisters,
collaborators, and passive bystanders. The Frank family was harbored
for two years by Dutch resisters before finally being betrayed by
Dutch collaborators.

History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Dutch national identity emerged during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially in the struggle for
independence from Catholic Spain during the Eighty Year War (1568–
1648). The Dutch people received independence from the House of
Habsburg in the Treaty of Munster in 1648. The Netherlands was
temporarily unified with Belgium after the Congress of Vienna. The
Catholic Belgian elite sought its freedom from the Protestant Dutch,
and Belgium became independent in 1839.

National Identity. Dutch national identity emerged from the struggle
for political sovereignty and religious freedom from the Catholic
Habsburgs (Philip II). The Dutch merchant class formed an alliance
with the House of Orange; the merchants supplied the funds to wage
war, while the House of Orange provided political stability and
military protection. Politics became more dependent on consensus and
negotiation than on authoritarian rule as power rested in the hands of
provincial viceroys.

The rapid expansion of the Dutch merchant fleet enabled the
establishment of a worldwide network of trade relations that created
naval dominance and increasing wealth for the merchant class.
Handicapped by a small population (670,000 inhabitants in 1622) and
besieged by growing English and French might, the Dutch Republic began
to decline. Paradoxically, at that time, the conspicuous consumption
of the wealthy merchant class


A woman selling cheese at the market in Alkmaar. The Netherlands has
an advanced free market economy.
resulted in the so-called Golden Age. Stately canal houses were
constructed in Amsterdam, and great works of art were commissioned.

The Netherlands was one of the poorest nations in northwestern Europe
by 1750. In 1813, at the end of the French occupation (1795–1813),
William I of the House of Orange-Nassau accepted the throne and became
the first Dutch king. The Dutch nobility never had a position of
prominence and influence in Dutch society. Only after constitutional
reforms in 1851 did the nation begin its ascent to industrialization.

Rural–urban migration and especially the establishment of male
suffrage in 1887 undermined traditional ways of life in the eyes of
some politicians. The Anti-Revolutionary Party was founded in 1878 to
reverse that trend. That party advocated autonomy for different
political and religious communities. Its initiative resulted in the
early twentieth century in a process of vertical segmentation or
pluralism known as pillarization. Pillarization meant that each
substantial subsection of the Dutch population was able to participate
in social institutions and organizations (labor unions, schools,
universities, political parties, social clubs, churches, newspapers,
and radio stations) that catered to its specific needs. The four main
pillars where Catholic, Protestant, socialist, and conservative.
Intensive cooperation and negotiation between the pillars took place
among national politicians. Secularization and emancipation in the
late 1960s resulted in depillarization because of a greater vertical
social mobility, growing intermarriage, and a declining identification
with each of the four pillars.

A strong self-conscious national identity did not develop in the
Netherlands because of these centrifugal historical processes, and
this denial of a national identity became a hallmark of Dutch culture.
Religious, cultural, and ethnic diversity are considered the essence
of Dutch culture. The persistence of sizable religious and regional
minorities and the decentralization of administrative power have
allowed cultural diversity to survive. In the absence of a countrywide
shared identity, the hegemonic Randstad culture has provided most of
the markers of national identity.

Ethnic Relations. There is not much debate about racism or ethnic
discrimination among the Dutch people, probably because of their self-
ascribed tolerance. Nevertheless, the socioeconomic position of most
non-European minorities is far worse than that of the indigenous
population. The status of immigrant groups after World War II depended
mainly on the moment and condition of their entry. Dutch-speaking
Indonesians arrived at the height of the postwar economic upswing
after Indonesia's independence in 1950. The Indonesians had ample time
to secure a stable position in Dutch society. By contrast, the
Mediterranean guest workers who arrived in the late 1960s and early
1970s regarded themselves and were viewed by the Dutch authorities as
temporary residents and therefore did not familiarize themselves with
Dutch culture. Guest workers were recruited principally from Spain and
Italy and later from Turkey and Morocco. Those workers performed
unskilled labor in the industry and service sectors. Many Dutch-
speaking Surinamese arrived after Suriname became independent in 1975.
Those immigrants and the poorly educated Turkish and Moroccan labor
migrants were among the first to suffer from the economic decline of
the 1970s. The position of the Surinamese improved during the 1980s
and 1990s, but the Turks and Moroccans remained the most disadvantaged
ethnic groups in Dutch society. Local residents of the Netherlands
Antilles have been migrating to the Netherlands since the mid-1970s in
search of work and schooling. The 1990s was marked by the immigration
of substantial groups of refugees from west Africa, Somalia, Sri
Lanka, Afghanistan, and the Balkans.

Urbanism,Architecture, and the Use of Space
Dutch cities are extremely compact and densely populated. Government
intervention ensures that intercity areas are well kept and that
ethnic ghettos and industrial wastelands do not emerge. The major
cities are constantly subject to urban renewal projects. Much
attention is given to fostering a sense of community by creating
public places, such as parks and squares with benches and playgrounds.
The country has an intricate network of railroads and an even denser
web of bicycle paths.

Early Dutch architecture was influenced by a Calvinist ethos of
uniformity and sobriety. This distinct style emerged after the
Netherlands separated from Spain in 1581. Unlike their contemporaries
in France and Great Britain, wealthy Dutch merchants built fairly
modest yet stately canal houses in Amsterdam. Dutch cities lack the
grandeur and flamboyance of Paris and London because the government
meets in inconspicuous buildings.

Contemporary Dutch architecture is more cosmopolitan. The
expressionist Amsterdam School and the cubist Stijl architects of the
1920s were inspired by international art movements. Modernism became
the principal style of the post-World War II housing boom. The city
center of Rotterdam is a typical example. Largely destroyed in World
War II, the heart of this port city was rebuilt in an American style
with steel and glass skyscrapers. At the end of the twentieth century,
the Randstad cities began developing postmodern suburban business
parks and indoor shopping malls.

The Dutch have a desire for spatial organization that is informed by
Calvinist assumptions about order as a synonym for cleanliness and
sinlessness. The Calvinist sense of space can be seen clearly from the
air. The land is carefully divided in Mondrian-like squares and
rectangles. In part, this is related to surface water management with
its need for canals and dikes, but it also reflects the Dutch desire
for order and uniformity. This can be seen most clearly in the
undistinguished suburban housing development projects.

Dutch houses are relatively small and have prominent front doors and
large windows. Homes are stacked with formidable amounts of furniture,
indoor plants, and flowers. Dutch interiors are a reflection of the
outside world, congested but orderly and clean.

Food and Economy
Food in Daily Life. The Netherlands does not have a distinct culinary
culture because of its Protestant ethnic and the absence of a strong
culinary tradition at the court due to an emphasis on Calvinist
soberness. Food is seen as a necessary part of life, with no need for
luxury. Traditional foods include pea soup, kale stew, hotchpotch (a
thick stew), white asparagus, French fries with mayonnaise, meat
croquets, and raw herring. In the morning, the Dutch consume several
sandwiches with cheese, peanut butter, or chocolate sprinkles. Lunch
consists of sandwiches, often with cold cuts and perhaps a small salad
on the side. Dinner, which generally is served between five and seven
P.M. , is a twoor three-course meal that often begins with soup. The
main dish usually contains a mixture of potatoes with vegetables and
meat, fish, or poultry and is followed by dessert. Chinese–Indonesian,
Surinamese, and Italian food have become part of the Dutch diet.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. The Dutch hardly ever invite
people with whom they are not closely acquainted for dinner. Instead,
coffee has a strong social significance. Neighbors often invite each
other over for a cup of coffee with the invariable one cookie, and the
morning coffee break at work is a sacred institution. Coffee-drinking


A drawbridge over a canal in Haarlem. Dutch cities are compact and
densely populated.
rituals reveal the core meaning of the crucial Dutch word gezelligheid
("cozy," "sociable," or "pleasant").

Basic Economy. The Netherlands has an advanced free market economy.
The Dutch pride themselves on having an economy that performs
smoothly, known as the polder model, which hinges on periodic
negotiations among labor unions, employers' associations, and the
government to control wage scales and taxes. The labor force consisted
of 7,097,000 persons in 1999; the unemployed numbered 292,000. The
annual gross national product (GNP) amounted to 323 billion euros
($373 billion) in 1997. Imports totaled about 55 percent of GNP; and
exports totaled 61 percent. The average income after taxes is 20,000
euros ($23,160). The Netherlands never had a major wave of
industrialization but remained firmly oriented toward agriculture,
trade, and service industries. Two percent of the Dutch population are
employed in the highly mechanized agricultural sector (which includes
the fishing industry), 24 percent are employed in the industrial
sector, and 74 percent work in service industries.

Trade. Dutch exports can be divided into five main categories:
agricultural products, 15 percent; natural or enriched fuels, 6
percent; chemical products, 17 percent; industrial products, 12
percent; and machinery, 24 percent. Germany is the principal trading
partner. Two-thirds of Dutch exports go to five nations: Germany,
Belgium, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Those five
trading partners account for 61 percent of Dutch imports.

Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. Differences in wealth are relatively small in
comparison to many other countries because of progressive taxation and
the redistribution of fiscal funds to the unemployed and
occupationally inactive. This equality of income is clearly shown when
Dutch households are subdivided into four separate income categories.
The lowest quartile has an average income of 8,730 euros ($10,105)
after taxes, whereas the highest quartile has an average income of
38,365 euros ($44,420). An open discussion of class, income, and
status differences is more or less taboo in a society that strongly
emphasizes equality. Although Dutch society in general is firmly
middle class, an estimated 5 to 10 percent of the population lives at
a subsistence level. This income polarization and the ensuing social
segmentation began in the 1980s. Low-skilled workers, the unemployed,
the disabled, the aged, and single-parent households have been


Two windmills in the Netherlands.
hit hardest. Low-income households are concentrated in the Randstad
cities and the two most northern provinces, Friesland and Groningen.

Symbols of Social Stratification. Class differences entail few visible
signs of cultural differentiation, but those minor differences have a
great symbolic value in creating social distinction. The most obvious
differences can be observed in housing, consumption patterns, and
community participation. Lower-class homes are small and tend to hold
a large amount of furniture and decorative articles. Higher-class
homes are more spacious and tend to hold less and often more sober
furniture. The social participation of Dutch people does not depend
entirely on class background, but higher-income households tend to
have less involvement in community life than do low-income households.
Lower class people are in general more rooted in community life and
less restrained in contacts with neighbors and relatives.

Differences in clothing are relatively slight but important class
markers. The Dutch dress with little eye for flamboyance. Even
corporate dress codes are informal. Only the very rich and young urban
professionals have a dress style that adheres to international
clothing standards.

Speech patterns also may vary with class. Lower class people tend to
speak in a local dialect, while the middle and upper classes speak
Standard Dutch.

Political Life
Government. The Netherlands is a unitary state governed by a central
body. The political system is a parliamentary democracy as well as a
constitutional monarchy. The queen has little political influence; her
role is largely symbolic. Political power lies in the hands of a
cabinet of ministers headed by a prime minister. The cabinet is
accountable to the parliament ( Staten-Generaal ), whose members are
elected at four-year intervals. The Dutch Parliament consists of the
First Chamber and the Second Chamber, which together constitute the
legislative body. The Second Chamber initiates new legislation. Its
members are directly elected by the people, who have had universal
suffrage since 1919. The members of the Second Chamber are elected by
proportional representation, which leads to a great number of
political parties that together compete for 150 seats. The First
Chamber either ratifies or rejects the new legislation proposed by the
Second Chamber. Its members are elected by the members of the
Provinciale Staten . Each of the twelve provinces has a local
governing board ( Provinciale Staten ) whose chair is the commissioner
to the queen, who is appointed by the government for a life term. Its
members are elected by the inhabitants of the province. Each
municipality has an elected council presided over by the mayor and
elected aldermen. Commissioners and mayors are handpicked by the
government for life terms.

Leadership and Political Officials. The main political parties are the
PvdA (social democrats), VVD (conservatives), and CDA (Christian
democrats). These parties are supplemented by a large number of
smaller parties, ranging from socialist and nationalist to religious
and green. Dutch cabinets are invariably coalitions of the major
political parties. Open debate and negotiation toward consensus are
part of Dutch political culture.

Most top level government positions are occupied by former members of
the Second Chamber who have moved up in the party ranks. Most public
functionaries at the ministries are career bureaucrats. Interactions
between politicians and ordinary citizens are fairly limited,
especially on the provincial and national levels. Only industrial
associations, unions, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and
political lobbies interact directly on political matters. These groups
have a strong impact on political decision making.

Social Problems and Control. Traffic violations are the most common
legal infraction. Violent crimes are low compared to other European
countries and the United States; 273 murders were committed in 1996,
amounting to 1.8 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. Dutch citizens worry
mostly about muggings and burglaries. People hardly ever take the law
into their own hands. There are very few neighborhood watches and no
armed citizens' militias. The Netherlands has very strict gun control.
Possession of small quantities of soft drugs (marijuana and hashish)
is not prosecuted. The sale of soft drugs in so-called coffeeshops is
not legal but is tolerated. The Netherlands has become a magnet for
drug tourists because of its liberal stance toward drugs and its
position as a major transport hub within Europe. The Netherlands has a
great tolerance of prostitution. Randstad cities have red light
districts in which women display themselves behind windows to
potential customers.

Military Activity. The Dutch army was professionalized during the
1990s, when conscription was formally abolished. The defense budget
declined substantially between 1989 and 1998 because of the end of the
Cold War. In the absence of armed conflicts, the Dutch armed forces
become only active during national disasters such as major floods and
forest fires and in international peacekeeping operations under the
auspices of the United Nations or NATO. Even though the Dutch hold the
military in low esteem, their attitude toward peacekeeping missions is
very positive.

Social Welfare and Change Programs
The modern Dutch welfare state, with its elaborate system of laws and
regulations, came into existence after World War II. The current array
of welfare laws is impossible to summarize, but the main assumption is
that people are entitled to a sufficient income to satisfy their basic
needs and should not be at the mercy of charity.

The welfare system was created to provide for the aged and as a
temporary safety net for unemployed breadwinners. However, in the
present post-industrial economic system, this system has become a
permanent source of income for a large and stable group, and this has
created increasing dependency on the state. High economic growth at
the turn of the twentieth century, tax incentives, and government
reeducation programs had rapidly reduced long-term unemployment to
record lows. Unemployment benefits are sufficient to maintain the
recipients at a minimum standard of living.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Nongovernmental organizations in the Netherlands consist mostly of
charity funds and environmental and human rights organizations.
Important organizations include Amnesty International, Greenpeace, the
World Wildlife Fund, and Natuurmonumenten (an organization for the
protection of the Dutch natural environment), which have a large
middle and upper class following. They have a considerable impact on
national politics. The Dutch contribute large sums to international
disaster aid and consider themselves morally obliged to do so.

Gender Roles and Statuses
Division of Labor by Gender. Women constitute only 38 percent of the
labor force and often work part-time. This low rate of participation
has ideological and historical reasons. There is a prevailing belief
that maternity care has great developmental benefits for children.
Furthermore, the Dutch involvement in both world wars contributed to
the


A worker cultivates the perfect rows of tulips growing in the
Bollenstreek bulb-region of the Netherlands.
late entry of women in the labor force. Unlike in Great Britain and
Germany, where many men fought in the war, the Dutch did not enter
World War I. The German occupation during World War II kept the male
labor force largely intact in spite of the hundreds of thousands of
forced laborers who were deported to Nazi Germany, and women thus were
not needed to take the place of male workers. Dutch women only slowly
started entering the labor force after the pillarization of society
crumbled in the late 1960s. They still lag behind men in terms of
income and job status. The average annual income of men was 26,410
euros ($30,580) before taxes in 1997 versus only 13,455 euros
($15,580) for women. Women are found mostly in low-paying service jobs
such as nursing and cleaning.

The Relative Status of Women and Men. Although women and men are equal
before the law and the trend toward gender equality has been
noticeable, women and men still occupy distinct functions in Dutch
society. The differences between men and women are especially
noticeable within the nuclear family, where the woman continues to
perform the role of homemaker, while the man is seen as the
breadwinner or provider. This is especially true among working-class
families. Women are underrepresented in leadership positions in
politics and the economy.

Marriage,Family, and Kinship
Marriage. Dutch people are free to choose their spouses. The common
basis for marriage is most often love. This does not mean that people
marry independently of the constraints of class, ethnicity, and
religion. The choice of a partner is often class-based. Monogamy is
the only marriage form allowed. Many Dutch couples live in a
consensual arrangement. Same-sex couples can marry and have the same
rights as heterosexual couples.

The marriage ceremony may consist of two separate formal events: the
municipal registration and a religious ceremony, with the latter being
optional. The couple holds a wedding reception where friends and
relatives gather to celebrate the nuptial engagement. Almost 45
percent of the Dutch population is married; about eighty thousand
marriages are registered each year, while on average thirty thousand
couples file for divorce.

Domestic Unit. The nuclear family is the most common household unit,
although it is increasingly losing ground to single-parent families,
couples without children, and single-person households. The principal
authority in the household is generally the man, although there is a
trend toward more equality of marriage partners. Extended family
households are rare. Dutch couples have a neolocal postmarital
residence pattern, as couples are free to choose where they live.

Kin Groups. The Dutch make a distinction between relatives by marriage
and relatives by blood. Consanguineal relatives are considered more
important than are affinal relatives. Solidarity and support
(financial and emotional) are usually directed at the closest kin
(parents, children, and siblings). This is also illustrated by
prevailing inheritance patterns. Disinheritance is not permitted by
law. Every child receives an equal share.

Socialization
Infant Care. The average nuclear family is relatively small, with only
one or two children. Toddlers receive much parental attention. Many
children are cared for primarily by their parents in the parental
home. Infants usually are put in playpens, where parents can leave
them without restraining their own movement around the house. Since in
many families both parents are employed, children aged 6 weeks and up
are often placed in a nursery when their parents are at work. Children
often enter play groups at age 2 and at age 4 are officially required
to attend primary school.

Child Rearing and Education. Dutch childrearing practices are
permissive. Children are encouraged to discover their surroundings
individually or with other children. Corporal punishment is
disapproved of by most parents. Instead, parents reprimand misbehaving
children verbally. Peer groups are important among Dutch adolescents.
Teenagers have developed a wide array of subcultures in which to
explore their identity such as punks, head-bangers, and in particular
gabbers (Dutch slang for "mates") whose working-class members shave
their heads, wear expensive training suits, and congregate at rave
parties.

Higher Education. Dutch children are praised for successful
performance at school. It is firmly believed that a good education and
fluency in English are a sure road to success. Many children thus seek
additional education after finishing high school. Approximately 70
percent of the adult population receives formal education after high
school, and 20 percent of the adult population has received higher
vocational training (HBO) or attended a university.

Etiquette
Most traits of Dutch etiquette resemble those of the rest of the
Western world, but there are several distinguishing national codes of
behavior. The Dutch either shake hands when they meet and depart or,
in the case of women and closely acquainted men and women, kiss each
other three times on the cheek.

The Dutch have a strong desire to order their time in agendas and on
calendars. Dutch children are given their first agenda at primary
school to write down scheduled lessons and homework. A full agenda
signifies a full life. The Dutch are very punctual, and showing up
even five minutes late is considered inappropriate. As a result,
everything has to be done at fixed times: There is a time to work, a
time to clean the house, a time to drink coffee, and a time to visit
friends.

The Dutch do not line up and show almost no consideration in public
for a person's status, gender, or age. The use of the formal
"you" ( U ) to address a person is becoming less common, whereas the
growing importance of the informal "you" ( jij )is meant to illustrate
a commitment to equality.



Brick row houses in Haarlem have prominent front doors and large
windows.

Religion
Religious Beliefs. The largest religious congregation in the
Netherlands is Catholic (30 percent of the population), followed by
Reformed Protestant (14 percent), Dutch Reformed (7 percent) and
Muslim (4 percent). More striking, however, is the fact that 40
percent of the population are not religious or connected to a
denomination. The extremely rapid secularization of the Netherlands
after the 1960s has meant that religion plays a decreasing role in
ordering people's social and cultural lives, with the notable
exception of the small rural communities in the Dutch Bible Belt,
which runs along the towns Zierikzee, Dordrecht, Utrecht, Zwolle, and
Assen. Among the 60 percent who profess to being religious, an ever-
increasing group either does not actively participate in religious
ceremonies or is involved in New Age religions.

Religious Practitioners. Religious practitioners (priests, ministers,
and imams) belong to the major religions in the Netherlands. The Roman
Catholic ecclesiastical authority is represented by bishops who try to
influence national debates about the family, social welfare, abortion,
and euthanasia.

Rituals and Holy Places. The Catholic south of the Netherlands is rich
in annual religious processions, some of which date back to the Middle
Ages, such as the blood processions in Boxtel and Boxmeer, both in the
province of North-Brabant. Shrines include those of Saint Gerardus in
Wittem and Onze Lieve Vrouwekerk in Masatricht.

Death and the Afterlife. Beliefs about death and the afterlife
correspond to the doctrines of the major religions. The deceased is
either buried at a cemetery or cremated at a cremation center. All
burials and cremations are arranged by professional undertakers.

Medicine and Health Care
Health care is almost completely the responsibility of the state. The
Dutch institutionalized, although they did not socialize, health care
during the twentieth century to a much larger extent than did many
other Western nations. Even care for the aged and the disabled takes
place primarily in an institutionalized setting. Secularization and
increasing wealth have compelled the government to take over care for
the aged because traditional institutions such as church, community,
and family are no longer able or willing to perform this task
adequately. Almost everyone in the Netherlands carries medical
insurance. The unemployed and low-income families are protected by
public health insurance, while higher-income families have private
insurance.

Secular Celebrations
Carnival celebrations the weekend before Ash Wednesday have become
secular festivities that are spreading rapidly from the Catholic south
to the Protestant north. The symbolic celebration of the Queen's
birthday (Queen's Day) takes place on 30 April. Although Queen Beatrix
was born on 31 January, the festivities are held on the former Queen
Juliana's birthday. Remembrance of Dutch casualties in World War II is
celebrated on Memorial Day, 4 May. The nation observes a minute of
silence at eight P.M. to commemorate the dead. Liberation Day, the
celebration of the end of the German occupation in 1945, occurs on 5
May. Most major cities stage elaborate festivities and music
festivals. Family members and friends exchange gifts on the eve of
Saint Nicolas Day (5 December), while children receive gifts on his
birthday (6 December). On New Year's Eve, the Dutch reflect on the
year that has passed and gather with friends rather than family
members. The new year is welcomed with champaign and fireworks, and
resolutions are made.

The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. Graduates of art academies receive a four-year
stipend of about 455 euros ($525) a month to start a professional art
career. In addition, several public and private foundations provide
modest funding for artists. An important source of support are the
artworks for public places commissioned by national, provincial, and
local governments.

Literature. Dutch oral literature dates back to at least 500 B.C.E.
The earliest Dutch written literature goes back to the mid-1200s with
the songs of the troubadour Heynric van Veldeken. The works on world
history and the lives of saints written in verse by Jacob van Maerlant
(1230–1300) mark the beginning of a truly national literature. Dutch
literature bloomed during the Renaissance with playwrights such as
Hooft, Cats, Huygens, Bredero, and Joost van den Vondel (1587–1679).

Dutch literature entered a period of relative decline after the
seventeenth century, only to arise to world stature in the mid-
nineteenth century with the publication of Max Havelaar by Multatuli
(a pseudonym for Eduard Douwes Dekker), which describes the colonial
exploitation of the Netherlands Indies. The Movement of the Eighties
(1880–1894), led by the poets Kloos and Gorter, marked a new era in
Dutch literature. The novels of Louis Couperus were the fin-de-sicle
apotheosis of the national literature.

The breadth of twentieth-century Dutch literature is great;
Slauerhoff, Roland Holst, Bordewijk, and Vestdijk are the most
important authors of the inter-war period. The principal post-World
War II poets and writers are Lucebert, Kouwenaar, Vroman, Haasse,
Mulisch, Hermans, Reve, Wolkers, Nooteboom, and Van der Heijden.

Graphic Arts. Contemporary Dutch graphic arts have been dominated by
the legacy of the seventeenth century with its emphasis on painting,
drawing, and etching. The masterpieces of Dutch painting are displayed
at the Rijksmuseum (Rembrandt and Vermeer), the Van Gogh Museum, and
the Stedelijk Museum (contemporary art) in Amsterdam. In addition,
there are important collections at the Kröller-Muller Museum
(impressionism, expressionism) in Otterloo and the Haags
Gemeentemuseum (Mondrian) and the Mauritshuis (Rembrandt and Vermeer)
in the Hague. Museums are visited principally by the middle and upper
classes, with the exception of major retrospectives of popular
painters such as Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Van Gogh, which attract a
wide audience.

Performance Arts. Classical music (notably the Concertgebouw
Orchestra) and ballet (the National Ballet and the Netherlands Dance
Theater) are the principal performance arts with international appeal.
Cabaret has a long-standing national tradition and is still popular.
The Early Music Festival of Utrecht is known for its concerts
featuring medieval and Renaissance music. The North Sea Jazz Festival
in the Hague is world-renowned. The Pinkpop and Low Lands festivals
are two major events for popular music. The Holland Festival in
Amsterdam is the most important annual presentation of the new
programming season of contemporary Dutch performance arts. The
performance arts attract mainly the middle and upper classes.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
Most scientific research in the Netherlands is conducted at
universities and corporate research laboratories. There are thirteen
universities. Twenty-four lower, middle, and higher polytechnic
schools train students exclusively in applied work. The Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) is the principal funding
agency for the physical and social sciences. This foundation is under
the authority of Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OC&W) and
finances seven areas of science (chemical sciences, earth and
biological sciences, humanities, medical sciences, physical sciences,
social and behavioral sciences, and technical sciences). The 1998
budget totaled 300 million euros ($345 million), of which 36 percent
was allocated to the physical sciences and about 5.5 percent to the
social and behavioral sciences. This amount is dwarfed by the 3.3
billion euros ($3.8 billion) spent in 1996 on research and development
in corporate laboratories.



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[Dutchman]

Nice article. The Maas & Waal are usually chosen as the dividing line between the Protestant North and Catholic South. The same line is often used to indicate where Carnival is celebrated.