The first thing to check, the most likely, is the heating element
itself. Is it open circuit?
Unfortunately as far as the handpiece is concerned, you can either
obtain compatible spare parts or you can't. If you can't get a
replacement heater/sensor assembly you're basically out of options.
Next thing is to check that the tip thermistor is intact, if it is
present. As with the heater, just measure its resistance.
While you're taking it all apart and testing it anyway, just check
that the safety earth continuity is good while you're at it, from the
plug to the barrel/tip.
The architecture of the control electronics varies in different
models, but it's often just something like 24VAC from a transformer,
and a triac that chops that up before it goes to the heating element,
with a couple of opamps driving that with feedback from the tip
thermistor, and a handful of passive components.
Some of the lower-end irons don't actually have any temperature
feedback at all - no temperature sensor. Sometimes the cheap ones are
just running mains AC to the element and chopping it up with a triac
and a pot. (Just like an offline AC light dimmer.) Or different
combinations of the above - extra-low-voltage with a transformer but
no temperature feedback, or an offline transformerless system with
240V element but with active temperature feedback. In any case it's
often very simple, fully analog with maybe just one chip.
If you've got an intact heating element, intact thermistor, intact
wires, intact fuse, and voltage from the transformer secondary, I'd
probably replace the triac as the next option. But I'd say it's much
less likely than the former options. As you say, there's really not
much else in it that can fail.
Hope this is helpful.
Cheers,
Luke
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