HIV is 'Harmless' and does NOT 'cause' AIDS
Dr. Michael Mancini
: * Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd 1.10+.
: * Originally from Terry Lib
I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's something in
the water.
--
Mancini: Get the duct tape, Zanca.
Zanca: We forgot the duct tape!
Mancini: Well we had to forget something or we wouldn't be plumbers!
Terry Liberty-Parker
DMM> From: man...@starbase.neosoft.com (Dr. Michael Mancini)
DMM> I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's
DMM> something in the water.
Michael fancys himself a public MasterBaiter.
Enjoy,
Terry
--
|Fidonet: Terry Liberty-Parker 1:382/804
|Internet: Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com
|
| Standard disclaimer: The views of this user are strictly their own.
Wotan
Terry Liberty-Parker <Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com> wrote:
>* Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd 1.10+.
>* Originally from Terry Lib
You Texans do have your problems, don't you?
--
In Tennessee, it is illegal to shoot any game other than whales from a
moving automobile.
DaveHatunen
Terry Liberty-Parker <Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com> wrote:
>* Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd 1.10+.
>* Originally from Terry Lib
I find your evidence for your proposition to be underwhelming...
--
********** DAVE HATUNEN (hat...@netcom.com) **********
* Daly City California *
* Between San Francisco and South San Francisco *
*******************************************************
Dr. Michael Mancini
: Dr. Michael Mancini wrote in a message to All:
: DMM> From: man...@starbase.neosoft.com (Dr. Michael Mancini)
: DMM> I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's
: DMM> something in the water.
: Michael fancys himself a public MasterBaiter.
Just trollin'
Harvey R.Stone
>
> * Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd 1.10+.
> * Originally from Terry Lib
what are you trying to do by posting this lie? try something different
and stick this up your %$#*
Joseph Crowe
Chill out guy,
What we saw on the newsgroups I get under this subject was...nothing.
However, one biologist, Dr. Peter Duesberg, has written a book called
Inventing the AIDS Virus. In this book, Duesberg lays out why he believes that
the scientific community has practiced sloppy techniques in research into the
AIDS epidemic. I have not read the book, but I plan to within the next six
months. If the assertions that Duesberg makes turn out to be correct, it would
make sense to have a look rather than assume a kneejerk, emotional stance such
as yours, Harvey. Further, if the $35 billion worth of Federal money spent on
AIDS research has gone towards flawed science, I think all of the people who
have contributed have justification for being really pissed off. By the way,
Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley. In any case, examine the assertions before going
off half-cocked(pardon the bad choice of words).
>
--
Joseph Crowe
jcr...@isd.tandem.com
jhc
statement is false!
Ralphie
So I guess you wouldn't mind getting infected? How would you like it, up
the rear, or thru tainted blood?
Terry Liberty-Parker
"RS> From: "Harvey R.Stone" <hsto...@chelsea.ios.com>
"RS> Terry Liberty-Parker wrote:
>
> * Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker
"RS> what are you trying to do by posting this lie?
I don't agree with you that's it's PROVEN to be a lie. What I'm doing is
putting the HIV 'causes' AIDS hypothesis on the table to be discussed.
There is much to suggest that the govt advocated AIDS orthodoxy is the 'lie.'
"RS> try something different and stick this up your %$#*
Since you bring only hatemongering prejudice to the discussion, stick it up
your own ass.
BTW, if defend the right of expression for even hypocritical supressives like
you.
Peterson Penny
concluded to be CAUSAL of the various AIDS syndromes. Nope, not a single
published scientific/medical paper exists to that effect.
It is possible that HIV is simply a marker, concommitant, of one's pre-
disposition to develop an AIDS disease. In fact the stats do show that
the specific type of DRUGS one uses will lead to specific AIDS diseases ie.
Nitrite inhalation => Kaposi's sarcoma
IV drug use => tuberculosis
Crack smoking => pneumonia
AZT => leukopenia/anemia
cites>> Biomed & Pharmacother (1992)46,3-15
AIDS: the HIV Myth (1989) Adams J
Lancet (1990)335,123
Poison by prescription-the AZT story (1990) Lauritsen J
etc...etc...
Dr. Michael Mancini
: So I guess you wouldn't mind getting infected? How would you like it, up
: the rear, or thru tainted blood?
Sounds like Ralphie is making an offer. Any takers?
Terry Liberty-Parker
JC> From: Joseph Crowe <jcrowe@mpd.
DaveHatunen
Joseph Crowe <jcr...@mpd.tandem.com> wrote:
>Chill out guy,
>
> What we saw on the newsgroups I get under this subject was...nothing.
>However, one biologist, Dr. Peter Duesberg, has written a book called
>Inventing the AIDS Virus. In this book, Duesberg lays out why he believes that
>the scientific community has practiced sloppy techniques in research into the
>AIDS epidemic. I have not read the book, but I plan to within the next six
>months. If the assertions that Duesberg makes turn out to be correct, it would
>make sense to have a look rather than assume a kneejerk, emotional stance such
>as yours, Harvey. Further, if the $35 billion worth of Federal money spent on
>AIDS research has gone towards flawed science, I think all of the people who
>have contributed have justification for being really pissed off. By the way,
>Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley. In any case, examine the assertions before going
>off half-cocked(pardon the bad choice of words).
When you read Duesberg you might want to keep a copy of teh following at
hand. (I apologize for the length of this post, but the subject is so
serious I want it easily available to anyone who wants to save it).
***********************************************************************
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND THE
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
From The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National
Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Contents
The Definition of AIDS
The Designation AIDS is a Surveillance Tool
Quantifying the Epidemic
A Brief History of the Emergence of AIDS
Initial Theories
Retrovirus Hypothesis
Seroprevalence Surveys
HIV and Other Lentiviruses
Course of HIV Infection
Immunologic Profile of People With AIDS
Mechanisms of CD4+ T Cell Depletion
Koch's Postulates Fulfilled
Evidence From Animal and Laboratory Models
Geographic Considerations
Evidence From Blood Donor-Recipient Pairs
Impact of HIV Infection on Mortality of Hemophiliacs
Pediatric AIDS
Single Source Outbreak of Pediatric AIDS
Answering the Skeptics: the "Risk-AIDS" or "Behavioral" Hypothesis
AIDS and Injection Drug Users
Sex and the AIDS Epidemic
Drug Use in the Pre-AIDS Era
AZT and AIDS
Disease Progression Despite Antibodies
Risks Associated With Transfusion
Exposure to Factor VIII
Distribution of AIDS Cases
AIDS in Africa
Conclusion
References
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by the
progressive loss of the CD4+ helper/inducer subset of T lymphocytes,
leading to severe immunosuppression and constitutional disease,
neurological complications, and opportunistic infections and neoplasms
that rarely occur in persons with intact immune function. Although the
precise mechanisms leading to the destruction of the immune system have
not been fully delineated, abundant epidemiologic, virologic and
immunologic data support the conclusion that infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the underlying cause of AIDS.
The evidence for HIV's primary role in the pathogenesis of AIDS is
reviewed elsewhere (Ho et al., 1987; Fauci, 1988, 1993a; Greene, 1993;
Levy, 1993; Weiss, 1993). In addition, many scientists (Blattner et
al., 1988a,b; Ginsberg, 1988; Evans, 1989a,b, 1992; Weiss and Jaffe,
1990; Gallo, 1991; Goudsmit, 1992; Groopman, 1992; Kurth, 1990; Ascher
et al., 1993a,b; Schechter et al., 1993a,b; Lowenstein, 1994; Nicoll
and Brown, 1994; Harris, 1995) have responded to specific arguments
from individuals who assert that AIDS is not caused by HIV. The present
discussion reviews the AIDS epidemic and summarizes the evidence
supporting HIV as the cause of AIDS.
The Definition of AIDS
The term AIDS first appeared in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report (MMWR) of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1982 to
describe ". . . a disease, at least moderately predictive of a defect
in cell-mediated immunity, occurring with no known cause for diminished
resistance to that disease" (CDC, 1982b). The initial CDC list of
AIDS-defining conditions, which included Kaposi's sarcoma (KS),
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
and other conditions, has been updated on several occasions, with
significant revisions (CDC, 1985a, 1987a, 1992a).
For surveillance purposes, the CDC currently defines AIDS in an adult
or adolescent age 13 years or older as the presence of one of 25
AIDS-indicator conditions, such as KS, PCP or disseminated MAC. In
children younger than 13 years, the definition of AIDS is similar to
that in adolescents and adults, except that lymphoid interstitial
pneumonitis and recurrent bacterial infections are included in the list
of AIDS-defining conditions (CDC, 1987b). The case definition in adults
and adolescents was expanded in 1993 to include HIV infection in an
individual with a CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells per cubic
millimeter (mm3) of blood (CDC, 1992a). The current surveillance
definition replaced criteria published in 1987 that were based on
clinical conditions and evidence of HIV infection but not on CD4+ T
cell determinations (CDC, 1987a).
In many developing countries, where diagnostic facilities may be
minimal, epidemiologists employ a case definition based on the presence
of various clinical symptoms associated with immune deficiency and the
exclusion of other known causes of immunosuppression, such as cancer or
malnutrition (Ryder and Mugewrwa, 1994a; Davachi, 1994).
The Designation AIDS Is a Surveillance Tool
Surveillance definitions of AIDS have proven useful epidemiologically
to track and quantify the recent epidemic of HIV-mediated
immunosuppression and its manifestations. However, AIDS represents only
the end stage of a continuous, progressive pathogenic process,
beginning with primary infection with HIV, continuing with a chronic
phase that is usually asymptomatic, leading to progressively severe
symptoms and, ultimately, profound immunodeficiency and opportunistic
infections and neoplasms (Fauci, 1993a). In clinical practice,
symptomatology and measurements of immune function, notably levels of
CD4+ T lymphocytes, are used to guide the treatment of HIV-infected
persons rather than an all-or-nothing paradigm of AIDS/non-AIDS (CDC,
1992a; Sande et al., 1993; Volberding and Graham, 1994).
Quantifying the Epidemic
Between June 1981 and Dec. 31, 1994, 441,528 cases of AIDS in the
United States, including 270,870 AIDS-related deaths, were reported to
the CDC (CDC, 1995a). AIDS is now the leading cause of death among
adults aged 25 to 44 in the United States (CDC, 1995b).
Worldwide, 1,025,073 cases of AIDS were reported to the World Health
Organization (WHO) through December 1994, an increase of 20 percent
since December 1993 (WHO, 1995a). Allowing for under-diagnosis,
incomplete reporting and reporting delay, and based on the available
data on HIV infections around the world, the WHO estimates that over
4.5 million AIDS cumulative cases had occurred worldwide by late 1994
and that 19.5 million people worldwide had been infected with HIV since
the beginning of the epidemic (WHO, 1995a). By the year 2000, the WHO
estimates that 30 to 40 million people will have been infected with HIV
and that 10 million people will have developed AIDS (WHO, 1994). The
Global AIDS Policy Coalition has developed a considerably higher
estimate--perhaps up to 110 million HIV infections and 25 million AIDS
cases by the turn of the century (Mann et al., 1992a).
A Brief History of the Emergence of AIDS
In 1981, clinical investigators in New York and California observed
among young, previously healthy, homosexual men an unusual clustering
of cases of rare diseases, notably Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and
opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP),
as well as cases of unexplained, persistent lymphadenopathy (CDC,
1981a,b, 1982a; Masur et al., 1981; Gottlieb et al., 1981;
Friedman-Kien, 1981). It soon became evident that these men had a
common immunologic deficit, an impairment in cell-mediated immunity
resulting from a significant loss of "T-helper" cells, which bear the
CD4 marker (Gottlieb et al., 1981; Masur et al., 1981; Siegal et al.,
1981; Ammann et al., 1983a).
The widespread occurrence of KS and PCP in young people with no
underlying disease or history of immunosuppressive therapy was
unprecedented. Searches of the medical literature, autopsy records and
tumor registries revealed that these diseases previously had occurred
at very low levels in the United States (CDC, 1981b; CDC, 1982f).
KS, a very rare skin neoplasm, had affected mostly older men of
Mediterranean origin or cancer or transplant patients undergoing
immunosuppressive therapy (Gange and Jones, 1978; Safai and Good,
1981). Before the AIDS epidemic, the annual incidence of Kaposi's
sarcoma in the United States was 0.02 to 0.06 per 100,000 population
(Rothman, 1962a; Oettle, 1962). In addition, a more aggressive form of
KS that generally occurred in younger individuals was seen in certain
parts of Africa (Rothman, 1962b; Safai, 1984a). By 1984, never-married
men in San Francisco were found to be 2,000 times more likely to
develop KS than during the years 1973 to 1979 (Williams et al., 1994).
As of Dec. 31, 1994, 36,693 patients with AIDS in the United States
with a definitive diagnosis of KS had been reported to the CDC (CDC,
1995b).
PCP, a lung infection caused by a pathogen to which most individuals
are exposed with no undue consequences, was extremely rare prior to
1981 in individuals other than those receiving immunosuppressive
therapy or among the chronically malnourished, such as certain Eastern
European children following World War II (Walzer, 1990). A 1967 survey,
for example, found only 107 U.S. cases of PCP reported in the medical
literature up to that point, virtually all among individuals with
underlying immunosuppressive conditions or who had undergone
immunosuppressive therapy (Le Clair, 1969). In that year, CDC became
the sole supplier in the United States of pentamidine isethionate, then
the only recommended PCP therapy, and began collecting data on each PCP
case diagnosed and treated in this country. After reviewing requests
for pentamidine in the period 1967 to 1970, researchers found only one
case of confirmed PCP without a known underlying condition (Walzer et
al., 1974). In the period immediately prior to the recognition of AIDS,
January 1976 to June 1980, CDC received only one request for
pentamidine isethionate to treat an adult in the United States who had
PCP and no underlying disease (CDC, 1982f). In 1981 alone, 42 requests
for pentamidine were received to treat patients with PCP and no known
underlying disorders (CDC, 1982f). By Dec. 31, 1994, 127,626
individuals with AIDS in the United States with definitive diagnoses of
PCP had been reported to the CDC (CDC, 1995b).
Another rare opportunistic disease, disseminated infection with the
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), also was seen frequently in the
first AIDS patients (Zakowski et al., 1982; Greene et al., 1982). Prior
to 1981, only 32 individuals with disseminated MAC disease had been
described in the medical literature (Masur, 1982a). By Dec. 31, 1994,
the CDC had received reports of 28,954 U.S. AIDS patients with
definitive diagnoses of disseminated MAC (CDC, 1995b).
Initial Theories
The fact that homosexual men constituted the initial population in
which AIDS occurred in the United States led some to surmise that a
homosexual lifestyle was specifically related to the disease (Goedert
et al., 1982; Hurtenbach and Shearer, 1982; Sonnabend et al., 1983;
Durack, 1981; Mavligit et al., 1984). These early suggestions that AIDS
resulted from behavior specific to the homosexual population were
largely dismissed when the syndrome was observed in distinctly
different groups in the United States: in male and female injection
drug users; in hemophiliacs and blood transfusion recipients; among
female sex partners of bisexual men, recipients of blood or blood
products, or injection drug users; and among infants born to mothers
with AIDS or with a history of injection drug use (CDC, 1982b,c,d,f,
1983a; Poon et al., 1983; Elliot et al., 1983; Masur et al., 1982b;
Davis et al., 1983; Harris et al., 1983; Rubinstein et al., 1983;
Oleske et al., 1983; Ammann et al., 1983b). In 1983, for example, a
study found that hemophiliacs with no history of any of the proposed
causes of AIDS in homosexual men had developed the syndrome, and some
of the men had apparently transmitted the disease to their wives
(deShazo et al., 1983).
Many public health experts concluded that the clustering of AIDS cases
(Auerbach et al., 1984; Gazzard et al., 1984) and the occurrence of
cases in diverse risk groups could be explained only if AIDS were
caused by an infectious microorganism transmitted in the manner of
hepatitis B virus (HBV contact, by inoculation with blood or blood
products, and from mother to newborn infant (Francis et al., 1983;
Curran et al., 1984; AMA, 1984; CDC, 1982f, 1983a,b).
Early suspects for the cause of AIDS were cytomegalovirus (CMV),
because of its association with immunosuppression, and Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV), which has an affinity for lymphocytes (Gottlieb et al.,
1981; Hymes et al., 1981; CDC, 1982f). However, AIDS was a new
phenomenon, and these viruses already had a worldwide distribution.
Comparative seroprevalence studies showed no convincing evidence to
assign these viruses or other known agents a primary role in the
syndrome (Rogers et al., 1983). Also lacking was evidence that these
viruses, when isolated from patients with AIDS, differed significantly
from strains found in healthy individuals or from strains found in the
years preceding the emergence of AIDS (AMA, 1984).
Retrovirus Hypothesis
By 1983, several research groups had focused on retroviruses for clues
to the cause of AIDS (Gallo and Montagnier, 1987). Two recently
recognized retroviruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II, were the only viruses then
known to preferentially infect helper T lymphocytes, the cells depleted
in people with AIDS (Gallo and Reitz, 1982; Popovic et al., 1984). The
pattern of HTLV transmission was similar to that seen among AIDS
patients: HTLV was transmitted by sexual contact, from mother to child
or by exposure to infected blood (Essex, 1982; Gallo and Reitz, 1982).
In addition, HTLV-I was known to cause mild immunosuppression, and a
related retrovirus, the lymphotropic feline leukemia virus (FeLV),
caused lethal immunosuppression in cats (Essex et al., 1975).
In May 1983, the first report providing experimental evidence for an
association between a retrovirus and AIDS was published (Barre-Sinoussi
et al., 1983). After finding antibodies cross-reactive with HTLV-I in a
homosexual patient with lymphadenopathy, a group led by Dr. Luc
Montagnier isolated a previously unrecognized virus containing reverse
transcriptase that was cytopathic for cord-blood lymphocytes
(Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983). This virus later became known as
lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). The French group subsequently
reported that LAV was tropic for T-helper cells, in which it grew to
substantial titers and caused cell death (Klatzmann et al., 1984a;
Montagnier et al., 1984).
In 1984, a considerable amount of new data added to the evidence for a
retroviral etiology for AIDS. Researchers at the National Institutes of
Health reported the isolation of a cytopathic T-lymphotropic virus from
48 different people, including 18 of 21 with pre-AIDS, three of four
clinically normal mothers of children with AIDS, 26 of 72 children and
adults with AIDS, and one (who later developed AIDS) of 22 healthy
homosexuals (Gallo et al., 1984). The virus, named HTLV-III, could not
be found in 115 healthy heterosexual subjects.
Antibodies reactive with HTLV-III antigens were found in serum samples
of 88 percent of 48 patients with AIDS, 79 percent of 14 homosexuals
with pre-AIDS, and fewer than 1 percent of hundreds of healthy
heterosexuals (Sarngadharan et al., 1984).
Shortly thereafter, the researchers found that 100 percent (34 of 34)
of AIDS patients tested were positive for HTLV-III antibodies in a
study in which none of 14 controls had antibodies (Safai et al.,
1984b).
In a study in the United Kingdom reported later that year,
investigators found that 30 of 31 AIDS patients tested were
seropositive for HTLV-III antibodies, as were 110 of 124 individuals
with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (Cheingsong-Popov et al.,
1984). None of more than 1,000 blood donors selected randomly had
antibodies to HTLV-III in this study.
During the same time period, HTLV-III was isolated from the semen of
patients with AIDS (Zagury et al., 1984, Ho et al., 1984), findings
consistent with the epidemiologic data demonstrating AIDS transmission
via sexual contact.
Researchers in San Francisco subsequently reported the isolation of a
retrovirus they named the AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV) from AIDS
patients in different risk groups, as well as from asymptomatic people
from AIDS risk groups (Levy et al., 1984). The researchers isolated ARV
from 27 of 55 patients with AIDS or lymphadenopathy syndrome; they
detected antibodies to ARV in 90 percent of 113 individuals with the
same conditions. Like HTLV-III and LAV, ARV grew substantially in
peripheral blood mononuclear cells and killed CD4+ T cells. The same
group subsequently isolated ARV from genital secretions of women with
antibodies to the virus, data consistent with the observation that men
could contract AIDS following contact with a woman infected with the
virus (Wofsy et al., 1986).
During the same period, HTLV-III and ARV were isolated from the brains
of children and adults with AIDS-associated encephalopathy, which
suggested a role for these viruses in the central nervous system
disorders seen in many patients with AIDS (Levy et al., 1985; Ho et
al., 1985).
By 1985, analyses of the nucleotide sequences of HTLV-III, LAV and ARV
demonstrated that the three viruses belonged to the same retroviral
family and were strikingly similar (Wain-Hobson et al., 1985; Ratner et
al., 1985; Sanchez-Pescador et al., 1985). In 1986, the International
Committee of Viral Taxonomy renamed the viruses the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Coffin et al., 1986).
Seroprevalence Surveys
Serologic tests for antibodies to HIV, developed in 1984 (Sarngadharan
et al., 1984; Popovic et al., 1984; reviewed in Brookmeyer and Gail,
1994), have enabled researchers to conduct hundreds of seroprevalence
surveys throughout the world. Using these tests, investigators have
repeatedly demonstrated that the occurrence of AIDS-like illnesses in
different populations has closely followed the appearance of HIV
antibodies (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). For example,
retrospective examination of sera collected in the late 1970s in
association with hepatitis B studies in New York, San Francisco and Los
Angeles suggests that HIV entered the U.S. population sometime in the
late 1970s (Jaffe et al., 1985a). In 1978, 4.5 percent of men in the
San Francisco cohort had antibodies to HIV (Jaffe et al., 1985a). The
first cases of AIDS in homosexual men in San Francisco were reported in
1981, and by 1984, more than two-thirds of the San Francisco cohort had
HIV antibodies and almost one-third had developed AIDS-related
conditions (Jaffe et al., 1985a). By the end of 1992, approximately 70
percent of 539 men in the San Francisco cohort with a well-documented
date of HIV seroconversion before 1983 had developed an AIDS-defining
condition or had a CD4+ T cell count of less than 200/mm3; another 11
percent had CD4+ T cell counts between 200 and 500/mm3 (Buchbinder et
al., 1994).
Retrospective tests of the U.S. blood supply have shown that, in 1978,
at least one batch of Factor VIII was contaminated with HIV (Evatt et
al., 1985; Aronson, 1993). Factor VIII was given to some 2,300 males in
the United States that year. In July 1982, the first cases of AIDS in
hemophiliacs were reported (CDC, 1982c). Through Dec. 31, 1994, 3,863
individuals in the United States with hemophilia or other coagulation
disorders had been diagnosed with AIDS (CDC, 1995a).
Elsewhere in the world, a similar chronological association between HIV
and AIDS has been noted. The appearance of HIV in the blood supply has
preceded or coincided with the occurrence of AIDS cases in every
country and region where cases of AIDS have been reported (Institute of
Medicine, 1986; Chin and Mann, 1988; Curran et al., 1988; Piot et al.,
1988; Mann, 1992; Mann et al., 1992; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994).
For example, a review of serosurveys associated with dengue fever in
the Caribbean found that the earliest evidence of HIV infection in
Haiti appeared in samples from 1979 (Pape et al., 1983, 1993); the
first cases of AIDS in Haiti and in Haitians in the United States were
reported in the early 1980s (CDC, 1982e; Pape et al., 1983, 1993).
In Africa between 1981 and 1983, clinical epidemics of chronic,
life-threatening enteropathic diseases ("slim disease"), cryptococcal
meningitis, progressive KS and esophageal candidiasis were recognized
in Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire and Zambia, and in 1983 the first
AIDS cases among Africans were reported (Quinn et al., 1986; Essex,
1994). The earliest blood sample from Africa from which HIV has been
recovered is from a possible AIDS patient in Zaire, tested in
connection with a 1976 Ebola virus outbreak (Getchell et al., 1987;
Myers et al., 1992).
Serologic data have suggested the presence of HIV infection as early as
1959 in Zaire (Nahmias et al., 1986). Other investigators have found
evidence of HIV proviral DNA in tissues of a sailor who died in
Manchester, England, in 1959 (Corbitt et al., 1990). In the latter
case, this finding may have represented a contamination with a virus
isolated at a much later date (Zhu and Ho, 1995).
HIV did not become epidemic until 20 to 30 years later, perhaps because
of the migration of poor and young sexually active individuals from
rural areas to urban centers in developing countries, with subsequent
return migration and, internationally, due to civil wars, tourism,
business travel and the drug trade (Quinn, 1994).
HIV and Other Lentiviruses
As a retrovirus, HIV is an RNA virus that codes for the enzyme reverse
transcriptase, which transcribes the viral genomic RNA into a DNA copy
that ultimately integrates into the host cell genome (Fauci, 1988).
Within the retrovirus family, HIV is classified as a lentivirus, having
genetic and morphologic similarities to animal lentiviruses such as
those infecting cats (feline immunodeficiency virus), sheep (visna
virus), goats (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus), and non-human
primates (simian immunodeficiency virus) (Stowring et al., 1979; Gonda
et al., 1985; Haase, 1986; Temin, 1988, 1989). Like HIV in humans,
these animal viruses primarily infect cells of the immune system,
including T lymphocytes and macrophages (Haase, 1986, 1990; Levy,
1993).
Lentiviruses often cause immunodeficiency in their hosts in addition to
slow, progressive wasting disorders, neurodegeneration and death
(Haase, 1986, 1990). SIV, for example, infects several subspecies of
macaque monkeys, causing diarrhea, wasting, CD4+ T cell depletion,
opportunistic infections and death (Desrosiers, 1990; Fultz, 1993). HIV
is closely related to SIV, as evidenced by viral protein
cross-reactivity and genetic sequence similarities (Franchini et al.,
1987; Hirsch et al., 1989; Desrosiers, 1990; Myers, 1992).
One feature that distinguishes lentiviruses from other retroviruses is
the remarkable complexity of their viral genomes. Most retroviruses
that are capable of replication contain only three genes--env, gag and
pol (Varmus, 1988). HIV contains not only these essential genes but
also the complex regulatory genes tat, rev, nef, and auxiliary genes
vif, vpr and vpu (Greene, 1991). The actions of these additional genes
probably contribute to the profound pathogenicity that differentiates
HIV from many other retroviruses.
CD4+ T cells, the cells depleted in AIDS patients, are primary targets
of HIV because of the affinity of the gp120 glycoprotein component of
the viral envelope for the CD4 molecule (Dalgleish et al., 1984;
Klatzmann et al., 1984b; McDougal et al., 1985a, 1986). These so-called
T-helper cells coordinate a number of critical immunologic functions.
The loss of these cells results in the progressive impairment of the
immune system and is associated with a deteriorating clinical course
(Pantaleo et al., 1993a). In advanced HIV disease, abnormalities of
virtually every component of the immune system are evident (Fauci,
1993a; Pantaleo et al., 1993a).
Course of HIV Infection
Primary HIV infection is associated with a burst of HIV viremia and
often a concomitant abrupt decline of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral
blood (Cooper et al., 1985; Daar et al., 1991; Tindall and Cooper,
1991; Clark et al., 1991; Pantaleo et al., 1993a, 1994). The decrease
in circulating CD4+ T cells during primary infection is probably due
both to HIV-mediated cell killing and to re-trafficking of cells to the
lymphoid tissues and other organs (Fauci, 1993a).
The median period of time between infection with HIV and the onset of
clinically apparent disease is approximately 10 years in western
countries, according to prospective studies of homosexual men in which
dates of seroconversion are known (Lemp et al., 1990; Pantaleo et al.,
1993a; Hessol et al., 1994). Similar estimates of asymptomatic periods
have been made for HIV-infected blood-transfusion recipients, injection
drug users and adult hemophiliacs (reviewed in Alcabes et al., 1993a).
HIV disease, however, is not uniformly expressed in all individuals. A
small proportion of persons infected with the virus develop AIDS and
die within months following primary infection, while approximately 5
percent of HIV-infected individuals exhibit no signs of disease
progression even after 12 or more years (Pantaleo et al., 1995a; Cao et
al., 1995). Host factors such as age or genetic differences among
individuals, the level of virulence of the individual strain of virus,
as well as influences such as co-infection with other microbes may
determine the rate and severity of HIV disease expression in different
people (Fauci, 1993a; Pantaleo et al., 1993a). Such variables have been
termed "clinical illness promotion factors" or co-factors and appear to
influence the onset of clinical disease among those infected with any
pathogen (Evans, 1982). Most people infected with hepatitis B, for
example, show no symptoms or only jaundice and clear their infection,
while others suffer disease ranging from chronic liver inflammation to
cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Robinson, 1990). Co-factors
probably also determine why some smokers develop lung cancer, while
others do not.
As disease progresses, increasing amounts of infectious virus, viral
antigens and HIV-specific nucleic acids in the body correlate with a
worsening clinical course (Allain et al., 1987; Nicholson et al., 1989;
Ho et al., 1989; Schnittman et al., 1989, 1990a, 1991; Mathez et al.,
1990; Genesca et al., 1990; Hufert et al., 1991; Saag et al., 1991;
Aoki-Sei et al., 1992; Yerly et al., 1992; Bagnarelli et al., 1992;
Ferre et al., 1992; Michael et al., 1992; Pantaleo et al., 1993b; Gupta
et al., 1993; Connor et al., 1993; Saksela et al., 1994; Dickover et
al., 1994; Daar et al., 1995; Furtado et al., 1995).
Cross-sectional studies in adults and children have shown that levels
of infectious HIV or proviral DNA in the blood are substantially higher
in patients with AIDS than in asymptomatic patients (Ho et al., 1989;
Coombs et al., 1989; Saag et al., 1991; Srugo et al., 1991; Michael et
al., 1992; Aoki-Sei et al., 1992). In both blood and lymph tissues from
HIV-infected individuals, researchers at the National Institutes of
Health found viral burden and replication to be substantially higher in
patients with AIDS than in early-stage patients (Pantaleo et al.,
1993b). This group also found deterioration of the architecture and
microenvironment of the lymphoid tissue to a greater extent in
late-stage patients than in asymptomatic individuals. The dissolution
of the follicular dendritic cell network of the lymph node germinal
center and the progressive loss of antigen-presenting capacity are
likely critical factors that contribute to the immune deficiency seen
in individuals with AIDS (Pantaleo et al., 1993b).
More recently, the same group studied 15 long-term non-progressors,
defined as individuals infected for more than seven years (usually more
than 10 years) who received no antiretroviral therapy and showed no
decline in CD4+ T cells. They found that viral burden and viral
replication in the peripheral blood and in lymph nodes, measured by DNA
and RNA PCR, respectively, were at least 10 times lower than in 18
HIV-infected individuals whose disease progression was more typical. In
addition, the lymph node architecture in long-term non-progressors
remained intact (Pantaleo et al., 1995a).
Longitudinal studies also have quantified viral burden and replication
in the blood and their relationship to disease progression (Schnittman
et al., 1990a; Connor et al., 1993; Saksela et al., 1994; Daar et al.,
1995; Furtado et al., 1995). In a study of asymptomatic HIV-infected
individuals who ultimately developed rapidly progressive disease, the
number of CD4+ T cells in which HIV DNA could be found increased over
time, whereas this did not occur in patients with stable disease
(Schnittman et al., 1990a). Using serial blood samples from
HIV-infected individuals who had a precipitous drop in CD4+ T cells
followed by a rapid progression to AIDS, other groups found a
significant increase in the levels of HIV DNA concurrent with or prior
to CD4+ T cell decline (Connor et al., 1993; Daar et al., 1995).
Increased expression of HIV mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
has also been shown to precede clinically defined progression of
disease (Saksela et al., 1994).
In the longitudinal Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), homosexual
and bisexual men for whom the time of seroconversion had been
documented had increasing levels of both plasma HIV RNA and
intracellular RNA as disease progressed and had CD4+ T cell numbers
that declined (Gupta et al., 1993; Mellors et al., 1995). Men who
remained asymptomatic with stable CD4+ T cell numbers maintained
extremely low levels of viral RNA. These findings suggest that plasma
HIV RNA levels are a strong, CD4-independent predictor of rapid
progression to AIDS. Another longitudinal study found that increasing
plasma RNA levels were highly predictive of the development of
zidovudine (AZT) resistance and death in patients on long-term therapy
with that drug (Vahey et al., 1994).
Other evidence suggests that changes in viral load due to changes in
therapy can predict clinical benefit in patients. It was recently found
that the amount of HIV RNA in the peripheral blood decreased in
patients who switched to didanosine (ddI) after taking AZT and
increased in patients who continued to take AZT (NTIS, 1994; Welles et
al., 1995). Decreases in HIV RNA were associated with fewer
progressions to new, previously undiagnosed AIDS-defining diseases or
death. This study provided the first evidence that a therapy-induced
reduction of HIV viral load is associated with clinical outcome.
Similarly, studies of blood samples collected serially from
HIV-infected patients found that a decrease in HIV RNA copy number in
the first months following treatment with AZT strongly correlated with
improved clinical outcome (O'Brien et al., 1994; Jurriaans et al.,
1995).
The emergence of HIV variants that are more cytopathic and replicate in
a wider range of susceptible cells in vitro has also been shown to
correlate with disease progression in HIV-infected individuals (Fenyo
et al., 1988; Tersmette et al., 1988, 1989a,b; Richman and Bozzette,
1994; Connor et al., 1993, Connor and Ho, 1994a,b). Similar results
have been seen in vivo with macaques infected with molecularly cloned
SIV (Kodama et al., 1993). It has also been reported that HIV isolates
from patients who progress to AIDS have a higher rate of replication
compared with HIV isolates from individuals who remain asymptomatic
(Fenyo et al., 1988; Tersmette et al., 1989a), and that rapidly
replicating variants of HIV emerge during the asymptomatic stage of
infection prior to disease progression (Tersmette et al., 1989b; Connor
and Ho, 1994b).
Immunologic Profile of People With AIDS
It is well established that a number of viral, rickettsial, fungal,
protozoal and bacterial infections can cause transient T cell decreases
(Chandra, 1983). Immune deficiencies due to tumors, autoimmune
diseases, rare congenital disorders, chemotherapy and other factors
have been shown to render certain individuals susceptible to
opportunistic infections (Ammann, 1991). As mentioned above, chronic
malnutrition following World War II resulted in PCP in Eastern European
children (Walzer, 1990). Transplant recipients treated with
immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin and glucocorticoids often
suffer recurrent diseases due to pathogens such as varicella zoster
virus and cytomegalovirus that also cause disease in HIV-infected
individuals (Chandra, 1983; Ammann, 1991).
However, the specific immunologic profile that typifies AIDS--a
progressive reduction of CD4+ T cells resulting in persistent CD4+ T
lymphocytopenia and profound deficits in cellular immunity--is
extraordinarily rare in the absence of HIV infection or other known
causes of immunosuppression. This was recently demonstrated in several
surveys that sought to determine the frequency of idiopathic CD4+
T-cell lymphocytopenia (ICL), which is characterized by CD4+ T cell
counts lower than 300 cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood in the
absence of HIV antibodies or conditions or therapies associated with
depressed levels of CD4+ T cells (reviewed in Fauci, 1993b; Laurence,
1993).
In a CDC survey, only 47 (.02 percent) of 230,179 individuals diagnosed
with AIDS were both HIV-seronegative and had persistently low CD4+ T
cell counts (<300/mm3) in the absence of conditions or therapies
associated with immunosuppression (Smith et al., 1993).
In the MACS, 22,643 CD4+ T cell determinations in 2,713
HIV-seronegative homosexual men revealed only one individual with a
CD4+ T cell count persistently lower than 300 cells/mm3, and this
individual was receiving immunosuppressive therapy (Vermund et al.,
1993a). A similar review of another cohort of homosexual and bisexual
men found no case of persistently lowered CD4+ T cell counts among 756
HIV-seronegative men who had no other cause of immunosuppression (Smith
et al., 1993). Analogous results were reported from the San Francisco
Men's Health Study, a population-based cohort recruited in 1984. Among
206 HIV-seronegative heterosexual and 526 HIV-seronegative homosexual
or bisexual men, only one had consistently low CD4+ T cell counts
(Sheppard et al., 1993). This individual also had low CD8+ T cell
counts, suggesting that he had general lymphopenia rather than a
selective loss of CD4+ T cells. No AIDS-defining clinical condition was
observed among these HIV-seronegative men.
Studies of blood donors, recipients of blood and blood products, and
household and sexual contacts of transfusion recipients also suggest
that persistently low CD4+ T cell counts are extremely rare in the
absence of HIV infection (Aledort et al., 1993; Busch et al., 1994).
Longitudinal studies of injection-drug users have demonstrated that
unexplained CD4+ T lymphocytopenia is almost never seen among
HIV-seronegative individuals in this population, despite a high risk of
exposure to hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus and other blood-borne
pathogens (Des Jarlais et al., 1993; Weiss et al., 1992).
Mechanisms of CD4+ T Cell Depletion
HIV infects and kills CD4+ T lymphocytes in vitro, although scientists
have developed immortalized T-cell lines in order to propagate HIV in
the laboratory (Popovic et al., 1984; Zagury et al., 1986; Garry, 1989;
Clark et al., 1991). Several mechanisms of CD4+ T cell killing have
been observed in lentivirus systems in vitro and may explain the
progressive loss of these cells in HIV-infected individuals (reviewed
in Garry, 1989; Fauci, 1993a; Pantaleo et al., 1993a). These mechanisms
include disruption of the cell membrane as HIV buds from the surface
(Leonard et al., 1988) or the intracellular accumulation of
heterodisperse RNAs and unintegrated DNA (Pauza et al., 1990; Koga et
al., 1988). Evidence also suggests that intracellular complexing of CD4
and viral envelope products can result in cell killing (Hoxie et al.,
1986).
In addition to these direct mechanisms of CD4+ T cell depletion,
indirect mechanisms may result in the death of uninfected CD4+ T cells
(reviewed in Fauci, 1993a; Pantaleo et al., 1993a). Uninfected cells
often fuse with infected cells, resulting in giant cells called
syncytia that have been associated with the cytopathic effect of HIV in
vitro (Sodroski et al., 1986; Lifson et al., 1986). Uninfected cells
also may be killed when free gp120, the envelope protein of HIV, binds
to their surfaces, marking them for destruction by antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicity responses (Lyerly et al., 1987). Other autoimmune
phenomena may also contribute to CD4+ T cell death since HIV envelope
proteins share some degree of homology with certain major
histocompatibility complex type II (MHC-II) molecules (Golding et al.,
1989; Koenig et al., 1988).
A number of investigators have suggested that superantigens, either
encoded by HIV or derived from unrelated agents, may trigger massive
stimulation and expansion of CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to
depletion or anergy of these cells (Janeway, 1991; Hugin et al., 1991).
The untimely induction of a form of programmed cell death called
apoptosis has been proposed as an additional mechanism for CD4+ T cell
loss in HIV infection (Ameisen and Capron, 1991; Terai et al., 1991;
Laurent-Crawford et al., 1991). Recent reports indicate that apoptosis
occurs to a greater extent in HIV-infected individuals than in
non-infected persons, both in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes
(Finkel et al., 1995; Pantaleo and Fauci, 1995b; Muro-Cacho et al.,
1995).
It has also been observed that HIV infects precursors of CD4+ T cells
in the bone marrow and thymus and damages the microenvironment of these
organs necessary for the optimal sustenance and maturation of
progenitor cells (Schnittman et al., 1990b; Stanley et al., 1992).
These findings may help explain the lack of regeneration of the CD4+ T
cell pool in patients with AIDS (Fauci, 1993a).
Recent studies have demonstrated a substantial viral burden and active
viral replication in both the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues
even early in HIV infection (Fox et al., 1989; Coombs et al., 1989; Ho
et al., 1989; Michael et al., 1992; Bagnarelli et al., 1992; Pantaleo
et al., 1993b; Embretson et al., 1993; Piatak et al., 1993). One group
has reported that 25 percent of CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes of
HIV-infected individuals harbor HIV DNA early in the course of disease
(Embretson et al., 1993). Other data suggest that HIV infection is
sustained by a dynamic process involving continuous rounds of new viral
infection and the destruction and replacement of over 1 billion CD4+ T
cells per day (Wei et al., 1995; Ho et al., 1995).
Taken together, these studies strongly suggest that HIV has a central
role in the pathogenesis of AIDS, either directly or indirectly by
triggering a series of pathogenic events that contribute to progressive
immunosuppression.
Koch's Postulates Fulfilled
Recent developments in HIV research provide some of the strongest
evidence for the causative role of HIV in AIDS and fulfill the
classical postulates for disease causation developed by Henle and Koch
in the 19th century (Koch's postulates reviewed in Evans, 1976, 1989a;
Harden, 1992). Koch's postulates have been variously interpreted by
many scientists over the years. One scientist who asserts that HIV does
not cause AIDS has set forth the following interpretation of the
postulates for proving the causal relationship between a microorganism
and a specific disease (Duesberg, 1987):
1) The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease.
2) It must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
3) It must reproduce the original disease when introduced into a
susceptible host.
4) It must be found in the experimental host so infected.
Recent developments in HIV/AIDS research have shown that HIV fulfills
these criteria as the cause of AIDS.
1) The development of DNA PCR has enabled researchers to document the
presence of cell-associated proviral HIV in virtually all patients with
AIDS, as well as in individuals in earlier stages of HIV disease (Kwok
et al., 1987; Wages et al., 1991; Bagasra et al., 1992; Bruisten et
al., 1992; Petru et al., 1992; Hammer et al., 1993). RNA PCR has been
used to detect cell-free and/or cell-associated viral RNA in patients
at all stages of HIV disease (Ottmann et al., 1991; Schnittman et al.,
1991; Aoki-Sei, 1992; Michael et al., 1992; Piatak et al., 1993).
2) Improvements in co-culture techniques have allowed the isolation of
HIV in virtually all AIDS patients, as well as in almost all
seropositive individuals with both early- and late-stage disease
(Coombs et al., 1989; Schnittman et al., 1989; Ho et al., 1989; Jackson
et al., 1990).
1-4) All four postulates have been fulfilled in three laboratory
workers with no other risk factors who have developed AIDS or severe
immunosuppression after accidental exposure to concentrated HIVIIIB in
the laboratory (Blattner et al., 1993; Reitz et al., 1994; Cohen,
1994c). Two patients were infected in 1985 and one in 1991. All three
have shown marked CD4+ T cell depletion, and two have CD4+ T cell
counts that have dropped below 200/mm3 of blood. One of these latter
individuals developed PCP, an AIDS indicator disease, 68 months after
showing evidence of infection and did not receive antiretroviral drugs
until 83 months after the infection. In all three cases, HIVIIIB was
isolated from the infected individual, sequenced, and shown to be the
original infecting strain of virus.
In addition, as of Dec. 31, 1994, CDC had received reports of 42 health
care workers in the United States with documented, occupationally
acquired HIV infection, of whom 17 have developed AIDS in the absence
of other risk factors (CDC, 1995a). These individuals all had evidence
of HIV seroconversion following a discrete percutaneous or
mucocutaneous exposure to blood, body fluids or other clinical
laboratory specimens containing HIV.
The development of AIDS following known HIV seroconversion also has
been repeatedly observed in pediatric and adult blood transfusion cases
(Ward et al., 1989; Ashton et al., 1994), in mother-to-child
transmission (European Collaborative Study, 1991, 1992; Turner et al.,
1993; Blanche et al., 1994), and in studies of hemophilia, injection
drug use, and sexual transmission in which the time of seroconversion
can be documented using serial blood samples (Goedert et al., 1989;
Rezza et al., 1989; Biggar, 1990; Alcabes et al., 1993a,b; Giesecke et
al., 1990; Buchbinder et al., 1994; Sabin et al., 1993).
In many such cases, infection is followed by an acute retroviral
syndrome, which further strengthens the chronological association
between HIV and AIDS (Pedersen et al., 1989, 1993; Schechter et al.,
1990; Tindall and Cooper, 1991; Keet et al., 1993; Sinicco et al.,
1993; Bachmeyer et al., 1993; Lindback et al., 1994).
Evidence From Animal and Laboratory Models
A recent study demonstrated that an HIV variant that causes AIDS in
humans--HIV-2--also causes a similar syndrome when injected into
baboons (Barnett et al., 1994). Over the course of two years,
HIV-2-infected animals exhibited a significant decline in immune
function, as well as lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (which often
afflicts children with AIDS), the development of lesions similar to
those seen in Kaposi's sarcoma, and severe weight loss akin to the
wasting syndrome that occurs in human AIDS patients. Other studies
suggest that pigtailed macaques also develop AIDS-associated diseases
subsequent to HIV-2 infection (Morton et al., 1994).
Asian monkeys infected with clones of the simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV), a lentivirus closely related to HIV, also develop AIDS-like
syndromes (reviewed in Desrosiers, 1990; Fultz, 1993). In macaque
species, various cloned SIV isolates induce syndromes that parallel HIV
infection and AIDS in humans, including early lymphadenopathy and the
occurrence of opportunistic infections such as pulmonary Pneumocystis
carinii infection, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidium, candida and
disseminated MAC (Letvin et al., 1985; Kestler et al., 1990; Dewhurst
et al., 1990; Kodama et al., 1993).
In cell culture experiments, molecular clones of HIV are tropic for the
same cells as clinical HIV isolates and laboratory strains of the virus
and show the same pattern of cell killing (Hays et al., 1992),
providing further evidence that HIV is responsible for the immune
defects of AIDS. Moreover, in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
mice with human thymus/liver implants, molecular clones of HIV produce
the same patterns of cell killing and pathogenesis as seen with
clinical isolates (Bonyhadi et al., 1993; Aldrovandi et al., 1993).
Geographic Considerations
Convincing evidence that HIV causes AIDS also comes from the geographic
correlation between rates of HIV antibody positivity and incidence of
disease. Numerous studies have shown that AIDS is common only in
populations with a high seroprevalence of HIV antibodies. Conversely,
in populations in which HIV antibody seroprevalence is low, AIDS is
extremely rare (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994).
Malawi, a country in southern Africa with 8.2 million inhabitants,
reported 34,167 cases of AIDS to the WHO as of December 1994 (WHO,
1995a). This is the highest case rate in the region. The rate of HIV
seroprevalence in Malawi is also high, as evidenced by serosurveys of
pregnant women and blood donors (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). In
one survey, approximately 23 percent of more than 6,600 pregnant women
in urban areas were HIV-positive (Dallabetta et al., 1993).
Approximately 20 percent of 547 blood donors in a 1990 survey were
HIV-positive (Kool et al., 1990).
In contrast, Madagascar, an island country off the southeast coast of
Africa with a population of 11.3 million, reported only nine cases of
AIDS to the WHO through December 1994 (WHO, 1995a). HIV seroprevalence
is extremely low in this country; in recent surveys of 1,629 blood
donors and 1,111 pregnant women, no evidence of HIV infection was found
(Rasamindrakotroka et al., 1991). Yet, other sexually transmitted
diseases are common in Madagascar; a 1989 seroepidemiologic study for
syphilis found that 19.5 percent of 12,457 persons tested were infected
(Latif, 1994; Harms et al., 1994). It is likely that due to the
relative geographic isolation of this island nation, HIV was introduced
late into its population. However, the high rate of other STDs such as
syphilis would predict that HIV will spread in this country in the
future.
Similar patterns have been noted in Asia. Thailand reported 13,246
cases of AIDS to the WHO through December 1994, up from only 14 cases
through 1988 (WHO, 1995a). This rise has paralleled the spread of HIV
infection in Thailand. Through 1987, fewer than .05 percent of 200,000
Thais from all risk groups were HIV-seropositive (Weniger et al.,
1991). By 1993, 3.7 percent of 55,000 inductees into the Royal Thai
Army tested positive for HIV antibodies, up from 0.5 percent of men
recruited in 1989 (U.S. Bureau of the Census Database, December 1994).
Seropositivity among brothel prostitutes in Thailand rose from 3.5
percent in June 1989 to 27.1 percent in June 1993 (Hanenberg et al.,
1994). By mid-1993, an estimated 740,00 people were infected with HIV
in Thailand (Brown and Sittitrai, 1994). By the year 2000, researchers
estimate that there may be 1.4 million cumulative HIV infections and
480,000 AIDS cases in that country (Cohen, 1994b).
By comparison, South Korea reported only 25 cases of AIDS to the WHO
through Dec. 1994 (WHO, 1995a). In serosurveys in that country
conducted in 1993, HIV seroprevalence was .008 percent among female
prostitutes and .00007 percent among blood donors (Shin et al., 1994).
Evidence From Blood Donor-Recipient Pairs
By the end of 1994, 7,223 cumulative cases of AIDS in the United States
resulting from blood transfusions or the receipt of blood components or
tissue had been reported to the CDC (CDC, 1995a). Virtually all of
these cases can be traced to transfusions before the screening of the
blood supply for HIV commenced in 1985 (Jones et al., 1992; Selik et
al., 1993).
Compelling evidence supporting a cause-and-effect relationship between
HIV and AIDS has come from studies of transfusion recipients with AIDS
who have received blood from at least one donor with HIV infection. In
the earliest such study (before the discovery of HIV), seven patients
with transfusion-acquired AIDS were shown to have received a total of
99 units of blood components. At least one donor to each patient was
identified who had AIDS-like symptoms or immunosuppression (Curran et
al., 1984).
With the identification of HIV and the development of serologic assays
for the virus in 1984, it became possible to trace infected donors
(Sarngadharan et al., 1984). The first reports of donor-recipient pairs
appeared later that year (Feorino et al., 1984; Groopman et al., 1984).
In one instance, HIV was isolated from both donor and recipient, and
both had developed AIDS (Feorino et al., 1984); in the other, the
recipient was HIV antibody-positive and had developed AIDS, and the
donor had culturable virus in his blood and was in a group considered
to be at high risk for AIDS (Groopman et al., 1984). Molecular analysis
of HIV isolates from these donor-recipient pairs found that the viruses
were slightly different but much more similar than would be expected by
chance alone (Feorino et al., 1984; Groopman et al., 1984).
In a subsequent study of patients with transfusion-acquired AIDS, 28 of
28 individuals had antibodies to HIV, and each had received blood from
an HIV-infected donor (Jaffe et al., 1985b). Similar results were
reported from a set of 18 patients with transfusion-acquired AIDS, each
of whom had received blood from an HIV-infected donor (McDougal et al.,
1985b). Fifteen of the 18 donors in this study had low CD4+/CD8+ T cell
ratios, an immune defect seen in pre-AIDS and AIDS patients.
Another group studied seropositive recipients of blood from 112 donors
in whom AIDS later developed and from 31 donors later found to be
positive for HIV antibody. Of 101 seropositive recipients followed for
a median of 55 months after infection, 43 developed AIDS (Ward et al.,
1989).
More recently, Australian investigators identified 25 individuals with
transfusion-acquired HIV whose infection could be traced to eight
individuals who donated blood between 1980 and 1985, and subsequently
developed AIDS. By 1992, nine of the 25 HIV-infected blood recipients
had developed AIDS, with progression to AIDS and death more rapid among
the recipients who received blood from the faster-progressing donors
(Ashton et al., 1994).
Impact of HIV Infection on Mortality of Hemophiliacs
As noted above, HIV has been detected in stored blood samples taken
from hemophiliac patients in the United States as early as 1978
(Aronson, 1993). By 1984, 55 to 78 percent of U.S. hemophilic patients
were HIV-infected (Lederman et al., 1985; Andes et al., 1989). A more
recent survey found 46 percent of 9,496 clotting-factor recipients to
be HIV-infected, only 9 of whom had a definitive date of seroconversion
subsequent to April 1987 (Fricke et al., 1992). By Dec. 31, 1994, 3,863
individuals in the United States with hemophilia or coagulation
disorders had been diagnosed with AIDS (CDC, 1995a).
The impact of HIV on the life expectancy of hemophiliacs has been
dramatic. In a retrospective study of mortality among 701 hemophilic
patients in the United States, median life expectancy for males with
hemophilia increased from 40.9 years at the beginning of the century
(1900-1920) to a high of 68 years after the introduction of factor
therapy (1971 to 1980). In the era of AIDS (1981 to 1990), life
expectancy declined to 49 years (Jones and Ratnoff, 1991).
Another analysis found that the death rate for individuals with
hemophilia A in the United States rose three-fold between the periods
1979-1981 and 1987-1989. Median age at death decreased from 57 years in
1979-1981 to 40 years in 1987-1989 (Chorba et al., 1994).
In the United Kingdom, 6,278 males diagnosed with hemophilia were
living during the period 1977-91. During 1979-86, 1,227 were infected
with HIV during transfusion therapy. Among 2,448 individuals with
severe hemophilia, the annual death rate was stable at 8 per 1,000
during 1977-84; during 1985-92 death rates remained at 8 per 1,000
among HIV-seronegative persons with severe hemophilia but rose steeply
in those who were seropositive, reaching 81 per 1,000 in 1991-92. Among
3,830 with mild or moderate hemophilia, the pattern was similar, with
an initial death rate of 4 per 1,000 in 1977-84, rising to 85 per 1,000
in 1991-92 among seropositive individuals (Darby et al., 1995).
In a British cohort of hemophiliacs infected with HIV between 1979 and
1985 and followed prospectively, 50 of 111 patients had died by the end
of 1994, 43 after a diagnosis of AIDS. Only eight of the 61 living
patients had CD4+ T cell counts above 500/mm3 (Lee et al., 1995).
Pediatric AIDS
Newborn infants have no behavioral risk factors, yet 6,209 children in
the United States have developed AIDS through Dec. 31, 1994 (CDC,
1995a).
Studies have consistently shown that of infants born to HIV-infected
mothers, only the 15-40 percent of infants who become HIV-infected
before or during birth go on to develop immunosuppression and AIDS,
while babies who are not HIV-infected do not develop AIDS (Katz, 1989;
d'Arminio et al., 1990; Prober and Gershon, 1991; European
Collaborative Study, 1991; Lambert et al., 1990; Lindgren et al. 1991;
Andiman et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1989; Rogers et al., 1989; Hutto
et al., 1991). Moreover, in those infants who do acquire HIV and
develop AIDS, the rate of disease progression varies directly with the
severity of the disease in the mother at the time of delivery (European
Collaborative Study, 1992; Blanche et al., 1994).
Almost all infants born to seropositive mothers have detectable HIV
antibody, which may persist for as long as 15 months. In most cases,
the presence of this antibody does not represent actual infection with
HIV, but is antibody from the HIV-infected mother that diffuses across
the placenta. In a French study of 22 infants born to HIV-infected
mothers, seven babies had antibodies to HIV after one year and all
developed AIDS. In these seven infants, the presence of HIV antibodies
marked actual infection with HIV, not merely antibodies acquired from
the mother. The other 15 children showed a complete loss of maternally
acquired HIV antibodies, were not actually infected, and remained
healthy. Of the babies who developed AIDS, virus was found in four of
four infants tested. HIV was not found in the 15 children who remained
healthy (Douard et al., 1989; Gallo, 1991).
In the European Collaborative Study, children born to HIV-seropositive
mothers are followed from birth in 10 European centers. A majority of
the mothers have a history of injection drug use. A recent report
showed that none of the 343 children who had lost maternally
transferred HIV antibodies (i.e. they were truly HIV-negative) had
developed AIDS or persistent immune deficiency. In contrast, among 64
children who were truly HIV-infected (i.e. they remained HIV antibody
positive), 30 percent presented with AIDS within 6 months of age or
with oral candidiasis followed rapidly by the onset of AIDS. By their
first birthday, 17 percent died of HIV-related diseases (European
Collaborative Study, 1991).
In a multicenter study in Bangkok, Thailand, 105 children born to
HIV-infected mothers were recently evaluated at 6 months of age
(Chearskul et al., 1994). Of 27 infants determined to be HIV-infected
by polymerase chain reaction, 24 developed HIV-related symptoms,
including six who developed CDC-defined AIDS and four who died with
conditions clinically consistent with AIDS. Among 77 exposed but
uninfected infants, no deaths occurred.
In a study of 481 infants in Haiti, the survival rate at 18 months was
41 percent for HIV-infected infants, 84 percent among uninfected
infants born to seropositive women, and 95 percent among infants born
to seronegative women (Boulos et al., 1994).
Investigators have also reported cases of HIV-infected mothers with
twins discordant for HIV-infection in which the HIV-infected child
developed AIDS, while the other child remained clinically and
immunologically normal (Park et al., 1987; Menez-Bautista et al., 1986;
Thomas et al., 1990; Young et al., 1990; Barlow and Mok, 1993; Guerrero
Vazquez et al., 1993).
Single Source Outbreak of Pediatric AIDS
Other researchers have used molecular epidemiology to find a single
source of HIV for an outbreak of pediatric AIDS cases in Russia. In
that country between 1988 and 1990, over 250 children were infected
with HIV after exposure to non-sterile needles. By June 1994, 43 of
these children had died of AIDS (Irova et al., 1993). In a recent
report on 22 of these children from two hospitals, 12 had developed
AIDS. Molecular analysis of HIV isolates from all 22 children showed
the isolates to be very closely related, confirming epidemiological
data that these two outbreaks resulted from a single source: an infant
born to an HIV-infected mother whose husband was infected in central
Africa (Bobkov et al., 1994).
Answering the Skeptics:
the "Risk-AIDS" or "Behavioral" Hypothesis
Skeptics of the role of HIV in AIDS have espoused a "risk-AIDS" or a
"drug-AIDS" hypothesis (Duesberg, 1987-1994), asserting at different
times that factors such as promiscuous homosexual activity; repeated
venereal infections and antibiotic treatments; the use of recreational
drugs such as nitrite inhalants, cocaine and heroin; immunosuppressive
medical procedures; and treatment with the drug AZT are responsible for
the epidemic of AIDS.
Such arguments have been repeatedly contradicted. Compelling evidence
against the risk-AIDS hypothesis has come from cohort studies of
high-risk groups in which all individuals with AIDS-related conditions
are HIV-antibody positive, while matched, HIV-antibody negative
controls do not develop AIDS or immunosuppression, despite engaging in
high-risk behaviors.
In a prospectively studied cohort in Vancouver (Schechter et al.,
1993a), 715 homosexual men were followed for a median of 8.6 years.
Among 365 HIV-positive individuals, 136 developed AIDS. No
AIDS-defining illnesses occurred among 350 HIV-negative men despite the
fact that these men reported appreciable levels of nitrite use, other
recreational drug use, and frequent receptive anal intercourse. The
average rate of CD4+ T cell decline was 50 cells/mm3 per year in the
HIV-positive men, while the HIV-negative men showed no decline.
Significantly, the decline of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-positive men
and the stability of CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-negative men were
apparent whether or not nitrite inhalants were used. There were 101
AIDS-related deaths among the HIV-seropositive men, including six
unrelated to HIV infection. In the seronegative group, only two deaths
occurred: one heart attack and one suicide. In this study, lifetime
prevalences of risk behaviors were similar in the 136 HIV-seropositive
men who developed AIDS and in the 226 HIV-seropositive men who did not
develop AIDS: use of nitrite inhalants, 88 percent in both groups; use
of other illicit drugs, 75 percent and 80 percent, respectively; more
than 25 percent of sexual encounters involving receptive anal
intercourse, 78 percent and 82 percent, respectively. Among
HIV-seronegative men (none of whom developed AIDS), the lifetime
prevalences of these behaviors were somewhat lower, but substantial: 56
percent, 74 percent and 58 percent, respectively.
Similar results were reported from the San Francisco Men's Health
Study, a cohort of single men recruited in San Francisco in 1984
without regard to sexual preference, lifestyle or serostatus (Ascher et
al., 1993a). During 96 months of follow-up, 215 cases of AIDS had
occurred among 445 HIV-antibody positive homosexual men, 174 of whom
had died. Among 367 antibody-negative homosexual men and 214
antibody-negative heterosexual men, no AIDS cases and eight deaths
unrelated to AIDS-defining conditions were observed. The authors found
no overall effect of drug consumption, including nitrites, on the
development of Kaposi's sarcoma or other AIDS-defining conditions, nor
an effect of the extent of the participants' drug use on these
conditions. A consistent loss of CD4+ T cells was limited to
HIV-positive subjects, among whom there was no discernible difference
in CD4+ T cell counts related to drug-taking behavior. Among
HIV-seronegative men, moderate or heavy drug users had higher CD4+ T
cell counts than non-users.
Observational studies of HIV-infected individuals have found that drug
use does not accelerate progression to AIDS (Kaslow et al., 1989;
Coates et al., 1990; Lifson et al., 1990; Robertson et al., 1990). In a
Dutch cohort of HIV-seropositive homosexual men, no significant
differences in sexual behavior or use of cannabis, alcohol, tobacco,
nitrite inhalants, LSD or amphetamines were found between men who
remained asymptomatic for long periods and those who progressed to AIDS
(Keet et al., 1994). Another study, of five cohorts of homosexual men
for whom dates of seroconversion were well-documented, found no
association between HIV disease progression and history of sexually
transmitted diseases, number of sexual partners, use of AZT, alcohol,
tobacco or recreational drugs (Veugelers et al., 1994).
Similarly, in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort, recruited in the
late 1970s and early 1980s in conjunction with hepatitis B studies, no
consistent differences in exposure to recreational drugs or sexually
transmitted diseases were seen between HIV-infected men who progressed
to AIDS and those who remained healthy (Buchbinder et al., 1994).
Because many children with AIDS are born to mothers who abuse
recreational drugs (Novick and Rubinstein, 1987; European Collaborative
Study, 1991), it has been postulated that the mothers' drug consumption
is responsible for children developing AIDS (Duesberg, 1987-1994). This
theory is contradicted by numerous reports of infants with AIDS born to
women infected with HIV through heterosexual contact or transfusions
who do not use drugs (CDC, 1995a). As noted above, the only factor that
predicts whether a child will develop AIDS is whether he or she is
infected with HIV, not maternal drug use.
AIDS and Injection Drug Users
Central to the "risk-AIDS" hypothesis is the notion that chronic
injection drug use causes AIDS (Duesberg, 1992), a view that is
contradicted by numerous studies.
Although some evidence suggests injection drug use can cause certain
immunologic abnormalities, such as reduction in natural killer (NK)
cell activity (reviewed in Kreek, 1990), the specific immune deficit
that leads to AIDS--a progressive reduction of CD4+ T cells resulting
in persistent CD4+ T lymphocytopenia--is rare in HIV-seronegative
injection drug users in the absence of other immunosuppressive
conditions (Des Jarlais et al., 1993; Weiss et al., 1992).
In a survey of 229 HIV-seronegative injection drug users in New York
City, mean CD4+ T cell counts of the group were consistently over
1000/mm3 (Des Jarlais et al., 1993). Only two individuals had two CD4+
T cell measurements of fewer than 300/mm3, one of whom died with
cardiac disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma listed as the cause of
death. In a study of 180 HIV-seronegative injection drug users in New
Jersey, the participants' average CD4+ T cell count was 1169/mm3 (Weiss
et al., 1992). Two of these individuals, both with generalized
lymphocytopenia, had CD4+ T cell counts less than 300/mm3.
In the MACS, median CD4+ T cell counts of 63 HIV-seronegative injection
drug users rose from 1061/mm3 to 1124/mm3 in a 15 to 21 month follow-up
period (Margolick et al., 1992). In a cross-sectional study, 11
HIV-seronegative, long-term heroin addicts had mean CD4+ T cell counts
of 1500/mm3, while 11 healthy controls had CD4+ T cell counts of 820
cells/mm3 (Novick et al., 1989).
Recent data also refute the notion that a certain lifetime dosage of
injection drugs is sufficient to cause AIDS in HIV-seronegative
individuals. In a Dutch study, investigators compared 86
HIV-seronegative individuals who had been injecting drugs for a mean of
7.6 years with 70 HIV-seropositive people who had injected drugs for a
mean of 9.1 years. Upon enrollment in 1989, CD4+ T cell counts were
914/mm3 in the HIV-seronegative group, and 395/mm3 in the seropositive
group. By 1994, there were 25 deaths attributable to AIDS-defining
conditions in the seropositive group; among HIV-seronegative
individuals, eight deaths occurred, none due to AIDS-defining diseases
(Cohen, 1994a).
Excess mortality among HIV-infected injection drug users as compared to
HIV-seronegative users has also been observed by other investigators.
In a prospective Italian study of 2,431 injection drug users enrolled
in drug treatment programs from 1985 to 1991, HIV-seropositive
individuals were 4.5 times more likely to die than HIV-seronegative
subjects (Zaccarelli et al., 1994). No deaths due to AIDS-defining
conditions were seen among 1,661 HIV-seronegative individuals, 41 of
whom died of other conditions, predominantly overdose, liver disease
and accidents. Among 770 individuals who were HIV-seropositive at study
entry or who seroconverted during the study period, 89 died of
AIDS-related conditions and 52 of other conditions.
In HIV-seropositive individuals, a number of investigators have found
no statistical association between injection drug use and decline of
CD4+ T cell counts (Galli et al., 1989, 1991; Schoenbaum et al., 1989;
Margolick et al., 1992, 1994; Montella et al., 1992; Alcabes et al.,
1993b, 1994; Galai et al., 1995), nor a difference in disease
progression between active versus former users of injection drugs
(Weber et al., 1990; Galli et al., 1991; Montella et al., 1992; Italian
Seroconversion Study, 1992).
Taken together, these studies suggest that any negative effects of
injection drugs on CD4+ T cell levels are limited and may explain why
many investigators have found that HIV-seropositive injection drug
users have rates of disease progression that are similar to other
HIV-infected individuals (Rezza et al., 1990; Montella et al., 1992;
Galli et al., 1989; Selwyn et al., 1992; Munoz et al., 1992; Italian
Seroconversion Study, 1992; MAP Workshop, 1993; Pezzotti et al., 1992;
Margolick et al., 1992, 1994; Alcabes, 1993b, 1994; Galai et al.,
1995).
Sex and the AIDS Epidemic
It has been asserted ". . . in America, only promiscuity aided by
aphrodisiac and psychoactive drugs, practiced mostly by 20 to 40
year-old male homosexuals and some heterosexuals, seems to correlate
with AIDS diseases" (Duesberg, 1991). Even a cursory review of history
provides evidence to the contrary: such behaviors have existed for
decades --in some cases centuries--and have increased only in a
relative sense in recent years, if at all, whereas AIDS clearly is a
new phenomenon.
If promiscuity were a cause of AIDS, one would have expected cases to
have occurred among prostitutes (male or female) prior to 1978. Reports
of such cases are lacking, even though prostitution has been present in
most if not all cultures throughout history.
In this country, trends in gonorrheal infections suggest that
extramarital sexual activity was extensive in the pre-AIDS era. Cases
of gonorrhea in the United States peaked at approximately 1 million in
1978; between 250,000 and 530,000 cases were reported each year in the
1960s, approximately 250,000 cases each year in the 1950s, and between
175,000 and 380,000 cases annually in the 1940s (CDC, 1987c, 1993b).
Despite the frequency of sexually transmitted diseases, only a handful
of documented cases of AIDS in the United States prior to 1978 have
been reported.
Historians, archaeologists and sociologists have documented extensive
homosexual activity dating from the ancient Greeks to the
well-established homosexual subculture in the United States in the 20th
century (Weinberg and Williams, 1974; Gilbert, 1980-81; Saghir and
Robins, 1973; Reinisch et al., 1990; Doll et al., 1990; Katz, 1992;
Friedman and Downey, 1994). Depictions of anal intercourse, both male
and female, can be found in the art and literature of numerous cultures
on all inhabited continents (Reinisch et al., 1990). In the 1940s,
Kinsey et al. reported that 37 percent of all American males surveyed
had at least some overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm
between adolescence and old age and that 10 percent of men were
exclusively or predominantly homosexual between the ages of 16 and 55
(Kinsey et al., 1948). More recent surveys have found that 2 to 5
percent of men are homosexual or bisexual (reviewed in Friedman and
Downey, 1994; Seidman and Rieder, 1994; Laumann, 1994).
Many homosexuals had multiple sexual partners in the pre-AIDS era: a
1969 survey found that more than 40 percent of white homosexual males
and one-third of black homosexual males had at least 500 partners in
their lifetime, and an additional one-fourth reported between 100 and
500 partners (Bell and Weinberg, 1978). A majority of these men
reported that more than half their partners had been strangers before
the sexual encounters (Bell and Weinberg, 1978). Further evidence of
extensive homosexual behavior in the years preceding the AIDS epidemic
comes from reports of numerous cases of rectal gonorrheal and anal
herpes simplex virus infections among men (Jefferiss, 1956; Scott and
Stone, 1966; Pariser and Marino, 1970; Owen and Hill, 1972; British
Cooperative Clinical Group, 1973; Jacobs, 1976; Judson et al., 1977;
Merino and Richards, 1977; McMillan and Young, 1978).
Drug Use in the Pre-AIDS Era
A temporal association between the onset of extensive use of
recreational drugs and the AIDS epidemic
widespread use of opiates in the United States has existed since
the middle of the 19th century (Courtwright, 1982); as many as
313,000 Americans were addicted to opium and morphine prior to
1914. Heroin use spread throughout the country in the 1920s and
1930s (Courtwright, 1982), and the total number of active heroin
users peaked at about 626,000 in 1971 (Greene et al., 1975;
Friedland, 1989). Opiates were initially administered by oral or
inhalation routes, but by the 1920s addicts began to inject
heroin directly into their veins (Courtwright, 1982). In 1940,
intravenous use of opiates was seen in 80 percent of men admitted
to a large addiction research center in Kentucky (Friedland,
1989).
While cocaine use increased markedly during the 1970s (Kozel and Adams,
1986), the use of the drug, frequently with morphine, is
well-documented in the United States since the late 19th century (Dale,
1903; Ashley, 1975; Spotts and Shontz, 1980). For example, a survey in
1902 reported that only 3 to 8 percent of the cocaine sold in New York,
Boston and other cities went into the practice of medicine or dentistry
(Spotts and Shontz). After a period of relative obscurity, cocaine
became increasingly popular in the late 1950s and 1960s. Over 70
percent of 1,100 addicts at the addiction research center in Kentucky
in 1968 and 1969 reported use or abuse of cocaine (Chambers, 1974).
The recreational use of nitrite inhalants ("poppers") also predates the
AIDS epidemic. Reports of the widespread use of these drugs by young
men in the 1960s were the impetus for the reinstatement by the Food and
Drug Administration of the prescription requirement for amyl nitrite in
1968 (Israelstam et al., 1978; Haverkos and Dougherty, 1988). Since the
early years of the AIDS epidemic, the use of nitrite inhalants has
declined dramatically among homosexual men, yet the number of AIDS
cases continues to increase (Ostrow et al., 1990, 1993; Lau et al.,
1992).
In the general population, the number of individuals aged 25 to 44
years reporting current use of marijuana, cocaine, inhalants,
hallucinogens and cigarettes declined between 1974 and 1992, while the
AIDS epidemic worsened (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, 1994).
AZT and AIDS
Although some individuals maintain that treatment with zidovudine (AZT)
has compounded the AIDS epidemic (Duesberg, 1992), published reports of
both placebo-controlled clinical trials and observational studies
provide data to the contrary.
In patients with symptomatic HIV disease, for whom a beneficial effect
is measured in months, AZT appears to slow disease progression and
prolong life, according to double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical
studies (reviewed in Sande et al., 1993; McLeod and Hammer, 1992;
Volberding and Graham, 1994). A clinical trial known as BW 002 compared
AZT with placebo in 282 patients with AIDS or advanced signs or
symptoms of HIV disease. In this study, which led to the approval of
AZT by the FDA, only one of 145 patients treated with AZT died compared
with 19 of 137 placebo recipients in a six month period. Opportunistic
infections occurred in 24 AZT recipients and 45 placebo recipients. In
addition to reducing mortality, AZT was shown to have reduced the
frequency and severity of AIDS-associated opportunistic infections,
improved body weight, prevented deterioration in Karnofsky performance
score, and increased counts of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral
blood (Fischl et al., 1987; Richman et al., 1987). Continued follow-up
in 229 of these patients showed that the survival benefit of AZT
extended to at least 21 months after the initiation of therapy;
survival in the original treatment group was 57.6 percent at that time,
whereas survival among members of the original placebo group was 51.5
percent at nine months (Richman and Andrews, 1988; Fischl et al.,
1989).
In another placebo-controlled study known as ACTG 016, which enrolled
711 symptomatic HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell counts between
200 and 500 cells/mm3, those taking AZT were less likely to experience
disease progression than those on placebo during a median study period
of 11 months (Fischl et al., 1990). In this study, no difference in
disease progression was noted among participants who began the trial
with CD4+ T cell counts greater than 500/mm3.
A Veteran's Administration study of 338 individuals with early symptoms
of HIV disease and CD4+ T cell counts between 200 and 500 cells/mm3
found that immediate therapy significantly delayed disease progression
compared with deferred therapy, but did not lengthen (or shorten)
survival after an average study period of more than two years (Hamilton
et al., 1992).
Among asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals, several placebo-controlled
clinical trials suggest that AZT can delay disease progression for 12
to 24 months but ultimately does not increase survival. Significantly,
long-term follow-up of persons participating in these trials, although
not showing prolonged benefit of AZT, has never indicated that the drug
increases disease progression or mortality (reviewed in McLeod and
Hammer, 1992; Sande et al., 1993; Volberding and Graham, 1994). The
lack of excess AIDS cases and death in the AZT arms of these large
trials effectively rebuts the argument that AZT causes AIDS.
During a 4.5 year follow-up period (mean 2.6 years) of a trial known as
ACTG 019, no differences were seen in overall survival between AZT and
placebo groups among 1,565 asymptomatic patients entering the study
with fewer than 500 CD4+ T cells/mm3 (Volberding et al., 1994). In that
study, AZT was superior to placebo in delaying progression to AIDS or
advanced ARC for approximately one year, and a more prolonged benefit
was seen among a subset of patients.
The Concorde study in Europe enrolled 1,749 asymptomatic patients with
CD4+ T cell counts less than 500/mm3. In that study, no statistically
significant differences in progression to advanced disease were
observed after three years between individuals taking AZT immediately
and those who deferred AZT therapy or did not take the drug (Concorde
Coordinating Committee, 1994). However, the rate of progression to
death, AIDS or severe ARC was slower among the "immediate" AZT group
during the first year of therapy. Although the Concorde study did not
show a significant benefit over time with the early use of AZT, it
clearly demonstrated that AZT was not harmful to the patients in the
"immediate" AZT group as compared to the "deferred" AZT group.
A European-Australian study (EACG 020) of 993 patients with CD4+ T cell
counts greater than 400/mm3 showed no differences between AZT and
placebo arms of the trial during a median study period of 94 weeks,
although AZT did delay progression to certain clinical and
immunological endpoints for up to three years (Cooper et al., 1993).
Both this study and the Concorde study reported little severe
AZT-related hematologic toxicity at doses of 1,000 mg/day, which is
twice the recommended daily dose in the United States.
Uncontrolled studies have found increased survival and/or reduced
frequency of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV disease and
AIDS who were treated with AZT or other anti-retrovirals (Creagh-Kirk
et al., 1988; Moore et al., 1991a,b; Ragni et al., 1992; Schinaia et
al., 1991; Koblin et al., 1992; Graham et al., 1991, 1992, 1993;
Longini, 1993; Vella et al., 1992, 1994; Saah et al., 1994; Bacellar et
al., 1994). In the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, for example,
HIV-infected individuals treated with AZT had significantly reduced
mortality and progression to AIDS for follow-up intervals of six, 12,
18 and 24 months compared to those not taking AZT, even after adjusting
for health status, CD4+ T cell counts and PCP prophylaxis (Graham et
al., 1991, 1992).
In addition, several cohort studies show that life expectancy of
individuals with AIDS has increased since the use of AZT became common
in 1986-87. Among 362 homosexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trial
cohorts in New York City, San Francisco and Amsterdam, the time from
seroconversion to death, a period not influenced by variations in
diagnosing AIDS, has lengthened slightly in recent years (Hessol et
al., 1994). In a Dutch study of 975 males and females with HIV
infection, median survival with AIDS increased from nine months in
1982-1985, to 26 months in 1990 (Bindels et al., 1994). Even taking
into consideration the benefits of improved PCP prophylaxis and
treatment, if AZT were contributing to or causing disease, one would
expect a decrease in survival figures, rather than an increase that
parallels the use of AZT.
In an analysis from the San Francisco Men's Health Study, the
investigators note that 169 (73 percent) of 233 AIDS patients had been
treated with AZT at one time or another. However, 90 (53 percent of the
169) were diagnosed with clinical AIDS before beginning AZT treatment,
and another 51 (30 percent of the 169) had CD4+ T cell counts lower
than 200/mm3 before initiation of AZT treatment (Ascher et al., 1995).
The authors conclude, "These data are not consistent with the
hypothesis of a causal role for AZT in AIDS."
Disease Progression Despite Antibodies
It has been argued that HIV cannot cause AIDS because the body develops
HIV-specific antibodies following primary infection (Duesberg, 1992).
This reasoning ignores numerous examples of viruses other than HIV that
can be pathogenic after evidence of immunity appears (Oldstone, 1989).
Primary poliovirus infection is a classic example of a disease in which
high titers of neutralizing antibodies develop in all infected
individuals, yet a small percentage of individuals develop subsequent
paralysis (Kurth, 1990). Measles virus may persist for years in brain
cells, eventually causing a chronic neurological disease despite the
presence of antibodies (Gershon, 1990). Viruses such as
cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and varicella zoster may be activated
after years of latency even in the presence of abundant antibodies
(Weiss and Jaffe, 1990). Lentiviruses with long and variable latency
periods, such as visna virus in sheep, cause central nervous system
damage even after the specific production of neutralizing antibodies
(Haase, 1990). Furthermore, it is now well-documented that HIV can
mutate rapidly to circumvent immunologic control of its replication.
Risks Associated With Transfusion
It has been argued that AIDS among transfusion recipients is due to
underlying diseases that necessitated the transfusion, rather than to
HIV (Duesberg, 1991). This theory is contradicted by a report by the
Transfusion Safety Study Group, which compared HIV-negative and
HIV-positive blood recipients who had been given transfusions for
similar diseases. Approximately three years after the transfusion, the
mean CD4+ T cell count in 64 HIV-negative recipients was 850/mm3, while
111 HIV-seropositive individuals had average CD4+ T cell counts of
375/mm3 (Donegan et al., 1990). By 1993, there were 37 cases of AIDS in
the HIV-infected group, but not a single AIDS-defining illness in the
HIV-seronegative transfusion recipients (Cohen, 1994d).
People have received blood transfusions for decades; however, as
discussed above, AIDS-like symptoms were extraordinarily rare before
the appearance of HIV. Recent surveys have shown that AIDS-like
symptoms remain very rare among transfusion recipients who are
HIV-seronegative and their sexual contacts. In one study of transfusion
safety, no AIDS-defining illnesses were seen among 807 HIV-negative
recipients of blood or blood products, or 947 long-term sexual or
household contacts of these individuals (Aledort et al., 1993).
In addition, through 1994, the CDC had received reports of 628 cases of
AIDS in individuals whose primary risk factor was sex with an
HIV-infected transfusion recipient (CDC, 1995a), a finding not
explainable by the "risk-AIDS" hypothesis.
Exposure to Factor VIII
It has also been argued that cumulative exposure to foreign proteins in
Factor VIII concentrates leads to CD4+ T cell depletion and AIDS in
hemophiliacs (Duesberg, 1992). This view is contradicted by several
large studies. Among HIV-seronegative patients with hemophilia A
enrolled in the Transfusion Safety Study, no significant differences in
CD4+ T cell counts were noted between 79 patients with no or minimal
factor treatment and 53 patients with the largest amount of lifetime
treatments (cumulative totals in the latter group ranged from 100,000
to 2,000,000 U in two years) (Hassett et al., 1993). Although the CD4+
T cell counts seen in the low- and high- groups (756/mm3 and 718/mm3,
respectively) were 20 to 25 percent lower than controls, such levels
are still within the normal range.
In a report from the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, the mean CD4+
T cell counts among 161 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs was 784/mm3;
among 715 HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs, the mean CD4+ T cell count was
253/mm3 (Lederman et al., 1995).
In another study, no instances of AIDS-defining illnesses were seen
among 402 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs treated with factor therapy or
in 83 hemophiliacs who received no treatment subsequent to 1979
(Aledort et al., 1993; Mosely et al., 1993).
In a retrospective study of patients with severe hemophilia A,
the rate of CD4+ T cell loss was 31.4 every six months for 41
HIV-seropositive individuals without AIDS and 49.7 every six
months for 14 HIV-seropositive individ
contrast, among 28 HIV-seronegative individuals, CD4+ T cell
counts increased at a rate of 13.1 cells/six months (Becherer et
al., 1990).
In a study of children and adolescents with hemophilia, the median CD4+
T cell count of 126 HIV-seronegative individuals was 895/mm3 at study
entry; no individuals had CD4+ T cell counts below 200/mm3. In
contrast, 26 percent of seropositive children had CD4+ T cell counts of
less than 200/mm3; the mean CD4+ T cell count for seropositive children
was 423/mm3 (Jason et al., 1994).
Although some reports have suggested that high-purity Factor VIII
concentrates are associated with a slower rate of CD4+ T cell decline
in HIV-infected hemophiliacs than products of low and intermediate
purity (Hilgartner et al., 1993; Goldsmith et al., 1991; de Biasi et
al., 1991), other studies have shown no such benefit (Mannucci et al.,
1992; Gjerset et al., 1994). In a study of 525 HIV-infected
hemophiliacs, Transfusion Safety Study investigators found that neither
the purity nor the amount of Factor VIII therapy had a deleterious
effect on CD4+ T cell counts (Gjerset et al., 1994). Similarly, the
Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study found no association between the
cumulative dose of plasma concentrate and incidence of AIDS among 242
HIV-infected hemophiliacs and thus "no support for cofactor hypotheses
involving either antigen stimulation or inoculum size" (Goedert et al.,
1989).
In addition to the evidence from the cohort studies cited above, it
should be noted that 10 to 20 percent of wives and sex partners of male
HIV-positive hemophiliacs in the United States are also HIV-infected
(Pitchenik et al., 1984; Kreiss et al., 1985; Peterman et al., 1988;
Smiley et al., 1988; Dietrich and Boone, 1990; Lusher et al., 1991).
Through December 1994, the CDC had received reports of 266 cases of
AIDS in those who had sex with a person with hemophilia (CDC, 1995a).
These data cannot be explained by a non-infectious theory of AIDS
etiology.
Distribution of AIDS Cases
Certain skeptics maintain that the distribution of AIDS cases casts
doubt on HIV as the cause of the syndrome. They claim infectious
microbes are not gender-specific, yet relatively few people with AIDS
are women (Duesberg, 1992).
In fact, the distribution of AIDS cases, whether in the United States
or elsewhere in the world, invariably mirrors the prevalence of HIV in
a population (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1994). In the United States,
HIV first appeared in populations of homosexual men and injection drug
users, a majority of whom are male (Curran et al., 1988). Because HIV
is spread primarily through sex or by the exchange of HIV-contaminated
needles during injection drug use, it is not surprising that a majority
of U.S. AIDS cases have occurred in men.
Increasingly, however, women are becoming HIV-infected, usually through
the exchange of HIV-contaminated needles or sex with an HIV-infected
male (Vermund, 1993b; CDC, 1995a). As the number of HIV-infected women
has risen, so too have the number of female AIDS cases. In the United
States, the proportion of AIDS cases among women has increased from 7
percent in 1985 to 18 percent in 1994. AIDS is now the fourth leading
cause of death among women aged 25 to 44 in the United States (CDC,
1994).
In Africa, HIV was first recognized in sexually active heterosexuals,
and in some parts of Africa AIDS cases have occurred as frequently in
women as in men (Quinn et al., 1986; Mann, 1992a). In Zambia, for
example, the 29,734 AIDS cases reported to the WHO through October 20,
1993, were equally divided among males and females (WHO, 1995a,b).
AIDS in Africa
One vocal skeptic of the role of HIV in AIDS argues that, in Africa,
AIDS is nothing more than a new name for old diseases (Duesberg, 1991).
It is true that the diseases that have come to be associated with AIDS
in Africa--wasting, diarrheal diseases and TB--have long been severe
burdens there. However, high rates of mortality from these diseases,
formerly confined to the elderly and malnourished, are now common among
HIV-infected young and middle-aged people (Essex, 1994). In a recent
study of more than 9,000 individuals in rural Uganda, people testing
positive for HIV antibodies were 60 times as likely to die during the
subsequent two-year observation period as were otherwise similar
persons who tested negative (Mulder et al., 1994b). Large differences
in mortality were also seen between HIV-seropositive and
HIV-seronegative individuals in another large Ugandan cohort
(Sewankambo et al., 1994).
Elsewhere in Africa findings are similar. One study of 1,400 Rwandan
women tested for HIV during pregnancy found that HIV infected women
were 20 times more likely to die in the two years following pregnancy
than their HIV-negative counterparts (Lindan et al., 1992). In another
study in Rwanda, 215 HIV-seropositive women and 216 HIV-seronegative
women were followed prospectively for up to four years, during which
time 21 women developed AIDS (WHO definition), all of them in the
HIV-seropositive group. The mortality rate among the HIV-seropositive
women was nine times higher than seen among the HIV-seronegative women
(Leroy et al., 1995)
In Zaire, investigators found that families in which the mother was
HIV-1 seropositive experienced a five- to 10-fold higher maternal,
paternal and early childhood mortality rate than families in which the
mother was HIV-seronegative (Ryder et al., 1994b). In another study in
Zaire, infants with HIV infection were shown to have an 11-fold
increased risk of death from diarrhea compared with uninfected children
(Thea et al., 1993). In patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cote
d'Ivoire, HIV-seropositive individuals were 17 times more likely to die
than HIV-seronegative individuals (Ackah et al., 1995).
The extraordinary death rates among HIV-infected individuals confirm
that the virus is an important cause of premature mortality in Africa
(Dondero and Curran, 1994).
CONCLUSION
HIV and AIDS have been repeatedly linked in time, place and population
group; the appearance of HIV in the blood supply has preceded or
coincided with the occurrence of AIDS cases in every country and region
where AIDS has been noted. Among individuals without HIV, AIDS-like
symptoms are extraordinarily rare, even in populations with many AIDS
cases. Individuals as different as homosexual men, elderly transfusion
recipients, heterosexual women, drug-using heterosexual men and infants
have all developed AIDS with only one common denominator: infection
with HIV. Laboratory workers accidentally exposed to highly
concentrated HIV and health care workers exposed to HIV-infected blood
have developed immunosuppression and AIDS with no other risk factor for
immune dysfunction. Scientists have now used PCR to find HIV in
virtually every patient with AIDS and to show that HIV is present in
large and increasing amounts even in the pre-AIDS stages of HIV
disease. Researchers also have demonstrated a correlation between the
amount of HIV in the body and progression of the aberrant immunologic
processes seen in people with AIDS.
Despite this plethora of evidence, the notion that HIV does not cause
AIDS continues to find a wide audience in the popular press, with
potential negative impact on HIV-infected individuals and on public
health efforts to control the epidemic. HIV-infected individuals may be
convinced to forego anti-HIV treatments that can forestall the onset of
the serious infections and malignancies of AIDS (Edelman et al., 1991).
Pregnant HIV-infected women may dismiss the option of taking AZT, which
can reduce the likelihood of transmission of HIV from mother to infant
(Connor et al., 1994; Boyer et al., 1994).
People may be dissuaded from being tested for HIV, thereby missing the
opportunity, early in the course of disease, for counselling as well as
for treatment with drugs to prevent AIDS-related infections such as
PCP. Such prophylactic measures prolong survival and improve the
quality of life of HIV-infected individuals (CDC, 1992b).
Most troubling is the prospect that individuals will discount the
threat of HIV and continue to engage in risky sexual behavior and
needle sharing. If public health messages on AIDS prevention are
diluted by the misconception that HIV is not responsible for AIDS,
otherwise preventable cases of HIV infection and AIDS may occur, adding
to the global tragedy of the epidemic.
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September 1995
Spimby
In article <4ljkde$o...@uuneo.neosoft.com>, man...@starbase.neosoft.com
(Dr. Michael Mancini) wrote:
> I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's something in
> the water.
>
What's really screwed up is the story below, which came out a few weeks ago
Makes you wonder if HIV infection is not an opportunistic infection like
pneumonia, etc. I wonder what the "sophisticated tests" were and
how long after he tested negative and showed signs of AIDS did they
find the HIV. Isn't it possible, that HIV infected the man after he had
developed AIDS? Is it such heresy to suggest that possibly there is
a different mechanism for AIDS? Are we living in the dark ages,
where the Earth is the center of the universe, and it is blasphemy
against God to say that it isn't (I mean, isn't it obvious the Earth
is at the Center?") . I'm sure the resounding answer
will be "YES!"
Spimby
Public key available at BAL's PGP Public Key Server
<URL:http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~bal/pks-toplev.html>
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
ATLANTA (AP) -- A Utah man has joined a tiny global fraternity:
those who develop AIDS but repeatedly get a clean bill of health
from the most common test for the virus.
The most common AIDS test looks for antibodies to the virus --
something the patient has never shown. More sophisticated tests, of
the man's proteins and genes, confirmed that he had the AIDS virus.
Before those tests, doctors were convinced the man had AIDS
because he had the classic symptoms.
A rare immune reaction probably caused the negative test
results, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention said Thursday.
``There are a small handful of these cases around the world,''
said Dr. John Ward, chief of the surveillance branch of the CDC's
National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention. ``This case is a
reminder to clinicians that there may be some with signs of AIDS
who test negative and they should order the extra tests to
accurately diagnose the problem.''
The man, now 36, donated plasma 33 times at a plasma center from
August 1990 to April 1994. He became ill in 1995. Processing of the
plasma killed the virus before anyone received any of the plasma
products, Ward said.
Occasionally, someone tests negative because the infection was
so recent that antibodies haven't had time to develop. But
follow-up tests usually discover the antibodies.
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Spimby
In article <Pine.SUN.3.91.960424...@charon.usc.edu>,
Ralphie <rfr...@charon.usc.edu> wrote:
> So I guess you wouldn't mind getting infected? How would you like it, up
> the rear, or thru tainted blood?
It's really amazing how defensive and angry people get when you suggest
that HIV might
not be the cause of AIDS, isn't it? I mean, Terry wasn't suggesting that
AIDS doesn't
exist, or that people shouldn't be looking for ways to stop/cure it. I
wonder why that
is?
Spimby
Public key available at BAL's PGP Public Key Server
<URL:http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~bal/pks-toplev.html>
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Dr. Michael Mancini
: Joseph Crowe wrote in a message to All:
: JC> From: Joseph Crowe <jcrowe@mpd.
Ahhhhh....another peice of wisdom from Austin, I see.
dion...@infinet.com
}By the way,
}Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley.
Isn't that also where LSD came from?
--
<a href="http://www.infinet.com/~dionisio">Finger</a> for PGP public key
And the Thought of the Moment (tm) is...
Support the arts - shoot a critic.
Kevin Quinn
>However, one biologist, Dr. Peter Duesberg, has written a book called
>Inventing the AIDS Virus. In this book, Duesberg lays out why he believes that
>the scientific community has practiced sloppy techniques in research into the
>AIDS epidemic.
>By the way, Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley.
So's the Unabomber. That's supposed to mean he actually knows what
he's talking about?
kbq
--
======================================================
Kevin Quinn | kqu...@tfs.com
TRW Enterprise Solutions, Inc. |
=====
these opionions are not endorsed by anyone else. mine, mine, all mine!
Joseph Crowe
>
> In article <4llpfq$7...@news.mpd.tandem.com>,
> Joseph Crowe <jcr...@mpd.tandem.com> wrote:
> >By the way, Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley.
>
> So's the Unabomber. That's supposed to mean he actually knows what
> he's talking about?
No, it was a reference so that anybody wishing to investigate his
research, rather than mouth off semantically null quips, could do so.
Worth noting, I never said I did or did not believe that Duesberg had
valid points....only that the people who want to appear other than
ignorant might wish to consider more than a single approach to the
problem of AIDS. I also predicted that somebody would have a kneejerk
reaction like yours. Victims of AIDS certainly deserve more than to
be jerked around if HIV turns out not to cause AIDS.
--
Joseph Crowe
jcr...@isd.tandem.com
Steven Sullivan
And people then might also want to find the issue of Science from a couple
years back that laid out Duesberg's claims and the rather comprehensive
rebuttals from the AIDS research community. The evidence for the HIV/AIDS
connection has only become more solid in the interim, btw.
Lonny Zone #include <elitist.h>
(Peterson Penny) writes:
>Actually the statement is true. HIV has never been, except in the media,
>concluded to be CAUSAL of the various AIDS syndromes. Nope, not a single
>published scientific/medical paper exists to that effect.
>It is possible that HIV is simply a marker, concommitant, of one's pre-
>disposition to develop an AIDS disease. In fact the stats do show that
>the specific type of DRUGS one uses will lead to specific AIDS diseases ie.
>
> Nitrite inhalation => Kaposi's sarcoma
> IV drug use => tuberculosis
> Crack smoking => pneumonia
> AZT => leukopenia/anemia
Yeah and because a majority of convicted felons are black, we can conclude
that being black causes a person to commit crimes.
We know that this is not true, but if you follow the statistics, you can
reach this conclusion. It's propiganda, not science.
The basic theorum of science is that nothing can ever be proven.
HIV may not have been PROVEN to cause AIDS, but it is the most likely cause,
and until evidence to the opposite is provided, we conclude that HIV is
the cause. It's just one of those known facts, like "gravity pulls things
toward the center of the earth." We act on it, because we have yet to find
the exception to the rule.
Lonny -> What is this doing in talk.politics.guns?
=======================================
| Minimalist .sig. |
| To send mail, hit the reply button. |
| http://no.homepage/~bummer |
=======================================
Bob Hetzel
>(Dr. Michael Mancini) wrote:
>
>> I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's something in
>> the water.
>>
>
>What's really screwed up is the story below, which came out a few weeks ago
>Makes you wonder if HIV infection is not an opportunistic infection like
>pneumonia, etc. I wonder what the "sophisticated tests" were and
>how long after he tested negative and showed signs of AIDS did they
>find the HIV.
Isn't it possible, that HIV infected the man after he had
>developed AIDS?
Yes. Anything's possible. That doesn't make it right.
>Is it such heresy to suggest that possibly there is
>a different mechanism for AIDS? Are we living in the dark ages,
>where the Earth is the center of the universe, and it is blasphemy
>against God to say that it isn't (I mean, isn't it obvious the Earth
>is at the Center?") . I'm sure the resounding answer
>will be "YES!"
I think you need to reread the news article...
Here's the important parts...
> The most common AIDS test looks for antibodies to the virus --
>something the patient has never shown.
>More sophisticated tests, of
>the man's proteins and genes, confirmed that he had the AIDS virus.
[snip]
J.Benkin
Whoever, what is this doing in dc and other cities general newsgroups
anyway?
Spimby
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
In article <4lojsc$l...@madeline.INS.CWRU.Edu>, het...@slc7.INS.CWRU.Edu
(Bob Hetzel) wrote:
> Yes. Anything's possible. That doesn't make it right.
Obvious statement. But it might indicate that we need to study this
disease further. Every year the incubation period for HIV gets
longer and longer due the continued survival of people who
have tested positive for HIV and have not come down with
AIDS. I think HIV has the longest incubation period of any
known virus at this point. Should that cause some alarm?
I think it should. Imagine if they tested for some virus that
was relatively harmless. You would expect some people to
contract the virus but never get sick, since it is harmless.
They would then have to move the incubation period out
every single year because the guy who tested positive
for the virus back in 1985 is still not sick.
>
> I think you need to reread the news article...
>
I fully understood the article. Maybe you didn't understand my post.
I was asking if it were possible that the individual tested negative
for HIV several times, and then tested positive with the more
"sophisticated tests" which were obviously given at a later date
than the first inconclusive tests. Thus, it would be possible
that someone might contract a virus (any virus, as there are
many which are harmless to humans) and then test positive
for it. This would be very possible, especially for someone
who was suffering the effects of full blown AIDS. You
would expect them to be contracting all sorts of other
opportunistic viruses.....harmless and not so harmless.
> > A rare immune reaction probably caused the negative test
> >results, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and
> >Prevention said Thursday.
Note the word "probably". I don't think the CDC ruled out the possibility that
the HIV was contracted at the later date (IE before the "sophisticated tests",
but after the 'not so sophisticated test').
Spimby
Public key available at BAL's PGP Public Key Server
<URL:http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~bal/pks-toplev.html>
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Richard Ottolini
In article <4lomm9$d...@cronkite.seas.gwu.edu>,
Steven Sullivan <sull...@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu> wrote:
>Joseph Crowe (jcr...@mpd.tandem.com) wrote:
>And people then might also want to find the issue of Science from a couple
>years back that laid out Duesberg's claims and the rather comprehensive
>rebuttals from the AIDS research community. The evidence for the HIV/AIDS
>connection has only become more solid in the interim, btw.
Has something to do with a set of conditions, called the Hatch(?) criteria,
that biologists use to determine whether some is an infectious agent.
The Science article claimed the HIV virus met those conditions.
John Roberts
In article <317FD3...@mpd.tandem.com>, jcr...@mpd.tandem.com says...
> Victims of AIDS certainly deserve more than to be jerked around if
> HIV turns out not to cause AIDS.
First, let me say that I agree completely with your statement above, as one
who lost a 19 year old cousin to AIDS a number of years ago when the condition
was only just being defined.
But let me also follow it with the counterpoint that the general public
deserves more than to be jerked around if it's established that HIV is a
precursor to AIDS, whether or not it's proven to be the actual cause.
John Ertel
Bill Huston wrote:
>
> Dr. Michael Mancini (man...@starbase.neosoft.com) wrote:
>
> : I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's something in
> : the water.
>
> I'd stay in Houston if I were you.
>
Umm.. Bill... he's from Houston.. he's USED to water that's brown and tastes like chemicals.
Bill Huston
Dr. Michael Mancini (man...@starbase.neosoft.com) wrote:
: I always knew they were screwed up in Austin. I guess it's something in
: the water.
The water here is brown and tastes like chemicals. You'd hate it here.
I'd stay in Houston if I were you.
--
Bill Huston http://www.eden.com/~bhuston mailto:bhu...@eden.com
Unix Consulting, Musical Manifestations, Digital Dreams
Simply accuse the perpetrators of their crimes. Fnord.
Velvet Hammer, BLiSS, King's X -- Musical healing for our wounded souls
Please don't email reply AND followup. "Legalize it" means many things.
My Usenet postings are (c) 1996 Deja News, Inc. http://www.dejanews.com
Bill Hicks fan? http://www.eden.com/~bhwf is here!
Jeffrey E. Salzberg
>The water here is brown and tastes like chemicals. You'd hate it here.
>I'd stay in Houston if I were you.
..where the water is brown and IS chemicals....
=========================================
Visit the Houston Dance Coalition web page at http://maurice.cph.uh.edu/hdc/hdc.htm.
=========================================
DaveHatunen
In article <an168742-260...@slip-50-13.ots.utexas.edu>,
Spimby <an16...@anon.penet.fi> wrote:
[...]
>I fully understood the article. Maybe you didn't understand my post.
>I was asking if it were possible that the individual tested negative
>for HIV several times, and then tested positive with the more
>"sophisticated tests" which were obviously given at a later date
>than the first inconclusive tests. Thus, it would be possible
>that someone might contract a virus (any virus, as there are
>many which are harmless to humans) and then test positive
>for it. This would be very possible, especially for someone
>who was suffering the effects of full blown AIDS. You
>would expect them to be contracting all sorts of other
>opportunistic viruses.....harmless and not so harmless.
OTOH, trying to get all your scientific info from news articles isn't
the swiftest thing to do. Given the anomaly of someone having HIV and
not being positive on an antibody test. I would presume that they would
do another antibody test at the time of the PCR or whatever test.
>> > A rare immune reaction probably caused the negative test
>> >results, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and
>> >Prevention said Thursday.
>
>Note the word "probably". I don't think the CDC ruled out the possibility that
>the HIV was contracted at the later date (IE before the "sophisticated tests",
>but after the 'not so sophisticated test').
Does the guy still test negative on antibody tests? If so, then it must
be reaction to the antibody test rather than a subsequent infection.
Despite your protestations that you are neutral on the subject, you
obviously are not, since you *never* post any of the evidence against
the hypothesis.
On the one hand we have enormous amounts of research that not only
supports the hypothesis that HIV in some sense "causes" AIDS, but also
enough data that further hypotheses about the role of HIV can be made
and tested; the entire area of knowledge has been growing ove the last
15 years.
On the other hand we have a few apparently anomolous events which are
not yet fully explainable with current knowledge. Given the data
supporting the HIV-AIDS nexus already demonstrated to be consistent,
the likelihood is that such anomalous events may, in fact, be stepping
stones to refining current theories.
Michael Martinez
"R> From: "Harvey R.Stone" <hsto...@chelsea.ios.com>
"R> Terry Liberty-Parker wrote:
>
"R> what are you trying to do by posting this lie? try something different
"R> and stick this up your %$#*
I would like to address a brief statement not only to Harvey Stone, but to all
on this message board. I am very amicable to replying at length to people's
comments on my paper (why aids is not contagious) and to answering questions,
but sentences like the above contain no substance and provide no reasons
explaining why the author feels the way he does, so from this point on I will
ignore such postings ....
- mike
--
|Fidonet: Michael Martinez 1:382/804
|Internet: Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com
Michael Martinez
I highly recommend Peter Duesberg's book, Inventing the AIDS virus, which is
available in bookstores now. Dr. Duesberg is the most qualified and most
honest authority on the matter. Various other similar anti-HIV books have been
written, more or less doing justice to science and honesty, but don't make the
mistake of automatically believing just anything that's anti-establishment.
Much of this literature contains its own flaws, some of them serious. For
example, many people have proposed that AIDS, not being caused by HIV, is
instead caused by a sublime, new form of syphilis, which is wrong.
Dr. Duesberg is consistently rational
-mike
Michael Martinez
Dr. Gallo and his cohorts have never proven that HIV causes AIDS nor that AIDS
is contagious. My paper explains why.
Michael Martinez
PP> From: pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU (Peterson Penny)
PP> Actually the statement is true. HIV has never been, except in the media,
PP> concluded to be CAUSAL of the various AIDS syndromes. Nope, not a single
PP> cites>> Biomed & Pharmacother (1992)46,3-15
PP> AIDS: the HIV Myth (1989) Adams J
PP> Lancet (1990)335,123
PP> Poison by prescription-the AZT story (1990) Lauritsen J
These are good sources. Except, be somewhat careful about J Adams, he would
still like to believe AIDS is contagious.
Amy and/or Lisa
In <a69_960...@ima.infomail.com>
Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com (Terry Liberty-Parker)
writes:
>
>* Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd
1.10+.
>* Originally from Terry Lib
HEEELLLLLOOOOO!
Michael Martinez
DMM> From: man...@starbase.neosoft.com (Dr. Michael Mancini)
DMM> Terry Liberty-Parker (Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
DMM> : Joseph Crowe wrote in a message to All:
DMM> : JC> From: Joseph Crowe <jcrowe@mpd.
DMM> Ahhhhh....another peice of wisdom from Austin, I see.
Dr. Mancini, how much grant money from the federal govt. do you recieve
annually?
What are you a doctor of?
What do you do for a living?
Michael Martinez
D> From: hat...@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
D> In article <a69_960...@ima.infomail.com>,
D> Terry Liberty-Parker <Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com> wrote:
D> I find your evidence for your proposition to be underwhelming...
D> --
In what areas specifically do you find the evidence underwhelming?
- Michael Martinez, author of the evidence
Michael Martinez
D> From: hat...@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
D> In article <4llpfq$7...@news.mpd.tandem.com>,
D> Joseph Crowe <jcr...@mpd.tandem.com> wrote:
D> When you read Duesberg you might want to keep a copy of teh following at
D> hand. (I apologize for the length of this post, but the subject is so
D> serious I want it easily available to anyone who wants to save it).
---- (here Hatunen posts a bunch of govt./NIH info ... )----
A very important word to the wise:
whenever you read any of this Natl. Inst. of Health, Centers for Disease
Control, etc., info,
LOOK UP their own references, and read them critically. And for any of these
articles, look up their own references and read them critically. So, push your
way down to the source and primary references and read these thoroughly.
You'll find that these primary publications are not scientific and not
conclusive.
-mike
Michael Martinez
SS> From: sull...@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu (Steven Sullivan)
SS> And people then might also want to find the issue of Science from a couple
SS> years back that laid out Duesberg's claims and the rather comprehensive
SS> rebuttals from the AIDS research community. The evidence for the HIV/AIDS
SS> connection has only become more solid in the interim, btw.
SS> ---
Read this Science article. Then go and read it's references. Then go and read
Duesberg's primary publications. You'll find :
that the Science article takes important ideas out of context,
the source references it uses to support the HIV proposition are inconclusive,
the Science article itself is too short to be at all conclusive.
If anybody would like me to lay out specific quotes from these publications,
please let me know. I am out of time to do that right now.
Also, the evidence for HIV/AIDS has *not* become more solid. Rather, in recent
years, the explanations have become more elaborate and far-fetched.
This an important characteristic about the history of the AIDS phenomenon which
needs attention. For the last 15 years, the "evidence" supporting the HIV/AIDS
link has been ongoing, emphasized and repeatedly altered. But the causal
association between HIV and AIDS was "proven beyond a doubt" in 1984. The
fact that AIDS authorities have continued to provide proofs since then,
automatically turns on a red light which brings into question the scientific
validity of their original "proof" and all subsequent ones.
Gallo's original 1984 proof that HIV causes AIDS had no scientific basis. All
other proofs since then are likewise lacking.
Let me pose a question: if somebody does not have proof of the cause of a
disease, should he announce a link between the two?
- mike
Michael Martinez
LZ#<> From: fsc...@www.comet.chv.va.us (Lonny Zone #include <elitist.h>)
LZ#<> In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>
LZ#<> pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU
> AZT => leukopenia/anemia
LZ#<> Yeah and because a majority of convicted felons are
LZ#<> black, we can conclude
LZ#<> that being black causes a person to commit crimes.
LZ#<> We know that this is not true, but if you follow the statistics, you can
LZ#<> reach this conclusion. It's propiganda, not science.
The fact that a majority of convicted felons are black produces a *few*
possible conclusions:
1. Being black means a higher, *confounded* chance to commit crimes
2. Being black means a higher disposition or inclination to commit crimes
3. The judicial system and laws are *biased* against blacks
4. The statistic is wrong and the majority of felons are *not* black.
In this particular area, I would say that the reason more blacks commit crimes
are because the American judicial system is biased against them, and the fact
that from shortly after the moment Europeans discovered America, they
subjugated the African races and forcibly took these people as slaves against
their will. So I am not suprised that 200 years later, Black Americans are
still and justifiably recoiling from this massive project of discrimination,
torture and suppression.
LZ#<> The basic theorum of science is that nothing can ever be proven.
This is *not* a basic theorem of science. Science has very clear cut criteria
for what constitutes proof. Gallo and establishment never fulfilled the
appropriate criteria in the field of disease causation.
LZ#<> HIV may not have been PROVEN to cause AIDS, but it is
LZ#<> the most likely cause,
HIV is NOT the most likely cause. ALL of the scientific evidence points to
drug use and toxic therapy as, by way far, the most likely causes of American
and European AIDS.
LZ#<> and until evidence to the opposite is provided, we conclude that HIV is
LZ#<> the cause. It's just one of those known facts, like
LZ#<> "gravity pulls things
LZ#<> toward the center of the earth." We act on it,
LZ#<> because we have yet to find
LZ#<> the exception to the rule.
There is limitless exceptions to the rule. In fact, there are many more
exceptions than actual occurrences of the rule. In fact, to date I know of
absolutely no occurrence of the rule. Which means, I no of not one case of
AIDS in a person who:
- never used narcotics or poppers
- never took AZT
- was not hemophiliac
- was not born a crack baby
Michael Martinez
RO> From: stg...@sugarland.unocal.COM (Richard Ottolini)
RO> In article <4lomm9$d...@cronkite.seas.gwu.edu>,
RO> Steven Sullivan <sull...@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu> wrote:
>Joseph Crowe (jcr...@mpd.tandem.com) wrote:
>And people then might also want to find the issue of
>Science from a couple
>years back that laid out Duesberg's claims and the rather comprehensive
>rebuttals from the AIDS research community. The
>evidence for the HIV/AIDS
>connection has only become more solid in the interim, btw.
RO> Has something to do with a set of conditions, called
RO> the Hatch(?) criteria,
RO> that biologists use to determine whether some is an infectious agent.
RO> The Science article claimed the HIV virus met those conditions.
Not "Hatch" -- Koch's postulates.
The Science article is incorrect. HIV has never met those conditions. Again,
refer to this articles source references.
- mike
Michael Martinez
KQ> From: kqu...@tfs.com (Kevin Quinn)
KQ> In article <4llpfq$7...@news.mpd.tandem.com>,
KQ> Joseph Crowe <jcr...@mpd.tandem.com> wrote:
KQ> [ snip ]
>However, one biologist, Dr. Peter Duesberg, has written a book called
>Inventing the AIDS Virus. In this book, Duesberg lays
>out why he believes that
>the scientific community has practiced sloppy
>techniques in research into the
>AIDS epidemic.
KQ> [ snip ]
>By the way, Duesberg is from UC-Berkeley.
KQ> So's the Unabomber. That's supposed to mean he actually knows what
KQ> he's talking about?
Dr. Duesberg is the co-discoverer of the oncogene. Dr. Robert Gallo has stated
before that Dr. Duesberg is the world's leading expert on retroviruses. Dr.
Duesberg has been a Nobel contender for Chemistry. He is one of the pioneers
of molecular biology. He does know what he's talking about.
As for the Unabomber, I question his sanity and his morality. I also question
if he knows what he's talking about when it comes to reforming the world,
making political statements, and philosophy. On the other hand, I have a
strong feeling that he *does* know what he's talking about when it comes to
making bombs and successfully blowing up people through the mail for 18 years
without getting caught. Yes, in this particular field of expertise, I would
call him an expert.
Michael Martinez
JC> From: Joseph Crowe <jcr...@mpd.tandem.com>
JC> Kevin Quinn wrote:
>
JC> problem of AIDS. I also predicted that somebody would have a kneejerk
JC> reaction like yours. Victims of AIDS certainly deserve more than to
JC> be jerked around if HIV turns out not to cause AIDS.
Victims of AIDS certaintly deserve more than to be lied to about the cause of
their condition and given toxic medication. On the other hand, the vast
majority of the victims of AIDS must face the fact that their drug addictions
and self-abusive lifestyles are killing them, and that there's no skirting the
issue.
In fact, I would say that the majority of these people are, on some instinctive
or perhaps conscious level, aware of precisely this, but they continue
destroying themselves anyway. For these people, my sympathy is vague.
I used to have a lot of sympathy. But dealing with addicts makes you realize
the paradoxes of their lives. It's up to an addict and no one else whether or
not he's going to recover.
-mike
Michael Martinez
LZ#<> From: fsc...@www.comet.chv.va.us (Lonny Zone #include <elitist.h>)
LZ#<> In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>
LZ#<> pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU
> AZT => leukopenia/anemia
LZ#<> Yeah and because a majority of convicted felons are
LZ#<> black, we can conclude
LZ#<> that being black causes a person to commit crimes.
LZ#<> We know that this is not true, but if you follow the statistics, you can
LZ#<> reach this conclusion. It's propiganda, not science.
The fact that a majority of convicted felons are black produces a few
possibilities:
1. being black means a higher chance of committing crimes
2. being black means a higher disposition or inclination to cause crimes
3.
LZ#<> The basic theorum of science is that nothing can ever be proven.
LZ#<> HIV may not have been PROVEN to cause AIDS, but it is
LZ#<> the most likely cause,
LZ#<> and until evidence to the opposite is provided, we conclude that HIV is
LZ#<> the cause. It's just one of those known facts, like
LZ#<> "gravity pulls things
LZ#<> toward the center of the earth." We act on it,
LZ#<> because we have yet to find
LZ#<> the exception to the rule.
LZ#<> Lonny -> What is this doing in talk.politics.guns?
Michael Martinez
BH> From: het...@slc7.INS.CWRU.Edu (Bob Hetzel)
BH> In article <an168742-240...@slip-19-13.ots.utexas.edu>,
BH> Spimby <an16...@anon.penet.fi> wrote:
BH> Isn't it possible, that HIV infected the man after he had
>developed AIDS?
BH> Yes. Anything's possible. That doesn't make it right.
HIV is completely harmless. AIDS is not contagious. Therefore, there should
be no moral issue here and there should be no laws outlawing the transmission
of HIV to people.
Imagine that you are a healthy adult. You were born with HIV and you have been
HIV+ all your life without knowing it. You have normal healthy sexual
relations with other consenting adults. Imagine that you undergo a routine HIV
screening for your job, to go in the Navy, or whatever. You come up positive.
Your lover comes up positive and takes you to court. They find you guilty of
something like assault with a deadly weapon, and you go to prison. Then your
ex-lover is so worried, even though her health is fine, that she decides to
take a preventative AZT therapy. So over the course of the next 3 years, she
gets sicker and sicker, goes on more and more medication, and finally wastes
away and dies. Meanwhile you're still in prison.
If you had never taken that test, you and each of your lovers would go on
living healthy lives, unaware of HIV in your bodies, and die at a ripe old age
of 80.
So let me ask you a question, are you concerned enough about the subject of
AIDS to learn the truth? And once you learn the truth, to stick by it?
- mike
Michael Martinez
D> From: hat...@netcom.com (DaveHatunen)
D> OTOH, trying to get all your scientific info from news articles isn't
D> the swiftest thing to do. Given the anomaly of someone having HIV and
D> not being positive on an antibody test. I would presume that they would
D> do another antibody test at the time of the PCR or whatever test.
Don't presume. 1/5 of all official AIDS cases to date have unknown HIV status.
But you're right, don't get all your scientific info from news articles.
D> Does the guy still test negative on antibody tests? If so, then it must
D> be reaction to the antibody test rather than a subsequent infection.
D> Despite your protestations that you are neutral on the subject, you
D> obviously are not, since you *never* post any of the evidence against
D> the hypothesis.
D> On the one hand we have enormous amounts of research that not only
D> supports the hypothesis that HIV in some sense "causes" AIDS, but also
Unfortunately, the majority of this enormous body of research refers back to
few, primary source publications which are not conclusive. This enormous body
uses these primary publications to claim the validity of the HIV hypothesis,
without examining them, or hoping that not many people do.
What has happened in the last decade, is that tons and tons of things have been
written on AIDS. Over 100,000 publications. The vast majority of these
publications do *not* test AIDS causality (again, it's the original few that
did) -- they go on the presumption that it's already been tested and approved.
The other effect of all this literature is a drowning effect. Where do you go
to find meaningful stuff? People have a tendency to believe that, just because
a scientist says it, it's true. That just because there's sooooo much stuff
written about something, people must be doing exhaustive research.
Unfortunately, in spite of the fact that we enjoy a great freedom of speech in
this country of America, there do still exist instances where people are
prevented from making their voices heard. There are people who have political
pull and put their weight on these kinds of things. Dr. Duesberg has had a
hell of a time publishing things. It would be understandable if he was a
quack. But he has been a Nobel contender and he is a foremost expert in
molecular biology. That's not just me saying that. The Aids establishment
itself, including Dr. Gallo, admits to the fact.
I am compiling a short summary of key publications on AIDS causality. When I
am finished I will let people here know.
D> On the other hand we have a few apparently anomolous events which are
D> not yet fully explainable with current knowledge. Given the data
D> supporting the HIV-AIDS nexus already demonstrated to be consistent,
D> the likelihood is that such anomalous events may, in fact, be stepping
D> stones to refining current theories.
The media and the AIDS establishment does a very good job of making these
events appear as if they were anomalous, but the reverse is true. There is no
such thing as an AIDS case in a healthy, non drug-using person.
-mike
Richard W. Walker
Jeffrey E. Salzberg (salz...@menudo.uh.edu) wrote:
: >The water here is brown and tastes like chemicals. You'd hate it here.
: >I'd stay in Houston if I were you.
: ..where the water is brown and IS chemicals....
Jee, I just turned on the tap, stuck a clear glass in the way, and its
amazing, I could see right through it, clear as a bell. Me thinks you
should get a plumber out and think about replacing the pipes in your
house.
And yes, I know pure water when I see it, I was raised on costly well
water pumped for nearly 400 feet below the surface. Houston water may
taste like clorine, but it is completely clear, and pretty darn good
compared with the municipal water supplies of many other cities.
If you hate it so much here, why do you insist on living here?
David A. Kaye
Michael Martinez wrote the quoted material below:
" I highly recommend Peter Duesberg's book, Inventing the AIDS virus, which is
" available in bookstores now. Dr. Duesberg is the most qualified and most
" honest authority on the matter.
Many people forget that he is a noted expert on retroviruses, of which
HIV is one. He also continues to hold his appointment at the University
of California at Berkeley. He is not just some quack off the street.
Whether or not HIV causes AIDS, Duesberg deserves to be heard and to have
his conclusions considered by people. At present this is not being done
because the AIDS establishment has invested a *lot* in HIV being the
"sole" cause of AIDS.
--
(c) 1996 xebec: A 3-masted Mediterranean sailing ship.
David Kaye
terrymoore
In article <4lsics$i...@crl5.crl.com>, d...@crl.com (David A. Kaye) says:
>Whether or not HIV causes AIDS, Duesberg deserves to be heard and to have
>his conclusions considered by people.
*******************************************************************
My question is: If the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) does not
develop into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, then why do they
still call it the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
Terry in Pflugerville
*************************************************************************
Christophe
In article <7ce_960...@ima.infomail.com>,
Michael Martinez <Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com> wrote:
>Victims of AIDS certaintly deserve more than to be lied to about the cause of
>their condition and given toxic medication. On the other hand, the vast
>majority of the victims of AIDS must face the fact that their drug addictions
>and self-abusive lifestyles are killing them, and that there's no skirting the
>issue.
Non-drug-abusive gays were dying in significant numbers before
the introduction of AZT. While Duesberg makes some reasonable
points about the politics of AIDS, his alternative explanations
are laughable, to put it mildly.
--
"*They* live in a comfortable kind of world where elephants have their
feet cut off to make umbrella stands. We have to make good use of the
three-legged elephants." John Sladek
Christophe
In article <7d3_960...@ima.infomail.com>,
Michael Martinez <Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com> wrote:
>Not "Hatch" -- Koch's postulates.
>The Science article is incorrect. HIV has never met those conditions. Again,
>refer to this articles source references.
There has never, before or after AIDS and HIV, been general agreement
among medical researchers that Koch's Postulates were a requirement
for a condition to be classified as a disease; that entire issue is
a red herring.
movable articles
Michael Martinez (Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
: HIV is completely harmless. AIDS is not contagious. Therefore, there
: transmission of HIV to people.
Now we can see your subjective motivation for making such irresponsible
statements. If your theories are wrong and even one person is foolish
enough to believe them, then gets HIV because of it, you will have
contributed to that person's death. Evidently, that is of little
consequence to you.
Did you respond to the person who asked, what are your qualifications
in the field of AIDS research? Either I missed it or you failed to
respond to that question.
The generally accepted definition, "HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
is the virus that causes AIDS but the disease often does not develop
for many years after a person tests positive for HIV," was reiterated
by the Reuter News Service on Wednesday, April 24, 1996. Until it is
concluded beyond doubt that your unsubstantiated theories are true, I'll
stick with accepted theories, and I'd advise others to do so, too.
David
Lars Eighner
In our last episode <4ltmvr$j...@nntp.interaccess.com>,
Broadcast on austin.general,ba.general,ca.general,dc.general,cle.general,in.general,misc.misc,la.general,pa.general,chi.general,oh.general,ny.general,nyc.general,la.general,talk.politics.guns,misc.legal
The lovely and talented w...@thymaster.interaccess.com (movable articles) wrote:
>Michael Martinez (Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
>: HIV is completely harmless. AIDS is not contagious. Therefore, there
>: should be no moral issue here and there should be no laws outlawing the
>: transmission of HIV to people.
<snippage>
>The generally accepted definition, "HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
>is the virus that causes AIDS but the disease often does not develop
>for many years after a person tests positive for HIV," was reiterated
>by the Reuter News Service on Wednesday, April 24, 1996. Until it is
>concluded beyond doubt that your unsubstantiated theories are true, I'll
>stick with accepted theories, and I'd advise others to do so, too.
This is correct.
There is some reason to inquire further as to whether there may
be some other agent involved that in some or all cases causes
HIV to become active after many years of dormancy. But that
HIV is a necessary condition of AIDS is clear beyond doubt.
--
=Lars Eighner===4103 Ave D (512)459-6693==Pawn to Queen Four==QSFx2==BMOC==
=eig...@io.com=Austin TX 78751-4617 ==Travels with Lizbeth==Bayou Boy==
= http://www.io.com/~eighner/ =====American Prelude==Gay Cosmos==
="Yes, Lizbeth is well."=======Whispered in the Dark==Elements of Arousal==
David A. Kaye
terrymoore wrote the quoted material below:
" My question is: If the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) does not
" develop into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, then why do they
" still call it the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
That wasn't my point, but I'll answer your question anyhow. Why is
marijuana classed as a "narcotic" when it's not a narcotic? For the very
same reason: someone is making money off it. Things are slow to change
when there is money to be made. AIDS, as it exists today, has become a
BIG industry. If HIV causes AIDS with so much certainty, why are there
still something like 8-10% of the population with HIV who are still alive
and healthy today, 10-15 years later?
--
(c) 1996 Dozens of paper clips were patented in the 1890s, but
David Kaye the common type, the gem clip, was never patented
Gregg
On 26 Apr 96 18:08:26 , Michael Martinez posted:
>Dr. Mancini, how much grant money from the federal govt. do you recieve
>annually?
>
>What are you a doctor of?
>
>What do you do for a living?
Good luck getting an answer to this one, Mike; we've been asking him
that on the illegal immigration threads for some time now, and he's
always dodged it.
"*dr.* mancini, indeed! <rotfl>
--
Gregg
Terry Liberty Parker
Terry Liberty-Parker (Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
: * Forwarded (from: AUSTIN_LIBERTY) by Terry Liberty-Parker using timEd 1.10+.
: * Originally from Terry Lib
Apparently there was a mechanical problem with transmitting a 75k message
from FidoNet (amatuer computer BBSs) thru the gate to InterNet.
If this post doesn't contain the entirety of Michael Martinez's attack on
the HIV 'causes' AIDS hypothesis you can obtain it as a file named
'martinez.hiv' from LibertyBBS, Austin, Texas (512)462-1776 (FidoNode
1:382/804) or via ftp://ftp.io.com/usr/tlparker
This (aprx 75k) file, named Martinez.Hiv, is available from
LibertyBBS in Austin, Texas (512)462-1776 (FidoNode 1:382/804)
and via ftp://ftp.io.com/usr/tlparker
(The following paper is reproduced and posted by permission of the author,
Micael Martinez)
WHY HIV DOES NOT CAUSE AIDS AND AIDS IS NOT CONTAGIOUS
As you read this paper, remind yourself of the most important point:
from the very beginning there has never been any scientific proof that
HIV plays a role in AIDS. No matter how much publicity is given or
medical research conducted under the assumption that a virus causes
AIDS, it's based nonetheless on this completely unsubstantiated
assumption. The viral-AIDS hypothesis was never anything different
than a hypothesis. Certainly not fact. For over a decade, everywhere
you've looked you've seen "HIV, the virus that causes AIDS." You've
heard that you must practice safe sex so you won't catch AIDS and die.
All of this is the result of an erroneous statement to the press on
April 23, 1984, originated by one man, Dr. Robert Gallo.
WHAT IS AIDS?
First, HIV and AIDS are not synonymous. Using the terms
interchangeably is dangerously misleading. HIV is Human
Immunodeficiency Virus -- a virus, an inanimate protein. On the other
hand, AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -- a collection of
diseases, a syndrome. Someone who's HIV+ retains the virus within his
body. He may or may not be healthy, with conditions that may or may
not have anything to do with the virus. Someone who actually has AIDS
suffers from one or more of 29 specific "AIDS-indicator diseases," as
defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Supposedly, the
underlying characteristic is that an AIDS patient's immune system is
deficient -- not doing it's job to ward off illness -- hence he
repeatedly suffers from infections that don't affect the average
healthy person. These infections are "opportunistic infections"
because they take advantage of the fact that the patient's immune
system isn't functioning properly. Otherwise, a healthy immune system
keeps them at bay. Thus, many (but not all) of the official
AIDS-indicator diseases represent opportunistic infections.
The original two diseases are still the two most common, one or both
appearing in over 80% of AIDS patients: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
and Kaposi's sarcoma. Before the 1980's, the pneumonia was rare and
usually struck cancer patients whose immune systems were deprived due
to chemotherapy. However, the Pneumocystis carinii organism itself
inhabits the lungs of almost everyone on the planet (at least 90% of
the world's population). Kaposi's sarcoma was a rare blood-vessel
tumor, which, being a cancer, has nothing to do with the immune
system. (In spite of speculation otherwise, any link between cancer
and the immune system, such as the notion of immune surveillance, has
never been established.)
HISTORY
On April 23, 1984, Margaret Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human
Services, held a press conference to announce that they'd found the
"probable cause of AIDS", and introduced Dr. Robert Gallo, then head
of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology at the National Cancer
Institute. Gallo made his statement that HIV causes AIDS with
absolutely no scientific evidence to support it. Furthermore, he
hadn't published a single paper describing his findings. Such neglect
is unacceptable from the standpoint of the research community. A
basic tenet of science is to publish your work so others may examine
and critique it. Since Gallo didn't do this, no qualified person
outside of his own colleagues had a chance to review his reasoning.
Instead, he made his claim public for the first time to a group of
individuals (the press) not qualified to determine the validity of the
claim.
The press took his statement and ran with it. HIV as the cause of
AIDS was public before the medical community had a chance to examine
it. The following reasons describe why Gallo was successful in
convincing the world of his false hypothesis:
-He had the backing of the federal government (Margaret Heckler). The
government's Health and Human Services is the paymaster for all
health departments and agencies, including the National Institutes of
Health (NIH).
-The CDC supported him. Prior to his announcement, they had put heavy
pressure on him to find a viral cause of AIDS.
-He had power and pull in the NIH, as head of a huge and well-funded
retrovirus lab.
-A powerful promotional campaign made it instant fact.
-It was in the interests of the pharmaceutical companies since it
meant they could eventually market AIDS-drugs.
-It was in the interests of the biotechnology companies since it
generated lots of research funds.
-The media trustingly relayed the news.
-Gallo and team denied dissident journalists access to "inside"
information.
-The bureaucracy of the medical establishment and the federal
government made it difficult to halt the rolling stone.
-Virology is a "secret" field open only to insiders, no one else has
the right to question it. Virologists wield much influence in the
medical field.
-The rest of the world (the ones who care) accepted the hypothesis
because everyone looks up to looks up to the American medical
establishment.
-Gallo had intoxicating motives: money (he's now a millionaire), power
(to tell researchers what they can and can't do), and glory (he's now
a famous man).
The result, a select few individuals control all AIDS research money
in the United States, $6 billion a year. The names include Robert
Gallo, and Anthony Fauci of the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases (part of the NIH). They have total power to
direct AIDS research in the manner they like. Scientists who voice
opposition to the HIV- AIDS hypothesis, don't get to do research! All
work is done with the agreement that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Prior
to 1984, many groups besides Gallo's investigated a multitude of
possible viral and non-viral avenues to AIDS. All this ended
abruptly. That's not right. Science is about questions and answers,
open discussion and sharing of knowledge. Suppressing this discussion
of knowledge, like the "AIDS-establishment" has done, is completely
unscientific, not to mention extremely unethical.
Many researchers today actually don't question the hypothesis. They
just blindly work on their own piece of the puzzle. That's how
science operates today. Scientists who do have doubts, justify their
quiet compliance in a variety of ways:
1. Their research somehow will prove beneficial in other ways
2. They'll lose their jobs if they speak out
3. The money for a nicer house, extra vacations and more cars is just
too tempting
4. They just don't care
These are scientists. Remember, they're people too, with the same
range of morals and rationalizations as everyone else. With
limitations. With goals, desires, and hopes. With the same potential
to lie. Some scientists aren't even very intelligent. They have good
days and bad days, days when they're impatient and grumpy and they
decide not to take that last measurement from the flask. Why did the
Challenger blow up? Because of the human aspect of science. Because
of the bureaucracy and misdirected communication.
Scientists are fallible too. That's why there's prior review by
experts in the field. Gallo avoided it. To get people to believe his
HIV nonsense, he relied not on the scientific method, but on his
weight and influence, on the timing of events, on who he knew, on the
fact that virology is highly-cliquish, and on the fact that he had the
patent and the rights and the ability to control it all.
There was and is no independent, objective watchdog group.
Remember the controversy surrounding the discovery of the virus and
the patent for the antibody test? That was Gallo. The NIH instigated
an ethics investigation and its Office of Research Integrity
eventually convicted him of scientific misconduct on Dec. 30, 1992.
People have repeatedly proved him guilty of fraud (eg. faking HIV
photographs). Investigative committees found all of his original
papers on HIV/AIDS (published after his public announcement) to be
fraudulent. Over the years, even his own friends have discredited
him, questioned his intellect, and expressed doubts about his motives
and competence. Yet, the AIDSestablishment still marches onward,
unimpeded. Remember, Gallo is the guy that started it all!
Why did he make his unfounded claim? There's only two possible
reasons:
1. He's incompetent, in which case he shouldn't have been head of the
NIH's lab. (In his own book he expresses lifelong fears of not being
good enough, of being second rate. At one time, he even referred to
HIV as "an intelligent and mysterious virus." A virus, technically,
is a non-living particle. What person in his right mind would refer
to a protein as "intelligent"?)
2. He's dishonest.
Reason #1 is why there's supposed to be prior review. Reason #2 is
unacceptable and he must be held fully responsible.
Gallo's book Virus Hunting came out in 1991. By that time, due to all
the advertising and promotion, the world had accepted HIV as the cause
of AIDS. Thus, because of this bias, the reader is more prone to
forgive the sloppiness of his book. My challenge to you is,
temporarily forget everything you've heard about HIV/AIDS. Read Virus
Hunting without prior bias, as if it's your first introduction into
AIDS. After all, it's the most complete explanation Gallo's ever
provided for how he proved his hypothesis. Is it convincing? Upon
finishing it, are you certain beyond a shadow of a doubt that HIV
causes AIDS?
DISEASE CAUSATION
There are two ways to cause disease: either an infectious organism can
do it, or some kind of non-infectious stimulus like an environmental
toxin, chemical or even some internal condition. AIDS researchers all
along have admitted they don't know how HIV works to cause AIDS. So
if you don't know how it does it, how do you know it does it? For any
disease, the answer to that is Koch's Postulates, the experimental
equivalent of germ theory. To tell whether or not a particular germ
causes a certain disease, you must satisfy these simple, commonsense,
logical rules:
1. The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease (and must be
biologically active)
2. The microbe must be isolated from the host and grown in pure
culture
3. The cultured microbe must reproduce the original disease when
introduced into a susceptible host
4. The microbe must then be found present in this experimental,
infected host
But Gallo dismisses Koch's postulates, saying they don't apply because
they're outdated, whereas HIV is new and mysterious. The problem is,
he doesn't replace Koch's postulates with any of his own. He doesn't
outline any new model for determining the cause of disease. He
doesn't present any new way to determine that a particular
microorganism causes a certain disease. So again, the question is,
how did he know HIV was the culprit? What method did he use to prove
that HIV causes AIDS? And I mean prove, because for something as
serious and impacting as AIDS, you better be sure you've got proof.
His only response is correlation. In other words, he found HIV in
some AIDS patients (48 out of 167). Correlation is indeed "one hell
of a good beginning", he's right about that. But in his case, that's
all it ever was -- it never left the "beginning" stage, and it wasn't
even "good." Finding HIV in these people says nothing about
causation. For one thing there are higher rates of other infectious
germs, like cytomegalovirus (100% in AIDS patients), EpsteinBarr
virus, and various herpes viruses. Why not these, instead of HIV?
(Initially they did investigate cytomegalovirus as the cause and
prematurely abandoned it.) Plus, besides microorganisms, there are
other health risks that show up in all AIDS patients, including drug
use, infections, extreme use of antibiotics, sexually-transmitted
diseases (STD's), and pre-existing health problems. To prove the
bandit causing immune deficits is HIV instead of these other factors,
you have to do very thorough studies. For example, you have to divide
AIDS patients into groups based on their health risks. Health-risks
means congenital problems, like hemophilia, and "risk-behavior" which
in this paper has a different definition than the AIDS
establishment's. Risk-behavior means activities that people engage in
which jeopardize their health, like drug-abuse or jumping out of an
airplane without a parachute. Now, once you've divided these groups,
you need to find out how many HIV- people in the same risk groups
experience the same illnesses. And then you need to compare risk-free
populations -- people who don't abuse drugs, don't repeatedly come
down with infectious disease, and don't have congenital health
problems - - and see how the AIDS-diseases show up in HIV+'s and
HIV-'s. In other words, you have to do very careful
mixing-and-matching, comparing-and-contrasting for all population
samples: people who have AIDS, people who don't have AIDS, people who
have HIV, people who don't have HIV, people from risk groups, people
from risk-free groups. It's a very complicated process. You must
complete these studies before you can say HIV causes AIDS. You can't
do what Gallo did, and prove causation by looking only at AIDS
patients in the lab, because you aren't comparing these people with
anyone else. You're seeing one side of the story. Since the
variables are 1. HIV, and 2. someone with various diseases (AIDS),
it's a difficult scenario. There are soooo many things that can lead
from one to the other. Health and disease depends on what you eat,
what you do, what chemicals you come in contact with, for how long,
what's your medical history. The presence of HIV could be mere
coincidence. The point of comparative studies is to show that it's
not.
But Gallo and team performed no epidemiological studies. They didn't
rule out other variables. They half-heartedly attempted to satisfy
Koch's postulates and failed. So they relied on "correlation" to
claim with utter certainty that if you have HIV you are going to die.
VERY DISGUSTING!
EVIDENCE
AIDS researchers admit they don't know what HIV does to cause AIDS.
For over a decade they've generated proposal after proposal, only to
abandon them in favor of new ones. The truth is, AIDS data collected
from all relevant areas excludes HIV from playing any role in this
syndrome.
LABORATORY DATA
The main dogma is that HIV damages the immune system by harming or
killing it's T- helper cells (T-cells).
-HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses, which
scientists studied thoroughly during the War on Cancer. Human
retroviruses by nature do not cause serious illness. In fact they
were among the last viruses to be discovered, precisely because of
their non- pathogenicity, ie. inability to cause disease. HIV is a
completely typical retrovirus.
-HIV has no observable effect on any cells of the immune system. No
one has ever seen HIV harming T-cells either in culture or in vivo (in
a real person). Such havoc wreaking is pure speculation. If
anything, retroviruses actually cause cells to multiply faster instead
of killing them. That's why we studied them as a possible cause of
cancer, because cancer is caused by cells that grow out of control,
not by cells that are dying.
-HIV is consistently inactive even in people dying from full-blown
AIDS. 50% of AIDS patients don't even have detectable virus. None
whatsoever. A virus must be actively replicating and abundant in many
cells to cause disease.
-A virus has to get into a cell in order to cause disease. Outside of
a cell, a virus does nothing. HIV infects (gets into) at most 1/1000
new T-cells every two days. In the same amount of time, the body
replaces at least 30/1000 of these cells. So even if HIV kills every
cell that it infects (which it doesn't), it is not enough to affect
the T-cell count.
-Discussion about wild and unpredictible mutation making HIV so
harmful and so difficult to deal with, is inappropriate. HIV mutation
is limited by genetics - the virus must remain genetically compatible
with its target cell. (For example, plants are so different than
animals that plant viruses never affect the animal kingdom and
vice-versa.) Furthermore, there has never been a retroviral mutant
that escaped antiviral immunity, which means that a mutant retrovirus
is susceptible to antibodies.
-Different strains of HIV are so similar (look at the fact that they
all react to the same antibody-test), there is no such thing as a
"harmless" strain or a "harmful" one.
-Retroviruses do not kill their host cells, so HIV does not kill
T-cells.
-Retroviruses do not infect non-dividing cells (eg. brain cells)
therefore HIV cannot cause the AIDS-indicator disease dementia.
-HIV has never been found in Kaposi's sarcoma, therefore the virus has
nothing to do with this cancer.
-HIV is a very weak virus. It survives only 15 minutes in water,
which is a substance most amiable to life. HIV is fragile. Very
special lab conditions are necessary in order to grow it outside the
human body.
-Animal models are misanalogous to human HIV and AIDS. Simian
(monkey) AIDS is drastically different (resembling mostly the flu) and
doesn't compare at all to human AIDS. Since SIV is genetically
different than HIV, there's no grounds to relate the two.
-Hypotheses about HIV's indirect methods of causing illness are
unsupported speculation and have never been observed or proven.
-HIV fails Koch's postulates 1,3,&4:
1. The microbe must be found in all cases of the disease (and must be
biologically active): HIV virus isn't found in half of all AIDS
patients. When it is found, it's never active.
2. The microbe must be isolated from the host and grown in pure
culture: This has technically been fulfilled. But it's ironic,
because HIV is grown in T-cell cultures and never harms the T-cells!
3. The microbe must reproduce the original disease when introduced
into a susceptible host: There's 3 ways to test this: a) Infect a lab
animal -- No animal injected with HIV has ever become deathly ill b)
Accidental infection of humans -- Such infection of 1000+ health care
workers has never produced a single AIDS case! c) Vaccination
experiments -- In every case, AIDS only shows up after antibodies have
suppressed HIV, therefore the virus plays no role.
4. The microbe must be found present in this experimental, infected
host: Since postulate 3 hasn't been satisfied, then postulate 4
doesn't apply. Infecting an experimental host has never produced
AIDS, so we can't consider postulate 4.
-The CDC admits over 4200 AIDS cases without any HIV antibodies or
virus. Why do these people have AIDS?
-The CDC admits at least 1/4 of all AIDS cases have never been tested
for HIV! So no one knows whether they had it or not. (There are
43,606 such "presumptive diagnoses" up to 1988.)
-Is HIV necessary to cause AIDS? No. If HIV was necessary, then all
AIDS cases would have HIV. Furthermore, there are other
well-established causes of immune deficiency identical to AIDS having
nothing to do with HIV. Is it sufficient on its own? The fact that
the establishment talks about HIV carriers at "high risk" for
developing AIDS and carriers at "low risk", means no.
-Soon after Gallo's "discovery", his own lab-mates talked about
cofactors and other methods to cause the syndrome, because they had
trouble finding the virus in AIDS patients. Even Luc Montagnier, the
French co-discoverer of HIV, says he doesn't believe HIV is the sole
cause of AIDS.
-Science magazine last year in 1994 wrote, "According to some AIDS
researchers, HIV now fulfills the classic postulates of disease
causation established by Robert Koch." It doesn't, but the point is,
it's no good satisfying these postulates now. They should have done
it before April 23, 1984.
AIDS researchers themselves agree with all the above facts. What they
refuse to admit is that HIV does not cause AIDS. Instead, they invent
far-fetched ideas to explain how it does in spite of the fact that all
the evidence discounts it.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA
Epidemiology is the statistical study of disease epidemics and
involves correlation. They said AIDS was going to have a huge impact
on the world. Millions dead. Yet most people in America still have
never met an AIDS patient. The news at one point even talked about
1/5 of the population walking around with HIV. So how come 1/5 of the
population isn't dropping dead with AIDS? And what about whole
countries in Africa infected with HIV? Why haven't these countries
disappeared by now?
The first 5 AIDS patients in 1981 were identified by Pneumocystis
pneumonia. The next 26 (most of them on the opposite coast of
America) had Kaposi's sarcoma. Clustered outbreaks of disease like
this don't necessarily reflect common exposure to a germ. Disease
clusters may mean instead that their victims shared the same diet,
behavior or environmental hazard. Indeed, each AIDS risk group -- gay
men, IV drug users and hemophiliacs -- possess very serious
immune-damaging conditions (apart from the "killer" virus). There has
never been an AIDS patient who didn't have serious health risks to
begin with (long before any HIV infection). In the fast-life
promiscuous gays, it's drugs and STD's. In IV-drug users it's the
drugs. In hemophiliacs it's hemophilia. With Africans, it's the
usual starvation, malnutrition and parasitic disease. 83% of American
AIDS babies were already hemophiliac or "crack" babies, and the rest
are ghetto kids suffering from malnutrition. With every unfortunate
other person, it's AZT. To pin the cause of AIDS in these people on
the virus HIV, you must perform studies to eliminate contributions
made from their other risks. These studies have never been done. The
fact that AIDS manifests itself differently in different risk groups
lends itself much better to the notion of different causes rather than
the single-HIV. Furthermore, multiple causes limits confidence in
talking about "contagiousness." In other words, it's hard to say a
disease with many causes is at all contagious.
Consider different types of sexual practices -- oral sex, anal sex,
masturbation and vaginal intercourse. How did the CDC in the early
1980's determine which of these behaviors are "more" or "less" risky
for transmitting HIV/AIDS? They admit that no biological evidence
exists. Their method was contact-tracing: finding out who had sex or
shared blood with AIDS patients, locating these partners, seeing if
they had AIDS, and asking them questions about their lifestyle. This
type of surveying is totally inconclusive. It's impossible to trace
the sexual transmissibility, much less pin down the types of sexual
practices that are more or less risky, of a disease with a 10-year
latent period. (HIV supposedly is latent -- sleeping, dormant, not
doing anything -- for up to 10 years after infecting somebody.) Tell
me they went out and reliably charted when and where every AIDS
patient had sex for the previous 15 years, what kind(s) of sex each
encounter included, and finally concluded that HIV didn't get Mr.
Jones during those 10 oral sex adventures he had in March 1983 but
nailed him during that one act of intercourse in April. Ridiculous!
To argue the point, the establishment says that the determination of
risk factors can't be made by studying one patient at a time, but it's
necessary to conduct general studies with lots of subjects to get lots
of comparisons. The problem is, this argument mixes apples and
oranges. To classify different types of sexual behaviors into
categories like "more efficient at transmitting HIV" and "less
efficient," you need to account the specifics of each HIV+ person's
sexual practices, otherwise the basic data contributing to the big
overall studies are inaccurate, which means the end results are
unreliable. To make fine distinctions between different modes of HIV
transmission (eg. oral sex is 10 times safer than vaginal sex), it's
necessary to conduct studies that are equally as minute in scope --
laboratory studies, which have never been done.
For every other disease, breaking down into such detail how it's
transmitted is absurd. It's either sexually transmitted or it's not.
You either pass it by coughing on someone or you don't. The detailed
explanations always coupled with HIV are nothing more than the AIDS
establishment groping for ways to convince everyone to be concerned
about AIDS.
AIDS surfaced in the 1980's because of the emergence of three
coincidental phenomenon:
1. The advent of the drug-culture of the sixties
2. The use of nitrite inhalants ("poppers") exclusively by fast-life
homosexual men
3. The visibility of the gays as a group (and to a lesser extent the
IV-drug users) when they "came out of the closet", making it easier to
identify their drug-induced suffering
The fact of the matter is, AIDS is not contagious:
-AIDS has never left its original "risk groups" -- IV drug users, gay
men and hemophiliacs. After more than 15 years, 95% of AIDS patients
are still members of these three groups. If AIDS were contagious,
especially sexually with a long latent period, it would have spread
out of these bounds already.
-There are 20,000 American hemophiliacs. 75% of them have been HIV+
for at least a decade. But they're still alive! Instead of dying,
the opposite has occured: in the last decade, the median age for
hemophiliacs has doubled.
-The U.S. Army tests 2.5 million applicants per year for HIV. This
testing shows equal HIV distribution between males and females!
However, 9/10 AIDS patients are males. In causing disease, viruses do
not discriminate between the sexes. Furthermore, the AIDS- indicator
diseases are not male-specific, which means that if HIV truly caused
AIDS, then there would be as many female as male victims.
-It takes an HIV+ person 500-1000 unprotected sexual acts to pass the
virus just once. This rate of transmission is too low for a sexually
contagious epidemic.
-The incidence of venereal disease has increased in the last decade
(which means people aren't practicing safe sex) but not HIV. In fact,
the number of HIV-infecteds hasn't gone up at all, and the number of
new AIDS cases levelled out in the late 1980's, according to official
CDC statistics. So, HIV isn't spreading in spite of the fact that
people aren't using condoms, and AIDS is occuring in a manner totally
unrelated to sex.
-The official number of HIV+'s in America has remained a constant 1
million since 1985. If HIV has a latent period of 10 years (the
official doctrine) then 1 million Americans should be dead from AIDS.
However, 2/3 of this million have not developed any AIDS diseases in
the last 10 years.
-They said Haiti was 10-20% infected in the 1980's. Why hasn't 10-20%
of Haiti dissappeared?
-The official world-wide estimates of HIV-infection have remained
constant since AIDS started. This means HIV stopped spreading long
before the 1980's. A person freshly acquires it only in rare
instances. If HIV causes AIDS, then AIDS as its defined today would
have noticeably existed long before 1980. But since it didn't, that
means HIV has nothing to do with it.
-For all sexually-transmitted diseases (STD's), the microorganisms
must occur greatly in sperm. However, there is an overwhelming lack
of HIV in sperm, which means HIV does not cause an STD.
-HIV can infect no cells but those with a CD4 surface protein.
T-helper cells and macrophages are the only cells in the body with
this protein. Both these cell types are mostly found in blood, and
much less in the genital tract. Thus, HIV is not primarily sexually
transmitted.
-For 1/4 of the total AIDS cases to date, we don't know whether they
were HIV+ or HIV-!
-According to everyone including the AIDS-establishment, HIV has
probably been around for centuries. The reason that the U.S. Army
uncovers an HIV distribution equally M/F, is that the virus is long
established, especially in Africa, where it's permeated the population
by perinatal transmission and not heterosexual intercourse. The
primary mode of transmission for retroviruses is perinatal, because
this is the most efficient means of maintaining its residency in a
population. Any perinatal virus cannot be fatal, otherwise it would
kill off its hosts (infected people) and itself (long before getting
rooted). HIV is probably somewhat established in Africa but not
America, perinatally-transmitted in Africa but less so in America.
-By far, most of the AIDS cases in America are diagnosed in men. But,
AIDS in Africa affects men and women equally. There's absolutely no
reasonable way to explain how one virus or strains of one virus HIV
would make such discrimination.
-The CDC's portrayal of AIDS as a sexual epidemic is entirely
unfounded. Any of their attempts to trace HIV/AIDS through sexual
contact is impossible with a virus that supposedly has a 10-year
latent period. Reports linking an AIDS case to sex are either
anecdotal or false.
-The establishment always uses anecdotal evidence to support their
epidemic -- eg. dental patient Kimberly Bergalis. But anecdotal
cases can always be found for anything. Can't they show us more than
just a few strange cases to demonstrate the seriousness of this
"contagious" disease?
-Why does HIV occur preferentially in AIDS patients? First, HIV
occurs more in people with AIDS because AIDS patients with their
behaviors tend to collect more infectious agents than the average
person. For example, hepatitis virus is uncommon in the general
population but very common in junkies, promiscuous people and
hemophiliacs, with or without HIV-infection. Second, you can't
separate HIV and AIDS because the definition of AIDS depends on HIV!
In other words, it seems that HIV shows up only with AIDS patients and
vice-versa, but that's because the definition of one depends on the
other.
-HIV didn't "spread" into IV-drug users and hemophiliacs after they
first discovered it in homosexuals. The reason it "spread" is because
they started looking for it in other places and it was already there.
-For each passing year, the CDC adds a year to the official latency
period for HIV. This deception serves the purpose of diverting
people's attention from the fact that HIV is not killing anybody.
-AIDS began as two diseases. Now it is 29. Every few years, the CDC
expands its official list of indicator diseases. This makes it seem
like AIDS is indeed spreading, which it isn't. Realistically, AIDS
should remain the original two diseases.
AIDS researchers including Gallo keep looking for and excitedly coming
up with new evidence (which inevitably turns out to be incorrect) that
HIV causes AIDS. Why are they doing it now?! Shouldn't they have
done all this 15 years ago?! They were supposed to have been sure
about it then, not now! In 1984, Gallo blamed HIV and only HIV.
Nowadays he talks about causal "co-factors." In light of this, how
could his original statement have been accurate? "Proof" doesn't
change over time. The fact that Gallo and team continue to present
evidence that HIV satisfies Koch's postulates and causes AIDS, must
mean that Gallo's original statement was based on something less than
proof. Therefore there are no grounds whatsoever to talk about any
role of HIV in AIDS.
THE DEFINITION/DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS
How does a physician know it's AIDS? One person has tuberculosis but
no HIV. Another person has TB and HIV. Both manifestations of the
illness are clinically identical. One person has Kaposi's sarcoma and
pneumonia. Another has diarreah and wasting disease. Medical
personnel rely on T-cell counts too. But how accurate is T-cell count
a measure of the strength of the immune system? We don't know.
Counts are very individualized. Not only that, but they fluctuate for
everyone, depending if you have a cold or come down with a minor
infection. Even in the course of a single day. Consider this: the
official range for a healthy adult T-helper cell count is 600/mL -
1200/mL. Anything lower than 200/mL warrants an AIDS diagnosis. But
if the healthy leeway has a range of 600/mL, there's no justification
in saying that 400/mL less is an unequivocable sign of death and doom.
If you don't know beforehand what the patient's normal, healthy
T-cell count is, you can't use a T-cell count to make an AIDS
diagnosis. Yet, that's what's being done. The point is, since the
immune system is very complicated, it's unlikely that such a simple
calculation as T- cell would be a good reflection of your health. So,
what is AIDS? Is it tuberculosis or Kaposi's sarcoma? Is it a T-cell
count of 600 in someone who normally likes to have 1000, and in
someone else an 800 who normally operates at 1500?
Consider a hypothetical situation. Suppose a disease called ID is the
result of an infectious organism that causes immune deficiency. Since
immune deficiency can manifest itself in so many 10's of ways and be
completely different from person to person, the only way you could
distinguish ID from other immune deficiencies would be the presence of
this microorganism. But before you can make such an assessment, you
have to be sure that this particular germ causes immune deficiency.
Since we hardly understand the immune system, it's so complex, there
are only two ways that you can be sure this germ does it:
1. prove that the germ damages a known aspect of the immune system
through a known mechanism of action. You have to use an
already-existent and proven model for the immune system, and
demonstrate how the germ affects this model.
2. show that the germ exists in people with immune deficiency, and
show that these people also have no other known causes of immune
disorder. Immune deficiency is not a black-and-white condition, so
you need to develop a consistent definition and stick with it. For
example, the best definition anyone's presented so far, is that it
manifests itself as repeated opportunistic infections, increased
susceptibility to infections, increased frequency of illness and
decline of overall health.
Using one or both of the above proofs pins down the germ as the cause
of ID.
Now consider AIDS. Method #1 can't be used -- the entire premise of
HIV is that it works in mysterious, unknown ways. No one knows
exactly how it affects the immune system. That's why they spend
billions of dollars each year on research. Regarding #2, Gallo and
his colleagues never ruled out other known causes of immune disorder
in their AIDS patients. Furthermore, they never developed a
consistent definition of immune deficiency -- first, they used a
handful of opportunistic infections as a sign; later, they threw in
T-cell counts, then they added more and more infections to the list.
The problems in diagnosing AIDS stem from an inherent flaw in it's
definition. In most cases, if the patient doesn't have HIV, he
doesn't get diagnosed with AIDS. (However, in certain instances the
CDC allows presumptive guesses, which means an AIDS- diagnosis without
an HIV test. Technically, this shouldn't happen much, but in reality
it happens 1/4 of the time. Contrast this with a different scenario
-- the 4200+ AIDS cases that actually had an HIV test which came out
negative. Also keep in mind that the typical test is an
antibody-test, but applying an actual virus-test reveals that half of
all AIDS patients have absolutely no HIV virus in them.) But in the
presence of HIV, any of the indicator diseases means AIDS. However,
the previous paragraph explains that no one has ever established a
link between HIV and the immune system. Thus, there's no legitimate
way to distinguish AIDS from other immune deficiencies. So, the
disease AIDS does not have its own diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis
and definition relies entirely on the presence of HIV occurring with
an indicator disease, but
1. there's no way to explain the presence of the disease in relation
to HIV
2. the disease is not unique to HIV-infection
<Diagnosis of legitimate disease = presence of particular germ +
particular symptoms>
<AIDS = unreliable detection of HIV + almost any symptom you can think
of>
The establishment's argument is, HIV doesn't directly cause the
indicator diseases. HIV causes immune deficiency, which leaves the
body vulnerable to these diseases. This argument makes no sense
because:
1. these diseases have nothing in common and many of them have
nothing to do with immune deficiency: some are caused by funguses
(systemic mycosis); some by protozoa (cryptosporidium gastroentenitis,
toxoplasmosis, and PC pneumonia); by mycobacterium (tuberculosis); by
viruses like cytomegalovirus. The mechanism for weight loss/wasting
syndrome is not yet understood. And we don't know what causes the
cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas). 29 as an official number of
indicator diseases is totally arbitrary.
2. 38% of all AIDS cases have nothing to do with immune deficiency
3. AIDS researchers admit they don't know the mechanism by which HIV
causes immune suppression. How then do they know it affects the
immune system at all? They are never able to answer this question.
4. To define AIDS, there's got to be some way to separate the
symptoms of the disease from those of other immune deficiencies.
There's no difference between AIDS and other immune deficiencies,
though, except for the presence of HIV.
As a counter-example, consider tuberculosis. You can be infected with
mycobacteria but not have TB. You get a diagnosis of TB (disease)
when you're infected and suffering. Symptoms means you've got some
disease. To determine which disease you have (to make a diagnosis),
the doctor must do some investigative work. If you're coughing up
blood and you're lungs are full of the bacteria, that's TB. We know
it's TB because for every other patient in the world, their TB
progresses in the same way, in roughly the same amount of time, and
they all have in their lungs the same little mycobacteria that anyone
can see through a microscope. Furthermore, you can't get TB without
having the mycobacteria in your lungs. Hence, the if-then
relationship for any legitimate infectious disease looks like this:
microorganism #1 ----maybe---> disease #1
disease #1----definitely---> microorganism #1
However, the if-then relationship for AIDS looks like this:
HIV ----maybe---> AIDS-indicator diseases
lots of things without HIV ----maybe---> AIDS-indicator diseases
AIDS-indicator diseases ----maybe---> HIV
Too many maybes. With AIDS, the symptoms are completely different
from group to group, the virus isn't there half the time, and the way
the disease progresses is drastically different depending on the
patient. AIDS diseases have been around long before HIV came on the
scene. They already have causes other than HIV. So what makes the
symptoms of one of these diseases indicative of AIDS and not something
else? Solely the presence of HIV, which is the screwy part, because
there's nothing linking the two. The bottom line is, the definition
of AIDS doesn't make sense. It doesn't accurately describe the
syndrome as a unique disease entity. The definition is logically
faulty, a complete mess. There's no way to diagnose AIDS accurately.
There's no data supporting any role of HIV. Something is
fundamentally wrong. What's wrong is, AIDS is not the result of
infection by HIV or any other microbe. AIDS is an arbitrary
collection of diseases that have different causes, none of which are
new. HIV does not cause AIDS. You can get "AIDS" with or without
having it. The medical literature lists the real ways you acquire
immune deficiency:
narcotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, cardiac drugs, steroids,
chemotherapy, non- steroidal inflammatory drugs, antivirals,
antibiotics, radiation, malnutrition, immunosuppressive drugs (used in
blood transfusions, tissue transplants), and excessive stress.
MEDICAL DATA
The majority of people do not succumb to disease, even when infected.
That's because most immune systems are normal, naturally able to fight
off invasion and illness. It's the exception rather than the rule
that that someone contracts disease. There are two factors: 1. the
germ must be present, otherwise no disease 2. the condition of the
host determines if he's susceptible to the germ. Both of these
operate at the same time. Every single one of us walks around
harboring many microorganisms. Right now you and I carry the
pneumocystis carinii protozoan. 2/3 of all Americans carry herpes
virus and cytomegalovirus. 4/5 carry Epstein-Barr virus. More than
80% harbor papilloma virus. The reason these germs don't affect us is
because our immune systems keep them at bay. It's the normal mode of
our existence. In Africa, most people have leprosy bacillus(the
bacteria), but few have leprosy. How do you tell if someone has a
normal immune system? That's the tricky part. No one knows. The
immune system is very complex and we don't have a clear understanding
of it. Our methods, like T-cell count, for gauging the strength of
our immune system, are hazy. "It should be obvious that the immune
system is highly complex, that it is capable of a wide range of
effector functions, and that it's activities are subject to potent,
but only partially understood, regulatory processes." (editor William
E. Paul, M.D., Fundamental Immunology 3rd ed., Raven Press, NY, 1993,
p. 20) Furthermore, "[b]ecause these fields are developing very
rapidly, it would not be expected that a consensus would have yet been
achieved even among leading specialists in the area." (p. xvii) And
Edward Golub and Douglas Green, in their textbook Immunology a
Synthesis, write "In fact, during the time it will take you to read
this book, it is safe to assume that there will be at least four
articles published that radically change at least one of the areas in
this field." (2nd ed., Sinauer Associates, Inc., MA, 1991, p. xxvii)
When it comes down to it, the way to point out a healthy immune system
is what the first sentence in the paragraph says: most people have
healthy immune systems.
When a person is exposed to a new microbe, his body develops
antibodies, proteins designed specifically to disable the microbe.
Once the body wins over the germ, conquering it, these antibodies
float around in the bloodstream from then on, ready for the next time
the same germ shows up. The person is "antibody- positive"; he's
immune to the disease caused by the microbe. (Note: one reason we
continue to get colds is because new cold viruses pop up from time to
time. Another reason is that many viruses, whether they're "cold"
viruses or not, cause cold-like symptoms.) Just as we constantly have
germs in us, we have lots antibodies. For every disease that plagues
mankind, having antibodies means you're immune. AIDS is the first in
history for which it's not supposed to work like that, but no one's
given a reason. There is none, because being HIV-antibody positive
(HIV+) means you're immune to the effects of HIV! (Anything it could
possibly do to you is minor. Upon infection, it might cause initial
flu-like illness or swollen glands, which is typical of any initial
viral infection, before seroconversion, or developing antibodies and
knocking out the virus.) HIV is a typical virus; it doesn't defy the
immunity principle. In fact, in the laboratory, HIV can be grown only
in the absence of antibodies. Think about that. Being HIV+ is the
opposite of a death sentence! If for some reason, a person's immune
system isn't capable of making antibodies, or maybe not in the right
quantity or fashion, or with the right speed, that's when disease
might occur. And it'll usually happen quickly, within a matter of
days. You catch a cold, you get sick in a couple of days and you
remain sick until you're body fights it off. You come down with Ebola
fever, and if fate's against you, you die in a week or two.
Furthermore, you'll readily be able to chart the progression of the
disease. If you know what the cold virus looks like, you'll find it
abundant and actively replicating wherever you have your cold. If
it's a head cold, it'll be strong in the nasal passages. A chest
cold, in the lungs. Now, there are slower diseases like syphilis, but
the same principle applies. Your body is busy as always trying to
fight off the spirochete, but it's not quite successful. An up and
down battle. So the bacteria slowly multiples and makes its way
around your body. You might not have noticeable symptoms for a long
time, but you can match the movement of the bacteria with the
progression of the disease. On the other hand, it's entirely possible
to be infected with spirochete and never come down with syphilis.
That means you're immune system is doing it's job. Many people don't
realize this important fact because of the powerful campaign to
eradicate infectious disease.
The immune system fluctuates through the course of time. Sometimes it
works above capacity, sometimes below. When it dips below, you may
experience a recurrence of symptoms from some of the germs in your
body. They can gain a foothold for a short while, until your body
knocks them out again. So, being immune doesn't mean you'll never
again experience the effects of the germ. But it does mean your body
knows specifically how to combat it, and as long as you're otherwise
healthy and your immune system as a whole is functioning regularly,
any effects will be minor and shortlived. Not a problem. (A third
reason we get colds: our immune systems aren't always up to par and
occasionally we're more susceptible, to a new infection or perhaps
something we already have.)
The previous paragraphs derive two conclusions. First, there is no
such thing as a universally-fatal microorganism. There are no
viruses, bacteria, funguses, parasites, or any tiny organisms that
kill everyone they infect. HIV, if it were harmful, would be no
exception. The idea of HIVinfection as 100% fatal is completely
absurd. (Many people don't even know that the CDC actually projects
a 50-100%, or 30-100% depending on who you talk to, fatality. Not
100%) Second, there's no such thing as a latent virus causing disease.
A latent virus sleeps, it's not active, it's non-replicating. It
doesn't do anything. You cannot match the progression of the virus
with the progression of any disease in the body. Latency means that
your immune system is doing its job to hold it down. AIDS researchers
argue that HIV after some amount of time reactivates (awakens) and
starts killing T-cells for the final onslaught. The problem with what
they're saying is this "reactivation". A latent virus requires the
person to undergo immune deficit beforehand in order to reactivate and
start killing cells or otherwise noticeably affect the body. For
example, this is what happens with herpes. When immunity drops a bit,
it allows herpes to resurge for a while. Saying HIV causes immune
deficiency is logically faulty. Rather, immune failings would cause
any supposed HIV reactivation. Suppose then some minor immune
suppression reactives HIV. Once you regain your immune system, your
body will be able to do what it did initially, knock out the HIV all
over again. Only a major immune risk would lead to any opportunistic
HIV role, but then of course it's useless to talk about HIV causing
AIDS. It's the major immune risk that does it. It's not even
necessary that HIV be present?
AIDS researchers talk about cofactors, triggers and indirect methods
by which HIV accomplishes its deed. That only supports the
conclusions above. With all these extra factors (if they exist),
there's no way you could say whether or not you're ever gonna get sick
and die! When you start throwing in all this other stuff, it becomes
irrelevant. You can go on living without worrying, because you're
chances of dying, of being healthy or not, are like everyone else's on
the planet. First, they said you'd die in a year. Then two. Now
it's a decade. Health officials claim that "early prevention" has
prolonged the lives of their patients. What is this "early
prevention" they're talking about? Supposedly they can prolong your
life by treating opportunistic infections better. But the latent
period that went from 1 year to 10 is exactly that, latent -- where
you are not suffering opportunistic infections, so you aren't being
treated with anything.
If you can find an AIDS patient with HIV who otherwise did not
practice behavior or have some kind of pre-existing condition that put
their health in jeopardy, then we would have no choice but to
seriously consider HIV. The thing is, no such AIDS patient exists.
If you think you know one, you need to do some investigative work.
Are you absolutely sure they weren't a drug user? That they never
took AZT? That they did not have a history of health problems?
AIDS IN AFRICA
In Africa, AIDS is characterized by diarreah, weight loss, and fever
-- a whole different set of symptoms than America. Africans don't
care about HIV/AIDS. Why? "AIDS" in Africa hasn't changed for
centuries - - it's caused by malnutrition, starvation, and parasitic
disease! Not HIV. Anthony Fauci himself stated that the world's #1
cause of T-cell depletion is malnutrition. In Africa, AIDS shouldn't
be called "AIDS".
The establishment claims that AIDS manifests itself differently in
Africa because their set of native microorganisms are different than
ours. So why is their "slim disease", one of their biggest AIDS
markers, so unlike our "wasting syndrome"? There aren't any
microorganisms involved with that. Plus, half of all Africans with
slim disease are HIV-. America has 1 million HIV+, with 315,000 AIDS
cases. Africa has 6-8 million HIV+ with a smaller number 250,000 AIDS
cases. There's no difference between the two peoples or places
consistent with the HIV- hypothesis to explain this discrepancy. In
fact, with much poorer health conditions overall in Africa, their
number of AIDS cases should be astoundingly high, if HIV was the
cause.
THE REST OF THE WORLD AND AIDS
Our perception of AIDS is mostly inherent to America. We get a very
one-sided picture. Africans don't care about it because there is no
AIDS there. The London Sunday Times in England called the African
AIDS epidemic a "myth." Furthermore, this newspaper actively carries
a large debate on the HIV-causality issue. Prominent scientists and
doctors on one side arguing against prominent scientists and doctors
on the other. We don't get that here in the US.
THE HIV-ANTIBODY TEST
All versions of the test, including the Eliza and Western Blot, test
for the presence of HIV- antibodies in the bloodstream. There's an
important distinction to be made between antibodies and virus. The
HIV-test does not locate viruses. It reacts to the presence of
antibodies. Testing for antibodies by nature is not cut-and- dry.
False positives occur -- where you come up HIV+ but really aren't.
This can happen if the test cross- reacts with other viruses. Suppose
you've had a cold, flu, measles, or similar sickness recently. You
can show HIV+ without having ever been exposed to HIV! For example,
the U.S. Army tests a group of the same 1000 soldiers twice. The
first time, 1/100 shows up HIV+. The second testing reveals only
1/1000. That means 9/10 who originally tested postive, are not
positive! Furthermore, you can be HIV+ but have no virus. This
indicates previous infection, but your body cleared the virus from
your system. The antibodies are still hanging around, but testing for
the actual virus reveals nothing. Who knows how many people fall in
this category? It's also possible to seroreconvert -- ie. go from
HIV+ to HIV- by natural means of clearing the virus from your body.
The body so efficiently destroys HIV that there is no need to produce
more antibodies, so the # of antibodies decreases to an undetectable
level. A slightly different case exists with newborns who inherit HIV
antibodies (with or without the virus) from their mothers. Within a
couple of years 1/2 of all these babies become HIV- because there's
no need for protection against a nonexistant or inactive virus. The
five-year old kid who made headline news several months back
definitely wasn't the first. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a
highly accurate test that locates actual virus in the body.
Unfortunately for AIDS-establishment, ever since the PCR arrived in
the early 1990's, it has never found active HIV in any AIDS patients!
In fact, the inventor Kary Mullis, who won the 1993 Nobel prize for
chemistry, does not believe HIV has anything to do with AIDS.
DISSIDENCE
Many people aren't aware that there's a notable body of dissenters,
including Nobel-prize winners in science, who don't agree with the
HIV-AIDS hypothesis. People these days often refer to Dr. Peter
Duesberg, molecular biologist at UC Berkeley and member of the
National Academy of Sciences. The history behind Duesberg, ever since
he questioned the HIV-hypothesis in 1987:
-he lost his NIH grant
-he lost the ability to publish -anything he's able to publish on AIDS
produces hardly any responses from the establishment
-Gallo and other top retrovirologists praised Duesberg in the past.
Now they shun him. In the same breath, they exonerate him as the
world's foremost expert on retroviruses, but they can't allow him to
express his views on AIDS.
-Gallo commented once that Duesberg knows "more about retroviruses
than any man alive" but later said Duesberg's AIDS claims were "too
ridiculous to waste time answering." Gallo devotes 10 pages of his
book to combat him.
-Gallo has repeatedly refused to publicly debate Duesberg. But a
handful of interesting journal debates exist. You should read them.
-The establishment never gives any reason why they don't want Duesberg
to speak out, except that they don't like his ideas on AIDS.
Another notable dissenter is physician Robert Willner, who in recent
years repeatedly injected himself with HIV+ blood on TV and at press
conferences to show that it's harmless. One of the most pronounced
things that stick out about these dissenters is how they have put out
many books detailing and defending their ideas, but there's an
overwhelming lack of similar literature by the AIDS establishment. In
arguing how they know HIV causes AIDS, Gallo and team always cite
post-1984 studies. Well, then what they hell were they doing back in
1984?! Looking into crystal balls?! A popular AIDS book, The Search
for the Virus (Conner and Kingman, Penguin Books, 1989) says this:
"Without Duesberg [questioning the HIVAIDS hypothesis], perhaps no one
would have bothered to justify why HIV, a virus with such an
extraordinary biology, is the cause of the immune suppression that
results in AIDS." (pg. 111) Hold on, wait a second! That doesn't
make sense. They're supposed to justify it before announcing it to
everyone, not afterwards!
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOR AIDS
The public is a bit more aware of the fraudulent and destructive
situation in treating AIDS. Everyone knows there's no "cure" and no
"vaccine." When it comes to treatment, people are more familiar with
the ineffectiveness and toxicities of the standard methods: AZT, ddI,
ddC, and d4T. Less known about these methods:
-The warning on the AZT label provided to lab researchers (the
following is taken from the Zidovudine product label, Sigma Chemical
Co.):
Toxic
Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Target
organ(s): Blood, Bone marrow
If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label where
possible). Wear suitable protective clothing.
(But the patients who take AZT swallow it every day!)
-Side effects of AZT (taken from the insert of retrovir): cancer;
hepatitis; dementia; mania; epileptic seizures; anxiety; generalized
pain; anemia; leukopenia; impotence; severe nausea; chest pain;
insomnia; ataxia; depression; muscle atrophy; granulocytopenia;
dyschromia of nails; dyspnea; neutropenia; pancytopenia;
thrombocytopenia; fever; rash; urinary frequency; vertigo; "sick
feeling"; encephalopathy; polymyositis; weakness; diarrhea; itching;
sweating; alteration of taste; vaginal cancer in laboratory animals;
serious interactions with all pain medicines, from aspirin to morphine
Anemia, one of the prominent side-effects, often requires either blood
transfusions or discontinuation of the AZT. According to the Bantam
Medical Dictionary, neutropenia is a decrease in the number of
neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, resulting in an increased
susceptibility to infections. In other words, another side effect of
AZT is immune deficiency. The Physician's Desk Reference says AZT's
side effects are often indistinguishable from AIDS itself.
-AZT was developed in the 1960's as a chemotherapy agent. The theory
behind its application for AIDS is the same as the theory behind
chemotherapy: kill everything in sight, hope that the bad stuff dies
in the process but not you too. AZT was shelved in the 1960's because
they determined it was too toxic for human use.
-AZT is a DNA-chain terminator. It incorporates itself into a cell's
own DNA and interrupts DNA synthesis. AZT kills all growing cells on
contact.
AZT destroys blood and bone marrow. That's the immune system! AZT's
side effects produce immune suppression. Why in the world would you
want to treat and prevent AIDS (immune deficiency) with a medication
that causes it?! It makes no sense. (Note: in special cases, AZT may
benefit a patient riddled with opportunistic infections by killing off
a great portion of these infections, thereby allowing his immune
system some room to breathe. In this sense, AZT plays the same role
as chemotherapy, which works sometimes, but the process is less of a
science than it is hit-and-miss. In any case, it's not guaranteed and
probably uncommon.)
Simply put, AZT causes AIDS. Over 200,000 people are being
iatrogenically poisoned with AZT. It's a self- fulfilling prophecy.
If you don't already have AIDS, AZT will ensure that you get it and
die.
THE REAL CAUSES OF AIDS
One of the big points of this paper is, the medical establishment's
handling of the whole AIDS phenomenon is so thoroughly muddled and
confused -- statistics, predictions, hypotheses, treatments -- there's
no grounds at all to talk about HIV. Therefore, since HIV has nothing
to do with it, no matter what anyone says, no matter how strongly they
say it, no matter how often "HIV, the virus that causes AIDS" is
repeated on TV or in the news, no matter how many signs you see in
subway stations, it doesn't change the truth. You can study HIV all
you want, but it has no bearing on AIDS or any human illness.
AIDS is not caused by an infectious agent. AIDS is largely the result
of drug-abuse and the destructive lifestyle that goes with it. Since
there is no viable definition for AIDS, there should be no more
diagnoses of AIDS in anybody. Calling this diverse group of diseases
by this one name implies one cause, which is incorrect. The causes
vary according to the differing lifestyles associated with separate
groups. It makes much more sense to refer to these conditions by
different names. Indeed, HIV could be a "marker" for AIDS, a signal
that a person's health is in jeopardy. It's hard for a healthy person
to acquire HIV and become antibody-positive. To get infected, your
immune system already must be working below par.
The causes of AIDS are as follows:
HOMOSEXUAL MEN
AIDS is strictly limited even within the gay population, to a
particular subset -- the fast-life gays that abuse drugs, maintain a
huge number of sexual contacts, and experience repeated infections of
STD's requiring extensive treatment with antibiotics. To give you an
idea of the magnitude of their behavior, some of these men are known
to have had more than a thousand (1000) different sex partners, often
averaging 20 sexual contacts a week. They're used to a lifestyle of
attending bathhouses and clubs where drug use and sex is rampant and
faceless. They're in the habit of using antibiotics prophylactically,
even every night, to minimize their risks with disease. All these
factors, in the extreme that these men experience them, produce
serious consequences on the immune system, resulting in AIDS. 78 of
the first 87 AIDS patients in the 1980's all admitted to the practice
of inhaling a type of chemical called nitrites ("poppers") in order to
stimulate sexual pleasure. The problem is, nitrites are well-known
carcinogens. They cause cancer. Kaposi's sarcoma, which has been the
prevalent marker for AIDS since the very beginning, appears often
around the face, nose, on the hands and in the lungs -- the exact
locations that come in contact with the chemical upon inhalation. The
use of nitrites as a drug is practiced mostly by homosexual men. As
an AIDS disease, Kaposi's sarcoma shows up only in the homosexual
group, not the others. Prior to Gallo's 1984 press conference,
studies on the KS-AIDS link were well known. Many states have
outlawed nitrite inhalants because of their toxicity.
Besides poppers, 58% of these original AIDS patients also admitted to
abusing five or more other recreational drugs, all of which take a
toll on health. 100% of them were admittedly heavy drug users. The
same ratios still hold true today. Besides drugs, these men are used
to repeated infections with a variety of venereal diseases. It's not
unusual for a man to undergo treatment on dozens of separate occasions
for STD's. Repeated infection of course damages your health and the
ability of your immune system to rebound. Furthermore, these
infections require extensive antibiotics. The medical community well
acknlowedges the fact that repeated use of antibiotics alone corrupts
your body's natural ability to fight off infections.
Combine poppers, recreational drugs, STD's and antibiotics. The
result is AIDS in the typical homosexual sufferer.
IV-DRUG USERS
A completely different story. The symptoms of AIDS in IVDUs are
unlike those of the gays. The drug injecting AIDS patient suffers
from tuberculosis and pneumonia, the same maladies as an HIV- addict.
Again, it's the drug use and unhealthy lifestyle causing "AIDS." The
effects of being a junkie are long- known: pneumonia, emaciation.
Other unhealthy behaviors going hand-in-hand that only worsen the
problem, include lack of proper diet and exercise.
HEMOPHILIACS
AIDS is different in this group, too. The hemophiliac "AIDS" patient
suffers in the exact same manner as the HIV-negative hemophiliac,
coming down mostly with pneumonias. The thing causing their problem
is their condition -- hemophilia -and the treatment for it, blood
transfusions and Factor VIII additives. Hemophilia is a condition
where your blood doesn't clot naturally, so when you get a cut you
bleed profusely. Hemophilia is a serious condition, worsening through
time, with a low life expectancy. So, the outlook isn't good to begin
with. Hemophiliacs undergo regular blood transfusions to stay alive.
In order to "help" their bodies accept all the foreign proteins that
come with a transfusion, intentional immunosuppressant chemicals are
often added. Well, there you go -- one direct contribution towards
immune deficiency. Factor VIII is a clotting agent, a protein found
in normal blood. Hemophiliacs inject it to help restore their
clotting ability. But Factor VIII also reduces the competence of the
immune system. Another direct contribution. Interestingly, ever
since Factor-VIII was purified and perfected in the last decade, the
median life span of all hemophiliacs has doubled. Wait a second! HIV
came on the scene in the last decade, which means hemophiliacs should
be dying, with or without clotting factors, right? The answer is, of
course, HIV doesn't kill anybody. Hemophiliac AIDS is different than
homosexual AIDS, different than IV-drug users' AIDS. In hemophiliacs,
blood transfusions + Factor VIII + hemophilia ---causes---> AIDS.
AZT USERS
Unfortunately, everyone else is on AZT. Even people who don't abuse
drugs. They're basically healthy. Just HIV+. However, they're going
to get AIDS and die, from AZT. AZT treatment is now the leading cause
of AIDS in America.
CONCLUSION
The reason that AIDS transmission is associated with blood and with
sex, is from the CDC's unscientific, sloppy and improper
epidemiological studies at the beginning of the 1980's. These
studies realistically prove no such transmission.
The existence of African, European and American AIDS epidemics has no
basis in fact:
1. Gallo's HIV hypothesis remains unproven
2. AIDS should not be called "AIDS" due to a faulty definition
3. doctors don't know how to diagnose AIDS properly
4. an unknown # of AIDS cases everywhere were diagnosed w/o an HIV test
5. the HIV-antibody test is unreliable
HIV fails every test for causing disease. It fails every known method
by which conceivably it could adversely affect the immune system. HIV
does not cause AIDS. AIDS is not contagious. The clinical
manifestations of illnesses known as "AIDS" have many non-contagious,
behavioral causes.
There's no need for any AIDS vaccine because there's nothing to
vaccinate for. And preventing AIDS is simple:
-don't get tested for HIV
-don't use AZT
-don't use poppers
-don't use narcotics
-avoid getting venereal diseases all over the place and using
antibiotics left and right
If you are HIV+ don't worry. Under no circumstances take AZT, ddI,
ddC, d4T or any other treatment. And don't abuse your body in other
ways. I highly recommend joining a support group called "HIV+ and
Healthy." Call Harry F. Flynn at (818) 769-3769. Only in this way
with enough people, will the truth emerge and encourage pursuing the
study and treatment of the real causes of AIDS.
If you're HIV+ and you're still worried about it, there are many
subsidiary reasons not to:
1. Infectious organisms never kill everyone they infect
2. It's possible for you to become HIV- again, on your own
3. You might be falsely HIV+
4. Being HIV+ means you're immune to the effects of HIV 5. There are
healthy people alive today who have been infected with HIV for 18+
years
Treatment and cure for real, full-blown AIDS -- that's a different
story. Don't cause that to yourself. Such utter immune devastation
is a serious matter. The goal is to nurse yourself back to health.
Start by following the preventative guidelines above.
The key players in the AIDS-establishment, including Robert Gallo and
Anthony Fauci, have purposefully avoided the issue of HIV's lack of
role. We must hold them fully responsible and punish them for
creating a fraud that has cost many people their lives, created
unfounded concern for the rest of the population, and directed money
and effort away from studying and treating the true causes of AIDS.
A sampling of the self-contradictions spewed by the AIDS
establishment:
-they talked about how it could be passed in saliva then they said it
wasn't casually transmitted
-they said you'd die within a year after infection
-they said whole countries in Africa were infected
-it causes 29 diseases in the U.S. and Europe but only 3 in Africa
-it's less virulent in the most unsanitary nations
THINGS YOU CAN DO ON YOUR OWN
1. Forget everything you've heard and read for the last decade. Put
it all out of your mind, roll back the clock 15 years, and start
fresh. Examine the facts. Every time you catch yourself unconciously
jumping to a conclusion based on the HIV-AIDS assumption, drop it.
Ultimately, wherever the facts lead, that's what you need to conclude
for yourself.
2. When you compare the AIDS establishment with the dissenters, ask
yourself who makes more sense?
3. When you hear about somebody who suffered or died from AIDS, ask
yourself the following questions:
a. what exact health conditions led to his AIDS diagnosis?
b. what immune-suppressing activities did he engage in? did he have
a history of health problems? did he use drugs? DO YOU KNOW FOR
SURE?
c. how much of his background, lifestyle, medical history and status
are you certain about?
d. if you effectively eliminated each of his health risks (eg. drug
abuse and AZT) and treated each of his health problems in the
conventional manner, would he still have AIDS?
The "Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis"
is a coalition of prominent dissidents. If you would like to learn
about this group, recieve their newsletter, or even sign your name,
write to Charles A. Thomas, Jr., Publisher, 7514 Girard Ave. #1-331,
La Jolla, CA 92037. Fax (619) 272- 1621. Annual subscriptions to the
newsletter are $25 in the U.S. and $35 elsewhere.
If you would like to be part of a class-action lawsuit against
Burroughs-Wellcome, the manufacturer of AZT, call or write to:
Project AIDS International
8033 Sunset Blvd. #2640
Los Angeles, CA 90046
(213) 660-3381, (213) 661-3339 fax
Write to your legislators and Congressmen. They have the power to
investigate and initiate changes. You can find their addresses in
your local newspaper or at the library.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I highly recommend the following books:
The AIDS War by John Lauritsen, Asklepios, NY, 1993. Order it
directly from the author: Send $20 check (already includes postage) to
John Lauritsen, 78 Bradford St., Provincetown MA 02657. Lauritsen is
a market survey research analyst and a brilliant investigative
journalist. He wrote Death Rush: Poppers and AIDS (with H. Wilson,
Pagan Press, NY, 1986). He also wrote an excellent book, the most
comprehensive AZT expos? to date: Poison by Prescription: The AZT
Story (Asklepios, NY 1990). Look in libraries.
Why We Will Never Win the War on AIDS by Bryan Ellison, Inside Story
Communications, CA, 1994. $19.95 per copy. $3 S/H. (8.25% sales tax
Calif. residents): Inside Story, 1525 E. Noble #102, Visalia CA,
93292. The most intelligent, comprehensive and detailed exploration
of the AIDS phenomenon. The story behind this book is interesting:
Peter Duesberg's name actually appears on the cover as a co-author.
Indeed, this book belongs to him. It's his manuscript.
Unfortunately, Ellison, a former Berkeley graduate student who
collaborated with Duesberg, stole it and self-published without
Duesberg's permission. Currently Duesberg is sueing him (summer
1995).
AIDS: Scare or Scam by Evan C. Lambrou, Vantage Press, NY, a new
book. 40 p. $10.95 write or call the author at 156 Honness Lane,
Ithaca, NY 14850. (607) 273-6142
AIDS by Peter Duesberg and John Yiamouyiannis, Health Action Press,
Delaware OH, a new book. $15 to Health Action Press, 6439 Taggart
Road, Delaware OH 43015. Another case where Duesberg's permission for
being listed as co-author specifically not granted.
AIDS: the HIV Myth by Jad Adams, St. Martin's Press, NY,1989. One
of the originals. The majority is trustworthy, but Adams presents
many alternative views without pinning one down as truth. A good book
because it introduces the key players and ideas on all sides. The
best chapter is the last, Endgame. Available in libraries.
AIDS Inc. by Jon Rappoport, Human Energy Press, CA, 1988. 1493 Beach
Park Blvd. #210, Foster City, CA 94404. (415) 349-0718. Another
original.
Inventing the AIDS Virus by Dr. Peter Duesberg, Regnery Publishing,
1996. The Master himself.
All of the above books contain outstanding lists of references.
Virus Hunting -- AIDS, Cancer, & the Human Retrovirus: a Story of
Human Discovery by Robert Gallo, Basic Books, NY, 1991. An inciteful
look into the foggy mind and motives of this man. Contains no
bibliography.
Copywrite 1995 by Michael Martinez All rights reserved. This paper
has been reproduced and posted on the internet by permission of the
author. Permission is granted to reproduce ONLY if kept intact and
nothing is charged for it's use.
Michael Zarlenga
Spimby (an16...@anon.penet.fi) wrote:
: disease further. Every year the incubation period for HIV gets
: longer and longer due the continued survival of people who
: have tested positive for HIV and have not come down with
: AIDS. I think HIV has the longest incubation period of any
What? There are less than a dozen people in the US who test HIV+ for
more than 10 years and show no symptoms. This is NOT abnormal. With
almost every other virus, some people successfully fight the infection
due to either better immune systems, less severe infections, or some
other factor(s).
The fact that there are about 12 people who have appeared to have fought
off AIDS does NOT overshadow the 200,000(?) in the US who have not. Are
you really willing to base epidemiology on the dozen (0.006%) and forget
about the others?
Duseberg once volunteered to be infected with HIV to prove his theory.
Did he ever go through with that? If not, why not?
--
-- Mike Zarlenga
How many MORE empty promises will Clinton make THIS year?
finger zarl...@conan.ids.net for PGP Public key and killfile
Michael Zarlenga
Michael Martinez (Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
: I highly recommend Peter Duesberg's book, Inventing the AIDS virus, which is
: available in bookstores now. Dr. Duesberg is the most qualified and most
Tell the world Duseberg's field of expertise, please. He's a doctor,
but in WHAT FIELD? Immunological disorders? Viral agents? Communi-
cable diseases?
You claimed he was "the most qualified and honest authority on the mat-
ter" of HIV and AIDS, now back it up.
Michael Zarlenga
Michael Martinez (Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
: Victims of AIDS certaintly deserve more than to be lied to about the cause of
: their condition and given toxic medication. On the other hand, the vast
: majority of the victims of AIDS must face the fact that their drug addictions
: and self-abusive lifestyles are killing them, and that there's no skirting the
: issue.
Yes and they also deserve better than to be swindled out of all their
money by snake oil salesmen preying on their desperation.
John Ertel
David A. Kaye wrote:
>
> terrymoore wrote the quoted material below:
>
> " My question is: If the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) does not
> " develop into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, then why do they
> " still call it the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
>
> That wasn't my point, but I'll answer your question anyhow. Why is
> marijuana classed as a "narcotic" when it's not a narcotic? For the very
> same reason: someone is making money off it. Things are slow to change
> when there is money to be made. AIDS, as it exists today, has become a
> BIG industry. If HIV causes AIDS with so much certainty, why are there
> still something like 8-10% of the population with HIV who are still alive
> and healthy today, 10-15 years later?
>
every case. Even Ebola is not guaranteed to cause death. People survived the
plague who contracted it. Why does cancer disappear in some people? There are
many things we don't know about the body even today. Whether HIV causes AIDS or
not it's still a killer and still will be. There's no cure.
John Ertel
Michael Martinez wrote:
>
> BH> From: het...@slc7.INS.CWRU.Edu (Bob Hetzel)
>
> BH> In article <an168742-240...@slip-19-13.ots.utexas.edu>,
> BH> Spimby <an16...@anon.penet.fi> wrote:
>
> BH> Isn't it possible, that HIV infected the man after he had
> >developed AIDS?
>
> BH> Yes. Anything's possible. That doesn't make it right.
>
> be no moral issue here and there should be no laws outlawing the transmission
> of HIV to people.
>
> HIV+ all your life without knowing it. You have normal healthy sexual
> relations with other consenting adults. Imagine that you undergo a routine HIV
> screening for your job, to go in the Navy, or whatever. You come up positive.
> Your lover comes up positive and takes you to court. They find you guilty of
> something like assault with a deadly weapon, and you go to prison. Then your
> ex-lover is so worried, even though her health is fine, that she decides to
> take a preventative AZT therapy. So over the course of the next 3 years, she
> gets sicker and sicker, goes on more and more medication, and finally wastes
> away and dies. Meanwhile you're still in prison.
>
> If you had never taken that test, you and each of your lovers would go on
> living healthy lives, unaware of HIV in your bodies, and die at a ripe old age
> of 80.
>
> So let me ask you a question, are you concerned enough about the subject of
> AIDS to learn the truth? And once you learn the truth, to stick by it?
>
> - mike
OK, now you've gone BEYOND the point of being just silly.
A) People were 'wasting away' from AIDS *LONG BEFORE* there was AZT or other
AIDS related drugs to treat this.
B) People are tested HIV negative all the time and then HIV positive later and develop AIDS
later. By the way, you can only be sent to prison for KNOWINGLY giving someone HIV.
Joe Ozelis
Michael....@804.ima.infomail.com (Michael Martinez) decieves :
>Duesberg has been a Nobel contender for Chemistry. He is one of the pioneers
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Well, since the Nobel Committee *never* releases the names of people who
are nominated/considered for prizes, this is a completely unsubstantiated
statement. I mean, hell, maybe they're considering *me* for the prize in
Physics... there's no way to prove that they're not !!! So I'm a Nobel
contender in Physics !! Yahoooo !!!!
And pigs will fly too...
Joe
Peterson Penny
w...@thymaster.interaccess.com (movable articles) writes:
>The generally accepted definition, "HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
>is the virus that causes AIDS but the disease often does not develop
>for many years after a person tests positive for HIV," was reiterated
>by the Reuter News Service on Wednesday, April 24, 1996. Until it is
Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
average 15 second attention span public...
To check out this statement call the reporter/news service who writes
the next article that mistakenly says HIV is causal and ask them simply,
"What is your originating source for this conclusion, what published
piece of peer reviewed work are you sourcing for this statement?"
In fact the CDC in Atlanta will admit as much if you get past the secretary,
so will the WHO...call them, really!
Peterson Penny
eig...@io.com (Lars Eighner) writes:
>There is some reason to inquire further as to whether there may
>be some other agent involved that in some or all cases causes
>HIV to become active after many years of dormancy. But that
>HIV is a necessary condition of AIDS is clear beyond doubt.
Not true Lars. Call the CDC in Atlanta and ask them to send you the list
of "syndromes" that are considdered to be AIDS. There are more than a few
on the list that if one has this specific infection ALONE without any
prerequisite HIV exposure/antibodies then one is statistically an AIDS
patient, ie. Karposi's sarcoma WITHOUT HIV is considdered AIDS.
If my memory serves me correctly, there are quite a few definitions
CDC for AIDS. Any three contemporaneous infections off their list without
HIV exposure... or any one infection of certain rare microbes without HIV...
or HIV positive and T-cell # <200 without any manifestation of other
indications, etc.
On this thread most are regurgitating what the pop-media has been feeding
to the public for years. If one wants a more acurate truth, perhaps go to
the source and demand cites to specific studies.
Good luck
Lars Eighner
In our last episode <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>,
Broadcast on austin.general,ba.general,ca.general,dc.general,cle.general,in.general,misc.misc,la.general,pa.general,chi.general,oh.general,ny.general,nyc.general,la.general,talk.politics.guns,misc.legal
The lovely and talented pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU (Peterson Penny) wrote:
>w...@thymaster.interaccess.com (movable articles) writes:
>
>>The generally accepted definition, "HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
>>is the virus that causes AIDS but the disease often does not develop
>>for many years after a person tests positive for HIV," was reiterated
>>by the Reuter News Service on Wednesday, April 24, 1996. Until it is
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
>news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
>average 15 second attention span public...
If you are not already working for the tobacco industry, perhaps
you missed your calling. Just subsistitute "tobacco" for
HIV and "lung cancer" for AIDS and you have got yourself a job.
Denial--it's not just a river in Egypt.
Christophe
In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>,
Peterson Penny <pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU> wrote:
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one.
This may, in some EXTREMELY strict definition of the term, be true, but
is essentially meaningless. The criterion that the "HIV and AIDS are
unrelated" camp use is so strict that, if it were generally applied,
the only cause of death whose origin we would know for certain is
having a safe fall on one's head.
Even then, they'd probably want a signed confession from the safe.
There are many questions about precisely what role HIV plays in the
variety of diseases that make up full-blown AIDS. No one argues this.
However, to jump from there to "HIV is harmless" is complete nonsense.
terrymoore
In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>,
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one.
*********************************************************************
Oh, those folks who actually BELIEVE that there is no link between
HIV and AIDS aren't total wastes. I happen to have this used car
I'd like to sell. . . . . . . . . . . .]
Terry in Pflugerville
***************************************************************
DaveHatunen
In article <peterson....@ucsub.colorado.edu>,
Peterson Penny <pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU> wrote:
[...]
>Not true Lars. Call the CDC in Atlanta and ask them to send you the list
>of "syndromes" that are considdered to be AIDS. There are more than a few
>on the list that if one has this specific infection ALONE without any
>prerequisite HIV exposure/antibodies then one is statistically an AIDS
>patient, ie. Karposi's sarcoma WITHOUT HIV is considdered AIDS.
My goodness. KS was a disease long before the discovery of AIDS, HIV or
even GRID. How do you suppose they managed to name it without HIV?
--
********** DAVE HATUNEN (hat...@netcom.com) **********
* Daly City California *
* Between San Francisco and South San Francisco *
*******************************************************
Chuck Karish
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
>news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
>average 15 second attention span public...
Any volunteers for an injection of purified HIV?
Don't all speak up at once, now...
--
Chuck Karish kar...@mindcraft.com
(415) 323-9000 x117 kar...@pangea.stanford.edu
DaveHatunen
>
>>There is some reason to inquire further as to whether there may
>>be some other agent involved that in some or all cases causes
>>HIV to become active after many years of dormancy. But that
>>HIV is a necessary condition of AIDS is clear beyond doubt.
>
>of "syndromes" that are considdered to be AIDS. There are more than a few
>on the list that if one has this specific infection ALONE without any
>prerequisite HIV exposure/antibodies then one is statistically an AIDS
>patient, ie. Karposi's sarcoma WITHOUT HIV is considdered AIDS.
I can only assume that either you did not call the CDC, or you got the
wrong person, or there was a misunderstanding. I have in front of me
CDC documnet MM930146, "1993 Revised Classification System for HIV
Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Defintion for AIDS Among
Adolescents and Adults", and it says no such thing. (You can get it at
gopher://itsa.ucsf.edu:70/00/.i/.q/.d/articles/govt/921218govt9)
The entire document constitutes a "classification system for HIV
infection", of which the syndrome (not disease) of AIDS is the most
severe category. KS without HIV is NOT considered AIDS. However, before
the discovery of HIV KS was considered more or less definingg, since it
was *almost* always followed by full-blown AIDS, and would have
appeared in early descriptions of the syndrome. KS is such a rare
disease without HIV that it served as a practical indicator.
>If my memory serves me correctly, there are quite a few definitions
>CDC for AIDS.
In a matter as serious as this it would be best to not rely on memory
when pontificating.
>Any three contemporaneous infections off their list without
>HIV exposure... or any one infection of certain rare microbes without HIV...
>or HIV positive and T-cell # <200 without any manifestation of other
>indications, etc.
I don't see that in the document either.
>On this thread most are regurgitating what the pop-media has been feeding
>to the public for years. If one wants a more acurate truth, perhaps go to
>the source and demand cites to specific studies.
You show no indication of having gone to the source -- the document --
yourself. It contains an extensive list of citations.
I am seperately emailing you the long document from the NIH which I
previously posted here (and received complaints about).
terrymoore
In article <hatunenD...@netcom.com>, hat...@netcom.com
>
>I can only assume that either you did not call the CDC, or you got the
>wrong person, or there was a misunderstanding. I have in front of me
>CDC documnet MM930146, "1993 Revised Classification System for HIV
>Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Defintion for AIDS Among
>Adolescents and Adults", and it says no such thing. (You can get it at
>gopher://itsa.ucsf.edu:70/00/.i/.q/.d/articles/govt/921218govt9)
**************************************************************
Thank you very much for posting some facts. The garbage I've seen
in this thread has been nauseating.
The really sad part is that the bad information will probably reach
some of the vicitms of HIV and provide them with false hope. Those
bearers of false information are far more cruel than the most
sadistic homophobe.
I fully realize that HIV is not limited to homosexuals and drug abusers,
although that group DOES make up the bulk of the victims in the US.
Cheers.
Terry in Pflugerville
*********************************************************
Michael Lorton
>>>>> "Terry" == terrymoore <terry...@mail.utexas.edu> writes:
In article <4m618g$p...@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu> terry...@mail.utexas.edu (terrymoore) writes:
Terry> Thank you very much for posting some facts. The garbage
Terry> I've seen in this thread has been nauseating.
Terry> The really sad part is that the bad information will
Terry> probably reach some of the vicitms of HIV and provide them
Terry> with false hope. Those bearers of false information are far
Terry> more cruel than the most sadistic homophobe.
Uh, why would saying, no, all the research done into AIDS so far has
been a waste of effort, give a victim false *hope*? More like the
opposite I would think.
M.
Christophe
In article <MLORTON.96...@buzz.eshop.com>,
Michael Lorton <mlo...@buzz.eshop.com> wrote:
> Terry> Thank you very much for posting some facts. The garbage
> Terry> I've seen in this thread has been nauseating.
>
> Terry> The really sad part is that the bad information will
> Terry> probably reach some of the vicitms of HIV and provide them
> Terry> with false hope. Those bearers of false information are far
> Terry> more cruel than the most sadistic homophobe.
>
>Uh, why would saying, no, all the research done into AIDS so far has
>been a waste of effort, give a victim false *hope*? More like the
>opposite I would think.
If HIV is truly harmless, and does not produce any of the fatal
conditions that makeup AIDS, then anyone who tests HIV+ can relax,
since if they don't do the mysterious unspecified lifestyle things that
the "HIV is harmless" camp claim produce AIDS, they just go on with
their lives wihtout a care in the world.
This is precisely the claim that Duesberg et al. are making: that HIV
is >completely harmless<, has been around for >millenia<, and >every
single case of AIDS< has >absolutely nothing to do with HIV<, and that
the AIDS-related diseases seen in HIV-positive people are because of
"lifestyle issues" like IV drug use. HIV may be contagious, they say,
but it makes >not a single person< ill. Ever. It is >purely< a
coincidence< that AIDS-related diseases and HIV occur together.
Needless to say, I find this position completely uncompelling, because
it makes absolutely no epidemological sense whatsoever.
Terry Liberty-Parker
John Ertel wrote in a message to All:
JE> From: John Ertel <er...@xstar.com>
JE> By the way, you can only be sent to prison for KNOWINGLY
JE> giving someone HIV.
A reason not to be tested, plausable deniability?
Enjoy,
Terry
--
|Fidonet: Terry Liberty-Parker 1:382/804
|Internet: Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com
|
| Standard disclaimer: The views of this user are strictly their own.
Terry Liberty-Parker
Lars Eighner wrote in a message to All:
LE> From: eig...@io.com (Lars Eighner)
>w...@thymaster.interaccess.com (movable articles) writes:
>
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
>news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
>average 15 second attention span public...
LE> If you are not already working for the tobacco industry, perhaps
LE> you missed your calling. Just subsistitute "tobacco" for
LE> HIV and "lung cancer" for AIDS and you have got yourself a job.
You mean he is selling HIV stocks and so has the same motive as the people who
make a living selling tobacco stocks?
LE> Denial--it's not just a river in Egypt.
Terry Liberty-Parker
terrymoore wrote in a message to All:
t> From: terry...@mail.utexas.edu (terrymoore)
t> In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>,
t> pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU (Peterson Penny) says:
t>
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one.
t> Oh, those folks who actually BELIEVE that there is no link between
t> HIV and AIDS aren't total wastes.
Do you have something specific to sustain your HIV/AIDS hypothesis or do you
think prejudicially dissing the opponent equates to truth?
t> I happen to have this used car I'd like to sell. . . . . . . . . .
So your assertions are as credible as the claims of a used car saleman......
Kimberly Walker
On 26 Apr 1996, Richard Ottolini wrote:
> Has something to do with a set of conditions, called the Hatch(?) criteria,
> that biologists use to determine whether some is an infectious agent.
> The Science article claimed the HIV virus met those conditions.
OOh, so close. :)
Koch's Postulates
Kim
super post-doc
Christophe
>can DO about an HIV diagnosis?
There's plenty you can do to keep yourself healthy when you have HIV,
and you can certainly take steps not to pass it on.
But, remember one of the core tenants in the "HIV-is-harmless" camp:
The cluster of diseases associated with AIDS are fundamentally
non-contagious, and there is no infectious agent that one person passes
to another to cause them. The danger in that attitude is obviously.
Donald E. Dupuis
Perhaps you good people would provide the references for the sources you
so freeely cite and interpret. Since I am one of the brainwashed,
unthinking horde that looks at medical school texts concerning infectious
diseases listing HIV I & II as the pathogen which has the disease
expression AIDS, would you help me out by providing the best 5 or 6
references on the lack of linkage twixt HIV and AIDS. As an aside; just
becuase one is a prestigous and accomplished scientist in one area does
not mean that their views are generally valid. Just ask Francis Crick how
humans came to be on Earth. And, what a strange newsgroup in which to be
having this discussion.
movable articles
Terry Liberty-Parker (Terry.Libe...@804.ima.infomail.com) wrote:
: >w...@thymaster.interaccess.com (movable articles) writes:
: >Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
: >that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
: >news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
: >average 15 second attention span public...
: You mean he is selling HIV stocks and so has the same motive as the
: people who make a living selling tobacco stocks?
You quoted nothing I wrote, Terry, but what you did quote is the
opposite view from my own. Do you purposely misquote people, or
are you just inexcusably careless?
David
Michael Lorton
>>>>> "Christophe" == Christophe <c...@shellx.best.com> writes:
In article <4m66hd$h...@shellx.best.com> c...@shellx.best.com (Christophe) writes:
Christophe> If HIV is truly harmless, and does not produce any of
Christophe> the fatal conditions that makeup AIDS, then anyone who
Christophe> tests HIV+ can relax, since if they don't do the
Christophe> mysterious unspecified lifestyle things that the "HIV
Christophe> is harmless" camp claim produce AIDS, they just go on
Christophe> with their lives wihtout a care in the world.
Uh, wouldn't that be a good thing too, given that there ain't much you
can DO about an HIV diagnosis?
(Don't bring up AZT. AZT may or may not delay the onset of AIDS, but
that seems far more controversial than HIV causality.)
Christophe> This is precisely the claim that Duesberg et al. are
Christophe> making: that HIV is >completely harmless<, has been
Christophe> around for >millenia<, and >every single case of AIDS<
Christophe> has >absolutely nothing to do with HIV<, and that the
Christophe> AIDS-related diseases seen in HIV-positive people are
Christophe> because of "lifestyle issues" like IV drug use. HIV
Christophe> may be contagious, they say, but it makes >not a
Christophe> single person< ill. Ever. It is >purely< a
Christophe> coincidence< that AIDS-related diseases and HIV occur
Christophe> together.
Christophe> Needless to say, I find this position completely
Christophe> uncompelling, because it makes absolutely no
Christophe> epidemological sense whatsoever.
Uh, couldn't AIDS-related disease cause HIV and not the other way
around? Or (far more likely) couldn't they both be caused by a third
thing?
It doesn't matter that every time you see a rabbit, it is being chased
by a dog: RABBITS DO NOT CAUSE DOGS!
A physician told me yesterday that 80% of all people who test positive
for HIV will develop AIDS in 10 years. A revealing number, since they
have only been testing for HIV for 10 years (and presumably they
started with the highest risk populations).
M.
Chuck Karish
>around? Or (far more likely) couldn't they both be caused by a third
>thing?
I'm not sure how a disease can "cause" a virus.
>A physician told me yesterday that 80% of all people who test positive
>for HIV will develop AIDS in 10 years. A revealing number, since they
>have only been testing for HIV for 10 years (and presumably they
>started with the highest risk populations).
Blood donors. Since blood-for-pay has gone by the wayside,
they're one of the lower risk segments of the population.
Anyway, the testing has been going on for more like 12 years and
the tests work fine on tissue samples of people who've been dead
for longer than that. There are also cases where the means of
transmission to an individual is fairly reliably known, so the
date of infection is known whether or not testing was in use
then.
terrymoore
In article <84c_960...@ima.infomail.com>,
>So your assertions are as credible as the claims of a used car saleman......
>
**********************************************************************
In your particular case, I think I can get you a superb deal on either
a residential or commercial building site on the moon. They will begin
colonizing the moon very soon now so you want to be sure and get in on
the ground floor.
Cheers.
Terry in Pflugerville
***************************************************************
DaveHatunen
>Not a single scientific/medical published paper has ever concluded
>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one. Reuters, UPI and other
>news media made up the conclusion to simplify stories directed to the
>average 15 second attention span public...
You're really not very good at this...
The National Institute of Health has a paper called "How HIV Causes
AIDS", 1 October 1993. It's available at:
gopher://itsa.ucsf.edu:70/00/.i/.q/.d/articles/govt/931001govt12\
>To check out this statement call the reporter/news service who writes
>the next article that mistakenly says HIV is causal and ask them simply,
>"What is your originating source for this conclusion, what published
>piece of peer reviewed work are you sourcing for this statement?"
Check it out yourself...
DaveHatunen
[...]
>Uh, couldn't AIDS-related disease cause HIV and not the other way
>around? Or (far more likely) couldn't they both be caused by a third
>thing?
I've never understood the reasoning behind this argument. Why on earth
would we want to postulate some unknown X-factor when all the
correlations with HIV are so strong? And if there were such an
X-factor, what would have been gained?
>It doesn't matter that every time you see a rabbit, it is being chased
>by a dog: RABBITS DO NOT CAUSE DOGS!
But I see a LOT of rabbits that aren't being chased by dogs. What the
hell kind of argument is that?
>A physician told me yesterday that 80% of all people who test positive
>for HIV will develop AIDS in 10 years. A revealing number, since they
>have only been testing for HIV for 10 years (and presumably they
>started with the highest risk populations).
Ah. Someone who doesn't understand statistics. If 80% will develop AIDS
withing ten years, then some smaller, but significant percentage will
develop AIDS within, say four years. I personally know of a child who
was pretty much born with AIDS, that is, he developed AIDS so quickly
out of the womb that none of the Duesbergian risk factors could have
come into play. He died at the age of five.
Douglas Holtsinger
In article <4m6f2k$h...@shellx.best.com>,
Christophe <c...@shellx.best.com> wrote:
>In article <MLORTON.96...@buzz.eshop.com>,
>Michael Lorton <mlo...@buzz.eshop.com> wrote:
>>can DO about an HIV diagnosis?
>
>and you can certainly take steps not to pass it on.
Yes, you can hold your breath while you're having sex -- this little
known trick works great for avoiding deadly viruses like HIV.
Matt Ackeret
In article <4m3e85$t...@geraldo.cc.utexas.edu>,
terrymoore <terry...@mail.utexas.edu> wrote:
>In article <peterson....@ucsub.Colorado.EDU>,
>pete...@ucsub.Colorado.EDU (Peterson Penny) says:
>>that HIV is a causality of AIDS. Not one.
>I'd like to sell. . . . . . . . . . . .]
Why don't the people that actually believe this offer to get injected with
HIV to prove their point? At least there'd be some social Darwinism and
population control as positive points!
(hey, it's a JOKE.)
--
unk...@apple.com Apple II Forever
These opinions are mine, not Apple's.
John Ertel
DaveHatunen wrote:
>
> In article <MLORTON.96...@buzz.eshop.com>,
> Michael Lorton <mlo...@buzz.eshop.com> wrote:
>
>
> >Uh, couldn't AIDS-related disease cause HIV and not the other way
> >around? Or (far more likely) couldn't they both be caused by a third
> >thing?
>
> I've never understood the reasoning behind this argument. Why on earth
> would we want to postulate some unknown X-factor when all the
> correlations with HIV are so strong? And if there were such an
> X-factor, what would have been gained?
are the cause just because 'the correlations are so strong.' What would be gained
is this. Right now most researchers are working on cures for HIV. If HIV is not
the cause of AIDS, and you find a way to kill it, that will NOT cure AIDS. If
something else causes AIDS, we are wasting time and moeny researching the wrong
cause. Remember all the vaccines that have been tried? Maybe they don't work
because they target HIV. If HIV is not the cause of AIDS, how are vaccines
against it going to work? I'm not 100% convinced HIV is not the cause of AIDS,
but it seems there are a lot of reasons to at least CONSIDER there may be other
causes as far as research are concerned. As has been said previously, currently
you do not get NIH funding unless you are trying to cure HIV, not research other
causes.
>
>
> >A physician told me yesterday that 80% of all people who test positive
> >for HIV will develop AIDS in 10 years. A revealing number, since they
> >have only been testing for HIV for 10 years (and presumably they
> >started with the highest risk populations).
>
> Ah. Someone who doesn't understand statistics. If 80% will develop AIDS
> withing ten years, then some smaller, but significant percentage will
> develop AIDS within, say four years. I personally know of a child who
> was pretty much born with AIDS, that is, he developed AIDS so quickly
> out of the womb that none of the Duesbergian risk factors could have
> come into play. He died at the age of five.
>
was practically born with a weak immune system? That's one of the factors.
People who constantly have a lower immune system and are constantly battling
sicknesses are likely to contract it because they can't fight off the diseases
found in AIDS, whether they have HIV or not.
BTW, you fail to point out that if some smaller percentage develops it sooner,
then some smaller population will also develop it LATER. How can they get
statistics on something that hasn't even been around as long as they are
forecasting?
movable articles
Douglas Holtsinger (do...@netcom.com) wrote:
: Yes, you can hold your breath while you're having sex -- this little
: known trick works great for avoiding deadly viruses like HIV.
Unlike you, most people take longer than a minute to have sex.
David
John Ertel
Chuck Karish wrote:
>
> In article <MLORTON.96...@buzz.eshop.com>,
> Michael Lorton <mlo...@buzz.eshop.com> wrote:
> >Uh, couldn't AIDS-related disease cause HIV and not the other way
> >around? Or (far more likely) couldn't they both be caused by a third
> >thing?
>
>
HIV can infect someone. Even if HIV were completely unrelated to AIDS, it is very
likely that the lower immune system of AIDS patients would allow the HIV virus to come
in in most patients.
Teresa Ziakas
John Ertel wrote:
> People who constantly have a lower immune system and are constantly battling
> sicknesses are likely to contract it because they can't fight off the diseases
> found in AIDS, whether they have HIV or not.
Are you constituting that people who have AIDS do NOT have HIV?
And if this is the case, is there medical proof of AIDS patients
WITHOUT the HIV virus... I remember when this whole bit came
public that they "originally" said that if you have HIV that you will
test positive in seven years or less (meaning people could target
whether or not their significant others were being faithful) - and now
they are claiming that people with HIV could not test positive for
YEARS - meaning there is no guage. If there are people with AIDS that
do not HAVE the HIV virus, then I believe the CDC would concentrate
more effort on AIDS alone instead of dividing it into multiple areas.
Just my humble opinion -
--
Teresa Ziakas
ilzi...@enteract.com
http://www.enteract.com/~ilziakas/tupperware
Gerrilynne Blattner
Hi Terry:
I just read 1/2 of your message re HIV/AIDS and I was just wondering
what your credentials are. Are you a doctor?? I find what you wrote
very interesting and enlightening. I recently saw the movie "Outbreak"
and was very intrigued by it. All things are possible and we should not
be blinded by believing everything we see/hear on the news and in print
and not reading between the lines.
g
Gerrilynne Blattner
Testing
Bruce Wedding
In houston.general
Gerrilynne Blattner <gbla...@gemini.mco.edu> wrote:
> I recently saw the movie "Outbreak" and was very intrigued by it.
What was most intrigueing was how they created a vaccine for it
in about 30 minutes, and on top of that, they treated sick people
with the vaccine and it cured them. Folks, there is no such cure
for ANY virus, with the possible exception of amantadine.
Bruce
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For Credit Card Orders Call:
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Lou Duchez
Bruce Wedding (bru...@phoenix.net) wrote:
: What was most intrigueing was how they created a vaccine for it
: in about 30 minutes, and on top of that, they treated sick people
: with the vaccine and it cured them. Folks, there is no such cure
: for ANY virus, with the possible exception of amantadine.
Oxygen therapy seems to be pretty effective against virii, according to
those who subscribe to it. I've got some info and links on my home page:
http://www.en.com/users/ljduchez
Earl Faubion
bru...@phoenix.net (Bruce Wedding) wrote:
>> I recently saw the movie "Outbreak" and was very intrigued by it.
>What was most intrigueing was how they created a vaccine for it
>in about 30 minutes, and on top of that, they treated sick people
>with the vaccine and it cured them. Folks, there is no such cure
>for ANY virus, with the possible exception of amantadine.
Hey, it's Hollywood. Since when does fiction need to jive with the
facts?
Perhaps that's why John Wayne was booed in 1945 on a USO visit to
American troops in Okinawa. :)
David A. Kaye
Earl Faubion wrote the quoted material below:
" Hey, it's Hollywood. Since when does fiction need to jive with the
" facts?
Actually, you just said the opposite of what you meant to say. The word
"jive" means lie. The word "jibe" means to agree with.
--
(c) 1996 Shredder (skateboarder) omelette:
David Kaye peanut butter, pineapple & Spam.