I don't know if I have the complete answer, but I do have a few thoughts.
-Andy is right, the original speed it was set to matters. If you set to 50mm, and move to 150% that only takes you to 75mm. If was set to 100mm, then you go to 150mm, a very different move.
-Secondly, I have heard, but not confirmed, that there is a firmware limit of ~150mm that the machine will run at. This is regardless of the speed shown on the screen. You can run it at 250%, but the firmware will only let it go so fast. If you set to 125mm, and moved up to 150% you still may have been running at 150mm instead of 187.5mm.
-Finally, Cura's time estimate is notoriously wrong. If Cura was telling you it was going to be 4h47 minutes, I would expect it to be a minimum of a 5-6 hour print. Possibly longer. In which case, the 4h33m it actually may, in fact, have been 150% faster than you where you started at. Additionally, the progress bar is based on lines of gcode. Therefore it is accurate to show how much is left in the print. However, not all lines of code take the same amount of time to print. The last half may go very quickly if it is all small lines, while the first half may take longer if there are long base lines to print.
I hope this was helpful.
-Morgan