Hard to say exactly. The ISS has a supercap and mostly the solar panel
and supercap are sufficient, but the battery is used when not. I think
I have only had to replace my battery once or twice in 9 years.
I got this alert, and didn't notice, and I think went a few weeks before
replacing it. I suspect you can limp for a while, perhaps loing
middle-of-night data and restarting in the day.
Unlike the console, this is binary, not a voltage, so it's really hard
to tell.