Assuming the maximum angle of the sun is really when it transits, then the maximum height can be calculated like this: set almanac time to transit time, and then calculate the altitude for the sun at this time:
$almanac(almanac_time=$almanac.sun.transit.raw).sun.alt
But as far as I know, $almanac.sun.transit doesn't yield today's transit, but next transit, which may be tomorrow, if the current time is after today's transit. For today's transit, you calculate the next transit from today's start of day, and then calculate the sun's altitude for this time:
$almanac(almanac_time=$almanac(almanac_time=$day.start.raw).sun.transit.raw).sun.alt
Then put the above code in a template of your choice (which may arise your next question) in a way, it survives a WeeWX update/skin update.
You also may want to format the result in a way, it doesn't show a dozen of decimals and add degrees(°), which requires additional code.
There may be other and/or easier ways.