Does the assimp package install the debug version of the library?
To help test against different assimp versions I have been building assimp myself, I currently have assump-5.2 built and installed locally. I have just done a debug build and it works fine, even though I only have the release build of libassimp.so.5.2.0 installed.
% cmake --version
cmake version 3.22.1
And upgraded to Kubuntu-22.04.
I compiled on Xubuntu-18.04 partition this morning.
At this point I don't know what might amiss with your build. Perhaps it's time for me to try install assimp from the Ubuntu repository to see if that works or fails with release and debug builds.