Pongal 2021 speech by RB:
Tiru.
R. Balakrishan, IAS (Retd.) has written a beautifully produced book on
the connections between Indus Valley Civilization and Tamil Country's
culture. He often mentions in Youtube videos, TV shows, Tamil newspaper
articles that a Mohenjadaro seal, M-312 is a depiction about Jallikaṭṭu.
He talks about M-312 seal as Jallikattu in his book also (Journey of a
Civilization, Fig. 15.5, pg.416, 2019). But Indus valley archaeologists,
starting from Ernest Mackay in 1935 onwards have written about M-312 as
depicting a ferocious water buffalo fighting. The buffalo in M-312 is
in combat with a little girl wearing a frock and single braid of hair
(ēka-vēṇī). While all in the war scene are men, except there is the
little girl being tossed up high in the air by the buffalo. The
Proto-Koṟṟavai fighting the water buffalo, in M-312 and also in a seal
discovered in Banawali are quite important. Banawali seal has all girls
in fight with the buffalo. Wearing bangles (conch shell? plant
material?), Banawali seal women are perhaps part of the Seven Kaṉṉimār
(Sapta Ṛṣi Maṇḍala). There is a Jallikkaṭṭu seal from Mehrgarh
(Shah-Parpola, 1991: MR-17) which depicts a Zebu bull. Gaurī, which
means buffalo in the Rgveda, is the Great Goddess of India.
This
is the M-312 seal scene as drawn by artist, Trotsky Marudu seen in RB's
video. Note the buffalo (NOT zebu of JallikkaTTu!) fighting with 6
humans, four are men away from the body of the buffalo, while the little
girl wearing a skirt and with ēka-vēṇī hair braid is caught in the
circular horn of the buffalo. Pallava kings had a title, Pōttaraiyan,
Pōttaraicaru, Pōtaraja that have connections with this buffalo in
combat. On buffalo's complex role in Indian culture and religion,
studies by A. Hiltebeitel, T. Vetschera (The Potaraja and Their
Goddess), A. Parpola (Metamorphoses of Mahiṣa Asura) etc., can be
consulted. Let us see what Ernest Mackay, an early Indus archaeologist says about M-312 seal and the buffalo in it.
The
Indus Civilization, 1935, pg. 32: "Another seal-amulet shows a buffalo
which has obviously attacked a group of people, and is standing
triumphant in the midst of its victims; it is possible that this is a
representation of a deity overcoming his enemies. The reader is also
referred in this instance to the amulet described earlier in this
chapter, where a buffalo is shown probably tossing a man over his head,
with a sacred tree and cult object nearby. The wild buffalo is regarded
as a most dangerous animal in India as well as in Africa, and it is
therefore a fitting vehicle for Yama, the Hindu god of death. As this
animal is quite commonly portrayed on the seal-amulets, it must be
considered, like the others, to be asymbol of a particular god,
doubtless a terrible one."
"On another
seal, No. 510 [in Mackay], a buffalo appears to have attacked a number
of people who are lying on the ground around him in every conceivable
attitude," writes the excavator Ernest Mackay. "It is undoubtedly the
wild rather than the domesticated species that is represented in on this
seal, an altogether finer animal which stands 16 to 16.5 hands high at
the shoulder. Unlike the domesticated variety, it is very truculent and
when wounded is very savage; it was, therefore, a fitting vahana or
vehicle for Yama, the god of death.
"The little drama depicted
on this seal may represent an episode that actually occurred to some of
the inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro; the buffalo may have been hunted in
Sindh in ancient days. But we may perhaps see in this scene a god, or
the emblem of a god, attacking his enemies, a parallel to the well-known
scene on the slate palettes of the First Dynasty of Egypt, where the
king himself in his attribute 'Strong Bull' gores a prostrate enemy."
Then
Dr. Mackay compares the buffalo scene with Crete island's bull-vaulting
sport: "vaulting over the animal as in a sport that was much favoured
in Crete [a large Greek island] in early times". But the study of the
buffalo tossing up the girl in M-312 is a mythological scene of war of
Indian Great Goddess, rather than a sport. May be by Sport, we can take
it to mean Līlā, as we seen Kṛṣṇa līlā with asura-s.
Asko
Parpola describes the bovid in both M-312 and Banawali seal as a
buffalo. (Fig. 19.6, pg. 241, The Roots of Hinduism, OUP, 2015). I am
including the note written in 2008 when Iravatham Mahadevan wrote in The
Hindu newspaper.
N. Ganesan
ஜல்லிக்கட்டு மீதான நீதிமன்றத் தடையை அரசாங்கம் நீக்கியிருக்கிறது என்பது மகிழ்ச்சியான செய்தி. கலித்தொகை, சிலம்பு போன்ற
இலக்கியங்களில் கண்ணனின் ஏறுதழுவல் நிகழ்ச்சி போற்றப்படுகிறது. இந்து
நாளிதழில் களத்து மேட்டுப்பட்டியில் உள்ள 1500 ஆண்டு பழமையான ஏறுதழுவல்
ஓவியம், 500 ஆண்டுகால ஜல்லிக்கட்டு பற்றிய கட்டுரையைப் படிக்கலாம்
ஐராவதம்
மகாதேவன் அவர்கள் சிந்து முத்திரை (M-312) பற்றிச் சுட்டிக்காட்டிய சேதி
இந்து நாளிதழில் வெளியாகி இருக்கிறது. ஹிந்து ஆசிரியருக்கு நான் ஒரு கடிதம்
வாயிலாக ஆராய்ச்சிக் குறிப்பினை அனுப்பிவைத்தேன். அக் கடித நகலையும்,
ஜல்லிக்கட்டு, மஞ்சிவிரட்டு, ஏறுதழுவல் செய்திகளை மேலைநாடுகளின்
ஆய்வாளர்கள் ஆய்ந்திருக்கும் கட்டுரைகளின் பட்டியலையும் இங்கே பதிகிறேன்.
கொற்றி/கொல்லி(Proto-Durga) போர்க்காட்சியைக் காட்டும் முக்கியமான முத்திரை
இது.
நா. கணேசன்
Tiru.
Iravatham Mahadevan, expert on Indian scripts and epigraphs, has
mentioned about bull-baiting rituals in Indus valley, c. 2000 BCE. http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/13/stories/2008011355961800.htm Looking at the seal M-312 published in The Hindu newspaper, I wrote a letter to the Editor. Here, it is.
----------------------------



The
animal in the Indus seal (M-312 in A. Parpola, Corpus of Indus seals
and inscriptions) given in the article by T. S. Subramanian ("Bull-baiting of yore", The Hindu, January 13, 2008) is
most likely a water buffalo, not a taurus bull. Compare with the
buffalo seal (one of many seals of this kind. This is from the book by
D.P.Sharma: Indus script: On its way to decipherment) and the scene is a
mythological scene of the combat of KoRRavai with buffalo demon famous
throughout India in the historical period.
The body structure, legs,
and the graceful inward-curving horns show it as a water buffalo. While
four persons are not in direct physical contact with the buffalo and are
shown vaulting all around the animal, there is a person stuck in the
left horn of the animal. This human being is possibly a female and her
chest is stuck in the buffalo's left horn. The person could be female
because her long head-pendent made of cloth or braid is particularly
visible above the buffalo's body. Note also the skirt worn by the female
and the skirt of the central female figure in M-312 is mentioned by
Indus archaeologist, W. A. Fairservis (Sci. Am., 238:3, 1983).
Alf
Hiltebeitel ("The Indus Valley 'Proto-Siva', Reexamined through
Reflections on the Goddess, the Buffalo, and the Symbolism of
Vaahanas." Anthropos 73:5-6 (1978):767-97 ) thinks the animal involved is a wild buffalo.
pg. 772, "Finally
it is likely that the horns are not only those of the buffalo but of
the wild buffalo. Other Indus Valley seals show the animal in
"truculent" poses, one buffalo in particular (Mackay, no. 510) having
"thrown" five human figures about him. The upward curve of the horns
which characterises the buffalo on all these seals portrays the animal
at his most aggressive potential."
In Indus seals, women are
shown many times wearing long head-pendent made of cloth in different
seals. This "turban" like cloth tied around the head has a long
tail-piece of cloth floating in the air. Next, we will see five Indus
examples.
(1)
K-65 seal from Kalibangan where a woman with a long hair-pendent stands
in between two males holding spears. And this long "turban" is
especially visible on the two women whose body is attached to tigers.
The head ornamental cloth with a long tail-piece is called urumaalai, talaippaaLai, talaippaakai or talaikkaTTu in Tamil. Interestingly, the cloth-turban word stands for "generation" in Tamil, E.g., "10 generations" will be rendered as '10 talaikkaTTu' in Tamil due to the ritual of placing a turban for the succeeding generational person.
(2)
M-305 seal (pg. 185, Parpola, 1994) where a woman with the long head
cloth pendent and also wearing buffalo horns. She sits in the same yogic
pose as the famous so called proto-siva (M-304) seal. Both M-304 and
M-305 seem to have buffalo hooves. In Indus art, we see often horns on
several animals (e.g. on tigers) and also composites. In Tamils' every
day speech, horns are part and parcel of stock phrases. For clay ovens
with multiple bumps to hold vessels, Sangam literature uses horn imagery
- 'pal kOTTu aTuppu' literally 'multi-horned oven' (akanAn2URu), 'kOTu
uyar aTuppu' (puRanAn2URu). "avanaik kompu 'horn' ciivaatE' (don't make
him big or angry), "avanukku kompu muLaiccirukkaa?" (has he grown so
big? lit. has he started growing horns), "avan periya kompanaa?" &
so on. KampaNa, the founder of Vijayanagara kingdom, KampaNa <
KompaNa "horned-leader" (kompu 'horn' > kampu). Also, Kampan, the
Tamil poet who is like Shakespeare in English, supposed to be from
vELaar potters caste traditional priests of Durga and KaaLi temples. In
the early Buddhist art of India, Buddha is represented aniconically
using a buffalo or gaur face. Even though art historians have called the
Buddhist symbol variously as trident, nandipada, nandyavarta, triratna
and so on, originally this seems to be a heritage from Indus
civilization and Buddha is represented by a buffalo/gaur face, which I
call as mahishamukha. Refer John Marshall's treatise on
Mohenjodaro (3 volumes, ASI) where he identifies the Indus sign for the
bovine face. Also, the Penguin India book by I. Mahadevan (in press,
2009) has a chapter on how the tamil nILakaNTan "great buffalo" turns into sanskrit nIlakaNTha "blue necked" for 'Siva.
(3)
There is a pendent-wearing being (shaman priest. male?) standing under a
pipal-leaf arch (R. Meadow, H95-2485, 1995 find. Thanks, Rich for the
nice picture!). The "shaman" nature of the male priest is indicated by a
"ladder" sign shown above his head. Even today, shamanistic ladders are
found among the Kalash people in Pakistan. In Tamil, ladders are kaTavai, iRaivai (Cf. kaTavuL 'god', iRaivi 'goddess').
The human may be a male, but wearing the female "turban" we see so
often in other seals, and also wearing bangles usually worn by females
in Indus art. What is "he"? May be a shaman priest of the goddess we see
in the pipal trees as shown in M-1186. He imitates his goddess by
wearing her "turban" with a long tail-piece and her bangles, but note
that he does not wear any skirt unlike females in M-1186 and M-312 and
also the horns on the head are absent. Hence, my take that he is a
priest, but not the goddess.
For
comparison of the "turban" on the male priest in the pipal arch, take a
look at the same "turban" worn by a male priest in M-1186 (5) (offering
a human warrior head? Th "double-bun" hair style of the warrior head is
visible). Here in H95-2485, bangles and long cloth pendent (both
typical for females) as well as the pipal-leaf arch are symbols for the
goddess whom the male priest serves. Such cross-dressing is seen even
today on important festival days in some large south Indian temples.
This "turban" is not the same as the braid which is shown on the seven
women in M1186 (Pleiades?, called in south Indian village festivals as 7
virgins "7 kannimAr". may be the idea behind Murukan-skanda's mothers).
Tamil name of the ficus religiosa tree
is 'araicu' - so named because of the noise of bodhi tree leaves in the
forest winds and this phenomenon of murmuring leaves of the peepul
trees are mentioned widely in Indian literature. The other famous fig
tree is ficus indica (Indian fig tree). In Tamil, it is called aal and vaTam tree,
so named because of the prominent aerial roots occupying large area.
vaTam, which means 'rope' in Tamil, has entered Sanskrit and other
Indian languages as a loan word denoting the banyan tree. The common
English name for ficus indica tree, banyan comes from merchants
striking deals in the shade of the village vaTam trees and vaNi/vaNiyan
"merchant" (Cf. vaNij in Rgveda) has to do with "paNam" (token for
barter, cash) in Tamil. p-/v- alteration: paNam/vaNi. The northerly
direction in Tamil is vaTakku and this originates from the ficus indica name vaTam because of the astronomical associations of the Indian fig tree with the pole star.
(4)
H-176 from Harappa is a very important seal on the Indus goddess
religion. H-176a depicts a water buffalo, and the female with the long
turban standing in front of a hut. On the H-176b side, the turbaned
female is seated in the typical Indus deity fashion as in so-called
proto-Siva seal (M-304) in the center. On her right is a sacrificial
animal (markhor goat?) and on her left is the shaman on a tree (acacia?)
with a tiger with its head turned back looking at him. Acacia (khadira)
tree is particularly important for KoRRavai of the forest, as the
famous Vanadurga temple is in the village, khadirA-mangalam in Thanjavur
district. Rajaraja Cholan I who led naval expeditions against Ceylon,
Maldives and Srivijaya kings in Southeast Asia was an ardent bhakta of
Katiraa-maGkalam vanadurga and his sword is placed on the idol during
worship there. KatiragAmam, a Murukan (s/o KoRRavai in sangam texts)
temple in the dense forests of Sri Lanka is also named after the acacia
tree. In Shaakta (tantra) worship of the goddess, tAmbulam (betel
leaves) is chewed with acacia nuts (an astringent) and lime paste mix in
old Indian literature.
(5) The famous M-1186 seal, where a female deity in a pipal (bodhi) tree frame stands and is shown at, http://www.harappa.com/indus/34.html
Walter
A. Fairservis, Jr. who did archaeological work in the Indus valley
sites wrote a book on Indus script taking it as belonging to Dravidian
family of languages. Dr. Fairservis remarked about the female being
attacked by a water buffalo in M-312, and mentioned the skirt worn by
this woman in M-312 (Script of the Indus valley civilization, Scientific
American, 238:3, pp. 58-66, March 1983) : "A fourth seal, even more
elaborate than the "Lord of the Beasts," introduces a "worshipper
element". It repeats the depiction of a pipal tree, this time at its
upper right corner. Between the branches of the tree stands a horned
anthropomorphic figure. Facing the horned figure is a kneeling one,
skirted and thus presumably female; to the left of the kneeling figure
is a large goat. Seven skirted figures occupy the bottom half of the
seal, their hair dressed in some kind of long "ponytail." A rather
gruesome depiction on a fifth seal [M-312 in the Parpola, Corpus of
Indus inscriptions ~NG] shows several similarly coiffed figures, one of
them wearing a skirt, being attacked by a water buffalo."
Please note
that this is also possibly a mythological scene where a female deity
fights with a buffalo demon. This seal of buffalo fight could have
arisen from jallikattu-like village festivals with bulls and buffalo
male animals in the bronze era Indus valley. It need to be researched
whether this deity has relations with the goddess, kOTTaavii (early centuries CE in North India) and koRRavai of old Tamil literature. Several Indus era sites have place names ending as -kOT (cf. Tamil kOTTai).
While there are scores of town names ending in kOTTai in south India,
there are some that start with kOT- like kOTTaiyUr, kOTTaippAkkam as
well (Cf. the pre-Harappan site, Kot Diji near Mohenjo Daro). Even now,
there is an ancient Dravidian language called Brahui in the Indus
region. The oldest Indian descriptions of bull-baiting are found in
Tamil sangam literature, written at a time midway between the mature
Indus valley civilization and now. In sum, M-312 is a Proto-Durga
(KoRRavai/kOTTavi in Tamil, ...) mythological battle scene, and her
aspects are seen in many Harappan civilization seals such as H-176, K-65
and M-1186.
Kind regards,
N. Ganesan
References:
BTW,
bull-baiting is described in sangam literature. And, later on the motif
is found in Sanskrit bhakti texts like Bhagavatam written in Tamil
Nadu. In sum, M-312 is a Proto-Durga (KoRRavai/kOTTavi in Tamil, ...)
mythological scene. Observe that the horns of the buffalo do not seem
attached to the animal head in his battle scene with proto-Durga
(M-312). In historic Indian art, the most famous battle scene of Durga
vs. buffalo is at Mamallapuram (7th century, Pallava) near Chennai. The
buffalo horns little away from their head (M-312) can be compared with
the hands dangling which are displayed at a little distance from the
thighs in Indus seals showing gods in "yogic" posture. An example from
Dean Anderson,
http://www.eastwestcultural.org/public/protoyogi/
It will be useful the measure the actual distance between the horns and their buffalo head, it may be ~ 0.3 mm.
Parpola,
Asko, (2000), Vāc as a Goddess of Victory in the Veda and her relation
to Durgā, Zinbun, Kyoto University, 34, 2, pp. 101-143. The pdf file can
be downloaded at
http://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/48782
http://www.harappa.com/script/
The Indus script papers by A. Parpola
(1) http://www.harappa.com/script/indus-writing.pdf
(2) http://www.harappa.com/script/indusscript.pdf
Zvelebil, Kamil, Bull-baiting Festival in Tamil India, Annals of the Naprstek Museum 1, Prague 1962, pp. 191-199.
Erik
Af Edholm and C. Suneson, The seven bulls and Krsna's marriage to
Nila/Nappinnai in Sanskrit and Tamil literature, Temenos, v.8, p. 29-53,
1972.
Rabe, Michael, "Victorious Durga, The Buffalo Slayer",
Muse: Annual of the Museum of Art and Archaeology, No. 20,University of
Missouri - Columbia (1986), pp. 50-65 with added color plates
http://web.sxu.edu/mdr1/durga/index.htm
Vanamala Parthasarathy, Bull baiting in Tamil and Sanskrit, Jl. Inst. Asian studies, 1998
The ID of Indus bovines:
http://dakshinatya.blogspot.com/2008/11/zebu-buffalo.html
There
is a long article on bull-baiting in Tamil and Sanskrit traditions by
Ulrike Niklas at Cologne. It appeared in the Kolam journal. F. Gros
translated VaaTivaacal novel into French. In Italian, there is a book with photos, Fabio Scialpi, La festa di Pongal a Madurai, 1991.koRRavai-durga - as a little girl: