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Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Feb 25, 2022, 7:49:16 AM2/25/22
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I detest our hypocritical condemnations of the new get rich quick fad amongst our youngsters when every value we promote now rests on "the end justifies the means"

-Chidi Anthony Opara (CAO)


--
Chidi Anthony Opara is a Poet, IIM Professional Fellow, MIT Chief Data Officer Ambassador and Founder/Publisher of, www.publicinformationprojects.org)

Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Mar 1, 2022, 11:33:24 AM3/1/22
to USA African Dialogue Series
Oil and Gas are no longer the most profitable resources, technology(tech)is.

Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Mar 9, 2022, 8:13:28 AM3/9/22
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There will never be gender equality if our womenfolk (especially in Africa)by their mindsets, actions and inactions continue to place the menfolk in dominant economic positions.

Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Mar 11, 2022, 5:25:28 AM3/11/22
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"ASUU" have the highest number of scums in Nigeria in their midst. Their members treat undergrads as slaves.

Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Mar 19, 2022, 5:21:36 AM3/19/22
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The idiots far outnumber the non idiots. They (idiots)are the majority. The reason it is like that, I do not know.

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 19, 2022, 8:53:09 AM3/19/22
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“Between the idea
And the reality
Between the motion
And the act
Falls the Shadow” (The Hollow Men

Chidi says that “The idiots far outnumber the non idiots. They (the idiots) are in the majority.”

Where? Ukraine? Utah? NATO? North Korea?

Don’t forget that between the idiots and the non-idiot there are the semi-idiots and a good number of educated, over-educated, under-educated idiots who by definition must belong to one of those two categories (idiots/ semi-idiots) - unless you want to add a third category – “Full idiot” – like “Full Professor”, not half-professor or what in Victorian English is referred to as “half-idiot

I intuit where you are heading, dear Chili, because I’ve heard it plenty of times from e.g. the kinds of Anglo-Sierra Leoneans and semi-Anglo Sierra Leonean Missionaries and allied Creole petty bourgeoisie (usually with estates and “farms”), the intelligentsia, the lumpen proletariat. the shoemakers  who say that the Colonial Brits did a huge disservice to the Creoles when they amalgamated the Creoles’ Crown colony – I, e Freetown and the Western Area, with the Protectorate, that is, “the hinterland” and then extended franchise to all and sundry, so that from then on it became “one man, one vote”;  as a result of which they (the Creoles, both Yoruba and igbo Creoles)  became “outnumbered”.

 It was from then on and with a gradual increase in vehemence  and frustration that you heard them complaining so wistfully, or bittrely, that “The country has gone to the dogs

 “They (the illiterates) will soon be electing your houseboy and your former gardener as their next Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs,,  Director-General of the Central Bank andChief Justiceof the Supreme Court !"

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 19, 2022, 11:06:07 AM3/19/22
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Chidi,

On second thoughts, I’m feeling half-guilty because “idiot” is the first all-purpose expletive that we usually detonate when we are offended.

 “Idiot” is always reserved for the other or the one that we disagree with. 

“We”, that is, in our literate societies, generally speaking, all brands of West African post-colonial English.

As I narrated here that’s what I said to the urchin in the supermarket when he offended me.

With African Americans, “ The first thing they say when they're mad: 'Fuck it'

(BTW, if I had to, I would be much better at swearing at /cursing a Swede in Swedish, but more emotionally, in English, except that when such cursing could get really creative, he wouldn't understand what you are saying or where you’re coming from. Furthermore, he’d be stoically unmoved by whatever you could possibly say about e.g. his mother (those in Catholic countries are more sensitive about “mami cuss”, even if some of them don’t know who is their father

The most famous idiot in print: Dostoevsky: The Idiot





On Saturday, 19 March 2022 at 10:21:36 UTC+1 chidi...@gmail.com wrote:

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 19, 2022, 2:41:31 PM3/19/22
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all right, here's my idiot take, a la dostoyevski
when massacres occur, the really horrible, villainous types who are guilty of mass crimes blame the victims:
--they should have surrendered, it's not my fault
--they would have used these weapons against me, so i am entitled to use them against them
--they would have threatened me by joining my enemies in the future

you can go on. the most open face of aggression, masquerading as defense in our times, is occurring now as thousands are dying. the evil thinking that dreams up excuses for it has no end.
now, that's really idiotic.

oh, i forgot the master idiocy: you did all this before, so you have no right to criticize me for doing it now.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


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Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 20, 2022, 4:27:54 AM3/20/22
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 Allen Ginsberg: Birdbrain

There’s also Bernard Malamud’s Idiots First

Conversely, “you didn’t do all this before, so you have no right to criticize me for not doing ditto now.”

I’m still chewing on Chris Hedges: Worthy and Unworthy Victims

We hold these three truths to be self-evident:

1. That Russia didn’t colonise anybody in Africa.

2. That it was the United States and Britain that consistently used their veto against the very idea sanction on Apartheid South Africa, whereas during the so cold cold War the USSR/ Russia supported all the Liberation Movements fighting for freedom in Africa

3. Muammar Gaddafi also supported the struggle against Apartheid South Africa (Gaddafi who NATO destroyed)

Crazy is as crazy does

I have a lot of respect for Gary Kasparov (a non-idiot) although when it comes to the latest developments in Ukraine he sounds totally Americanised or as born-again Americans would say brainwashed – the kind of thing that even dissidents are subjected to by some totalitarian regimes whether in the Gulag or ideological training camps where it is alleged Uyghur Muslims are being rehabilitated into mainstream Chinese society.

Because of the latest developments in Ukraine, just as Ukraine was and is divided, so too Sweden is now a divided nation, almost equally divided between those who want Sweden to join NATO and those who oppose the idea

Bob Dylan: The Idiot Wind

Amin.

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 20, 2022, 4:28:05 AM3/20/22
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Since, at the end of the day when the dust of battle finally settles, Ukraine will agree to all of  Russia's demands, the delay in acceding to Russia's demands is tragic

On Saturday, 19 March 2022 at 19:41:31 UTC+1 Kenneth Harrow wrote:

Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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Mar 20, 2022, 1:54:19 PM3/20/22
to Cornelius Hamelberg, USA Africa Dialogue Series
“oh, i forgot the master idiocy: you did all this before, so you have no right to criticize me for doing it now.“

That is not idiocy. It is common sense and
wisdom.

 It is also a swipe at colossal
hypocrisy.  Human rights 
violators have no business pontificating
about  human rights.
They should repent for the atrocities that
they have committed  before speaking.
If we  give violators a free hand to
speak, they would never stop their 
crimes against humanity.

The Ukraine-Russian war has
created a new genre in journalism.
Empathetic war narratives fill
the air in back-to-back  and
wall-to-wall coverage. We get to
hear the agonies of the wounded,
the children affected in the war
zone, the widows who lost their
husbands, pregnant women
caught in the crossfire, and
the  innocent people wounded
by errant missiles.

What of the wounded civilians,
the pregnant women, widows
 and orphans of the dumb wars
of Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya,
and currently Yemen? We owe
them similar respect, even
retroactively.

Heartfelt apologies
and retroactive coverage
won’t resurrect  two million
dead people, admittedly.
However, empathetic war
journalism should transcend
the boundaries of space and
race and put to shame all
war mongers, past and
present.



Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association

Sent: Saturday, March 19, 2022 7:59 PM

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Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

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Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 20, 2022, 1:54:40 PM3/20/22
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perhaps so. the ukrainians seem to be willing to fight to the death in order to resist the russian invasion and takeover.
it is hard to say how many ukrainians from crimea or the east desire that; perhaps a small number. the rest are either fleeing, and not to russia, or arming themselves to fight.
that tells us that even if zelensky capitulated, the ukrainians might wish to continue to fight. this seems like a struggle of a people for their freedom. everyone in africa knows the meaning of those words.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Saturday, March 19, 2022 7:59 PM

To: USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

Chidi Anthony Opara, FIIM

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Mar 21, 2022, 2:18:26 AM3/21/22
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All those negative name calling because they support someone you do not support? Do you have to dictate to people who to support?

Dompere, Kofi Kissi

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Mar 21, 2022, 8:53:36 PM3/21/22
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com, Cornelius Hamelberg

GREETINGS TO ALL.

GLORIA, THANK YOU FOR THIS POST.

WE MAY EXTEND  IT TO PANAMAN, CUBA, HAITI, WESTERN SAHARA, CAMBODIA AND MANY OTHER AREAS OF ATRICIIES  OF THE NATO MEMBERS WITHOUT EXECTION .

THESE ATROCITIES AND CRIMES AGAINT HUMANITY HAVE TELESCOPID PAST-PRESENT DUALITY  WHICH I DO NOT INTEND TO DISCUSS.

JUST SEE THE SITES BELOW. WHICH ALSO CONTAIN AFRICAN MUSICAL INFLUENCE ON THE WORLD.

MAY ALL OF US RECEIVE THE BLESSINGS OF OUR AFRICAN ACESTRIAL SPAIRITS

ALWAYAS, REMEMBERS FROM THE AFRICAN CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM AND THE PRINCIPLE OF OPPOSITES

1; NOTHINGNESS-SOMETHINGNESS DUALITY FROM WHICH  THE MAT5HEMATICAL CONCEPT OF ZERO-INFINITY DUALITY IS CRAFTED.

THE BELOW PICTURES ARE MANY. VISIT AS MUCH AS YOUR TIME ALLOWS.

PROFESSOR KOFI. KISSI DOMPERE

 

 

 

Subject:

 

SOME IMPORTANT SITES FOR PICTUTRES OF ATROCITIES  AGAINST AFRICAN PEOPLE

 

AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

https://video.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEZ7AQHPdg9RkA0B0PxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzIEdnRpZANDMjAxNF8xBHNlYwNzYw--?p=AFRICAN+SLAVERY&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&ei=UTF-8&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&turl=https%3A%2F%2Ftse1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DOVP.4Gfje89bA_H2S8S8aPOUQwHgFo%26pid%3DApi%26w%3D148%26h%3D78%26c%3D7&rurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdX_tkBvH87k&tit=Africa+to+America%3A+The+Odyssey+of+Slavery&pos=1&vid=1da11b61f45802848b69703523150f68&sigr=SgoOot5UF.VG&sigt=5ePLFHLPPvI9&sigi=0tS66LEOVqwp

 

USA

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrCmnr5HPdg5XsAewIPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzIEdnRpZANDMjAxNF8xBHNlYwNzYw--?p=UNITED+STATES+AND+SLAVERY&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&ei=UTF-8&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003

 

CUBA AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=cuba+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hspart=iry&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F15%2FSlaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg#id=6&iurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F15%2FSlaves_Unloading_Ice_in_Cuba_1832.jpg&action=close

 

 

GERMANY AND SLAVERY

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrCmnr5HPdg5XsAewIPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzIEdnRpZANDMjAxNF8xBHNlYwNzYw--?p=UNITED+STATES+AND+SLAVERY&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&ei=UTF-8&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003

 

GERMANY AND NAMIBIA

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzOCbHfdg6j4AZT02nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzhidk5zREV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFGc01UTTRMZ0FBQUFDdmdKTVYEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2JqcWZGUi5SU25HTGRteDljZmllZUEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM2BHF1ZXJ5A0dFUk1BTlklMkMlMjBTTEFWRVJZJTIwQU5EJTIwTkFNSUJJQQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNjgwNzY2NQ--?p=GERMANY%2C+SLAVERY+AND+NAMIBIA&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

BELGIUUM AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExdoRHvdg04YA2DI2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA2RUMVNJVEV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFjZE1UTTRMZ0FBQUFDMmk4VW8EZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2VVUUUxQVZEVDQ2aUZhaEMxbjJiMEEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIwBHF1ZXJ5A0JFTEdJVU0lMjBTTEFWRVJZJTIwBHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODA3OTg4?p=BELGIUM+SLAVERY+&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

 

KING LEDOPARD II, BELGIUM

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExdpVH_dgNSMAw0U2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA3dNOGVYekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFIRk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFESjJFVDMEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA05aNmdwLlVCVFNDWWVWYVE3bHdtSkEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMxBHF1ZXJ5A0tJTkclMjBMRU9QQVJEJTIwQU5EJTIwQ09OR08lMjAEdF9zdG1wAzE2MjY4MDgxMjI-?p=KING+LEOPARD+AND+CONGO+&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

ROMAN CHATHERIC AND SLAVERY

 

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExdnaH_dgJQ0AD082nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA1hnT3ZpVEV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFHX01UTTRMZ0FBQUFEUnlHOFkEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2ZzalJFc0sxUkRDM1QyLmVJanRqMEEEbl9zdWdnAzIEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM1BHF1ZXJ5A1JPTUFOJTIwQ0FUSE9MSUMlMjAlMjBBTkQlMjBTTEFWRVJZBHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODA4Mjg0?p=ROMAN+CATHOLIC++AND+SLAVERY&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

POTTUGAL AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzNx8IPdgCGMAkG02nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA09lNUpkakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFLb01UTTRMZ0FBQUFEYmRueFMEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA0R5NnloWnFMUmNPdXJsdmRpTFJrUkEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMxBHBxc3RyA1BPVFVHQUxMJTIwQU5EJTIwU0xBVkVSWQRwcXN0cmwDMjAEcXN0cmwDMjQEcXVlcnkDcG9ydHVnYWwlMjBhbmQlMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODEzMDE1?p=portugal+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sa-gp-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise

 

 

ANGOLA AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ4Nb3MvdgHvUAmps2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA2VlbmRQekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFOY01UTTRMZ0FBQUFEMWNfYVYEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2pYZXlBNWJOUk9hQlRvdjdRWnByYUEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIyBHF1ZXJ5A0FOR09MQSUyMGFuZCUyMHNsYXZlcnkEdF9zdG1wAzE2MjY4MTMxODI-?p=ANGOLA+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

 

NIGERIA AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExo.eM_dgPVQAGzQ2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzVvcVl3ekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFkRU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFEX2FkMHYEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA1VLLi4xQWI1UXVxZmhVZmV2OEIxSkEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIzBHF1ZXJ5A05JR0VSSUElMjBhbmQlMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODEzMzE2?p=NIGERIA+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search\

 

NAMIBIA AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ4NYkNPdgzB4Asng2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA0VsVGwxREV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFMc01UTTRMZ0FBQUFBSFpJWW4EZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2lSbUp1Nl9DUnJXRGtmNk1fUHg0ckEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIzBHF1ZXJ5A05BTUlCSUElMjBhbmQlMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODE0ODQx?p=NAMIBIA+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

SENEGAL AND SLAVERY

 

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzNwaOvdgnYIABjQ2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA0pnbFhUekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFkbE1UTTRMZ0FBQUFCaVVYQXcEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA0JoZmNEZVdUVE1PNXZuc2NtN0lZaUEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzI2BHF1ZXJ5A1NFTkVHQUwlMjAlMjBhbmQlMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI2ODE1MDE0?p=SENEGAL++and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

SPAIN AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzNzeYftgEkwACJE2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA1BEbzlRekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFqT01UTTRMZ0FBQUFES0dYR1IEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA3N3RXFnclByVHV1TGROZ00yOFprMkEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIxBHF1ZXJ5A1NQQUlOJTIwYW5kJTIwc2xhdmVyeQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNzA4NzI5Mg--?p=SPAIN+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

ITALY AND SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ6wpcYvtg0moA1vY2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA1VVRVFwekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFWWk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFEUm9qcU8EZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA3N1dlo5Mkw3UnNPMUxKbVhrX2RiN0EEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzIxBHF1ZXJ5A0lUQUxZJTIwYW5kJTIwc2xhdmVyeQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNzA4NzQzNQ--?p=ITALY+and+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

GREECE AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzOCaY_tg_RQAc_02nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA3FENUNYekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakF1Vk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFEa21mcFoEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAzBGSjl4aHdEU2s2c3FMVVNUM2w4SkEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMxBHF1ZXJ5A0dSRUVDRSUyMGFuZCUyMEFGUklDQSUyMHNsYXZlcnkEdF9zdG1wAzE2MjcwODc2NzI-?p=GREECE+and+AFRICA+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search#id=504&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fparallelozero.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2F0546_BZ_003.jpg&action=close

 

 

MEXICO AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExlTAdQBh6HUAoqY2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA2NjXzhGakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFPZ01UTTRMZ0FBQUFCRXY0eDcEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA0hfZlgzcldiU1JtT3A2cUpVZTY1Z0EEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMyBHF1ZXJ5A21leGljbyUyMGFuZCUyMGFmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI3NDIwMDc2?p=mexico+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

VENESUELA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ6wpNdgBhpyUAOxg2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzhNa3ZPakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakF5OU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFCTktIVkoEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA1ZxeGMya0R2UjBDcEpjWk01MHBrUkEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM1BHF1ZXJ5A1ZFTkVTVUVMQSUyMGFuZCUyMGFmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI3NDIwMjU2?p=VENESUELA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

COLOMBIA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ6woBdwBh7oMA76M2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA3UuOUdJakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFwR01UTTRMZ0FBQUFCWDJfaG4EZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA3htejBFOWtOUnBxUXlORVRqSVIyM0EEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM0BHF1ZXJ5A0NPTE9NQklBJTIwYW5kJTIwYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnkEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc0MjAzNzQ-?p=COLOMBIA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

PERU AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExlR3dwBh1RwArzY2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzE0NWpEekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFkUU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFCZTdaMGEEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA1Jobnk5ZmJXU2dDbFVYUFkucXNRakEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMwBHF1ZXJ5A1BFUlUlMjBhbmQlMjBhZnJpY2FuJTIwc2xhdmVyeQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNzQyMDUzOQ--?p=PERU+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

CHINA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEzNwceABhc44ABIU2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA0dkWTNUekV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakE5d01UTTRMZ0FBQUFCb3dDZjQEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAwRuX3N1Z2cDMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHIDBHBxc3RybAMEcXN0cmwDMzEEcXVlcnkDQ0hJTkElMjBhbmQlMjBhZnJpY2FuJTIwc2xhdmVyeQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNzQyMDcyOQ--?p=CHINA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

INDIA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ4NbbeABhGxIA_mU2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA0ZKOWR1REV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFJX01UTTRMZ0FBQUFCMEtlSmMEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA3RkZHk0VmlwVDlXVFhwbjJ2TDlUekEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMxBHF1ZXJ5A0lORElBJTIwYW5kJTIwYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnkEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc0MjA5NTk-?p=INDIA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search#id=259&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.fs.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-56d53db7f7cefa364148ec628ddd1a60&action=close

 

RUSSIA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExo_AeQBhrg8AUFc2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA2JBN2tlakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFoYU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFDQnpRZ2MEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAzRUUk9udU5hUWhLZkNnd20yTmlGVkEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMyBHF1ZXJ5A1JVU1NJQSUyMGFuZCUyMGFmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI3NDIxMjAx?p=RUSSIA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search#id=113&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fslavery-160511033519%2F95%2Fslavery-7-638.jpg%3Fcb%3D1462937770&action=close

 

AUSTRIA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ4NayegBh3YUARBI2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzVfRmpIREV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFhLk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFDUU9KcmcEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA0xDWE5odTVVU0lxeS55ek1Ra0NhS0EEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzMzBHF1ZXJ5A0FVU1RSSUElMjBhbmQlMjBhZnJpY2FuJTIwc2xhdmVyeQR0X3N0bXADMTYyNzQyMTM5MQ--?p=AUSTRIA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

AUSTRALIA AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrJ4NZvewBhL3wAXx82nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA29idFpqakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFDc01UTTRMZ0FBQUFDYmdQaVUEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAzRIbDh6UDVEUUFDcTNoTDJXVzlyYkEEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM1BHF1ZXJ5A0FVU1RSQUxJQSUyMGFuZCUyMGFmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI3NDIxNTkz?p=AUSTRALIA+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

 

ISLAM AND AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExdk6fABhUicAE6U2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA3cxeTJQREV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFQeU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFDbmxhcWkEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA19DMExhT1pwUjBTdkhlQUR5ZW5lUEEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMxBHBxc3RyA0lTJTIwYW5kJTIwYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnkEcHFzdHJsAzIyBHFzdHJsAzMxBHF1ZXJ5A2lzbGFtJTIwYW5kJTIwYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnkEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc0MjE3Nzc-?p=islam+and+african+slavery&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sa-gp-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise#id=147&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage1.slideserve.com%2F3124093%2Fthe-atlantic-and-islamic-slave-trades-l.jpg&action=close

 

 

CENTRAL AMERICAN AND AFRICN SLAVE TRADE

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=african+slavery+and+central+american+countries+and+capitals&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hspart=iry&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F21%2F67%2F03%2F216703fc0bf261f5134922c3903b446d--mapy-sveta-smarty-pants.jpg#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fslaverythennow-160114200350%2F95%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-2-1024.jpg&action=close

 

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=african+slavery+and+central+american+countries+and+capitals&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hspart=iry&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F21%2F67%2F03%2F216703fc0bf261f5134922c3903b446d--mapy-sveta-smarty-pants.jpg#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fslaverythennow-160114200350%2F95%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-2-1024.jpg&action=close

 

 

EQUIRITORIAL GUINIQUE AND AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=african+slavery+and+central+american+countries+and+capitals&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hspart=iry&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F21%2F67%2F03%2F216703fc0bf261f5134922c3903b446d--mapy-sveta-smarty-pants.jpg#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fslaverythennow-160114200350%2F95%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-2-1024.jpg&action=close

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=african+slavery+and+central+american+countries+and+capitals&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hspart=iry&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F21%2F67%2F03%2F216703fc0bf261f5134922c3903b446d--mapy-sveta-smarty-pants.jpg#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fslaverythennow-160114200350%2F95%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade-2-1024.jpg&action=close

 

AFRICAN SLAVERY AND SUGER PLANTATIONS

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExlQugwRhoWEAZoY2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA1guSUVuakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFMck1UTTRMZ0FBQUFBYXFvYmcEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA01IRGlhcDZoUVZ5Y2dIV3BiNjJIZUEEbl9zdWdnAzEwBG9yaWdpbgNpbWFnZXMuc2VhcmNoLnlhaG9vLmNvbQRwb3MDNQRwcXN0cgNhZnJpY2FuJTIwc2xhdmVyeSUyMARwcXN0cmwDMTYEcXN0cmwDMzgEcXVlcnkDYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnklMjBzdWdhciUyMHBsYW50YXRpb24EdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc2ODU2NDc-?p=african+slavery+sugar+plantation&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sa-gp-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise

 

AFRICAN SLAVERY AND EUROPE

 

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExo6xgwRhXS8ANY82nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkAzRNYnNmakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFpdU1UTTRMZ0FBQUFBaWZMRWoEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA0U0d1hiTUl6UzBpY0FYd2xieVE1N0EEbl9zdWdnAzEwBG9yaWdpbgNpbWFnZXMuc2VhcmNoLnlhaG9vLmNvbQRwb3MDMwRwcXN0cgNhZnJpY2FuJTIwc2xhdmVyeSUyMARwcXN0cmwDMTYEcXN0cmwDNTEEcXVlcnkDYWZyaWNhbiUyMHNsYXZlcnklMjBiZWZvcmUlMjBldXJvcGVhbiUyMGludm9sdmVtZW50BHRfc3RtcAMxNjI3Njg1NzMy?p=african+slavery+before+european+involvement&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sa-gp-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise

 

AFRICAN SLAVERY AND NIGARAGUA

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExl8GhARhaSMAHqk2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA1Rqd2RNakV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFQWk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFBbmtoZV8EZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2thTGJCb2suUzcyMm9BVGwydW9TREEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMxBHBxc3RyA2FmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5JTIwQU4lMjBORUdBUkFHVUEEcHFzdHJsAzI4BHFzdHJsAzM0BHF1ZXJ5A2FmcmljYW4lMjBzbGF2ZXJ5JTIwYW4lMjBuaWNhcmFndWEEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc2ODU4NjE-?p=african+slavery+an+nicaragua&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sa-gp-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise

 

 

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADERS

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=african+slave+traders&fr=yhs-pty-pty_converter&type=vc_appfocus1_ie-win-%7E2019-40%7E&hspart=pty&hsimp=yhs-pty_converter&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilePath%2FAfrican_slave_trade.png#id=251&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2Fac%2F90%2F04%2Fac90049d5cd5b675d1e36b7853cd3df6.jpg&action=close

 

GUATEMALA AND AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrEeBmh4gZhg3gA8gUPxQt.;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANDMjAxNF8xBHNlYwNzYw--?p=GUATAMALE+AND+AFRICAN+SLAVERY&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&ei=UTF-8&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003#id=380&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondtheordinary.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F06%2FLivingston-Guatemala-Statue-Sea-1536x1021.jpeg&action=close

 

CRISTIANITY AND AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExo6y4gZhTkQALjs2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA3ZZZVRsREV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFHYk1UTTRMZ0FBQUFCUW45LkoEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkA2VwX0JGWnNwUS5hbkdFM2ZtWEdrcEEEbl9zdWdnAzEEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM3BHF1ZXJ5A0NSSVNUSUFOSVRZJTIwQU5EJTIwQUZSSUNBTiUyMFNMQVZFUlkEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc4NDE0MDM-?p=CRISTIANITY+AND+AFRICAN+SLAVERY&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search

 

GARIFUNA AND AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrExdkd5AZhqFkAPYM2nIlQ;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc=X1MDMTM1MTE5NTcwMgRfcgMyBGFjdG4DY2xrBGNzcmNwdmlkA0R0Skw4akV3TGpKcUNGSndXY1UxakFOY01UTTRMZ0FBQUFCbVJsRHUEZnIDeWhzLWlyeS1mdWxseWhvc3RlZF8wMDMEZnIyA3NhLWdwBGdwcmlkAzZDZjlhYi5GUVlPQ096VUR6S3RMd0EEbl9zdWdnAzAEb3JpZ2luA2ltYWdlcy5zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tBHBvcwMwBHBxc3RyAwRwcXN0cmwDBHFzdHJsAzM0BHF1ZXJ5A0dBUklGVU5BJTIwQU5EJTIwQUZSSUNBTiUyMFNMQVZFUlkEdF9zdG1wAzE2Mjc4NDE2MDk-?p=GARIFUNA+AND+AFRICAN+SLAVERY&fr=yhs-iry-fullyhosted_003&fr2=sb-top-images.search&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=wncy_omxmedia_16_18&hsimp=yhs-fullyhosted_003&hspart=iry&param1=1&param2=f%3D7%26b%3Dchmm%26cc%3Dus%26pa%3DWincy%26cd%3D2XzuyEtN2Y1L1Qzu0Czz0C0B0BzztD0D0BzyyBzyyBzy0ByDtN0D0Tzu0StCyDzzyDtN1L2XzutAtFtBtCtFtCtFtCtN1L1Czu1StN1L1G1B1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2StCyBtA0BzztCzzzytGyCyB0EzztGyC0C0BzztGtCyCyBzztG0F0E0CyDyByD0EyC0C0F0D0B2QtN1M1F1B2Z1V1N2Y1L1Qzu2SzzyD0ByByBtAzy0DtG0Czy0DyCtGyEtDtA0CtGzz0DzyyEtGtCzzzz0BtDyDtB0E0E0E0AtC2QtN0A0LzutB%26cr%3D236646580%26a%3Dwncy_omxmedia_16_18%26os_ver%3D6.1%26os%3DWindows%2B7%2BEnterprise&y=Search#id=308&iurl=http%3A%2F%2Fb.vimeocdn.com%2Fts%2F311%2F922%2F31192256_640.jpg&action=close

 

AFRICAN DRUMS AND AFRICAN SLAVERY

 

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AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENS AND SLAVERY

 

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AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE WESTERN WORLD.

 

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AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE EASTERN WORLD

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From: 'Emeagwali, Gloria (History)' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, March 20, 2022 8:51 AM
To: Cornelius Hamelberg <cornelius...@gmail.com>; USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote

 

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Cornelius Hamelberg

unread,
Mar 21, 2022, 8:53:57 PM3/21/22
to USA Africa Dialogue Series

Shalom!

Is it true that some people want to nominate Zellenskyy for the Noble Peace Prize?

I just did a double check

If it’s true that “The first casualty of War is Truth” then some of the opinions and “facts” presented in this BBC clip must not be viewed as entirely devoid of propaganda.

Oh, freedom,

Oh, freedom,

Oh freedom over me.

And before I'd be a slave

I'd be buried in my grave

And go home to my Lord and be free.” (Oh Freedom)

Does the Ukraine - Russia imbroglio boil down to the battle cry

Give me liberty, or give me death!”?

That bad? Was Ukraine not living in peace and tranquillity as part of the USSR?

Using that emotionally charged word FREEDOM, Professor Harrow is manifestly appealing to everyone in Africa, every African whosoever supported an African Liberation struggle. As he says, “the ukrainians might wish to continue to fight. this seems like a struggle of a people for their freedom. everyone in africa knows the meaning of those words.

What about the Africans not currently in Africa, and the non-Africans outside of the old and new borders that enclose today’s Ukraine?

For people born in Freetown, Sierra Leone the idea and reality of Freedom has a special resonance that cannot be underestimated.

Your man Zellenskyy doesn’t sound too compromising here.

It’s not a matter of Kiddush HaShem, and since some comparisons are inevitable, nor is it on the same scale as any of Israel's Wars of Liberation or any of the African Liberations struggles such as Haiti, Algeria’s, Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Guinea-Bissau, to name just a few...

My only fear is that bristling with illusions of uncompromising grandeur in that CNN clip, Zellenskyy might even slip into the phase that for lack of a better term I’ll dub a Masada complex and that is, assuming that all the old men and women who are over 70 years of age and the children below the age of 17 years are therefore not liable to military conscription in defence of “every inch” of what Zellenskyy believes was given to him for all eternity by God - that they have all left Kyiv – and instead of making some reasonable concessions those who remain are prepared to follow their leader and, as Professor Harrow suggests, “to be willing to fight to the death “thereby defining the blurred line between martyrdom and suicide, in the name of some kind of “ national-ism”

Still praying for peace, to seek it and to pursue it. It's a Divinely sanctioned imperative!

Harrow, Kenneth

unread,
Mar 21, 2022, 11:46:55 PM3/21/22
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com
dear cornelius,
i don't have anything much to say about zellensky. under the circumstances he has very little choice. he could surrender, but i don't get the impression that's what ukrainians now would accept. they'd save lives, lose much of their territory, and i suspect lose their sovereignty., we all know of african cases where this was not acceptable, and bitter wars ensued, like etritrea or biafra, or sort of parallel south sudan. taking his defiant speeches, under these circumstances, as literal indications of anything makes no sense.

i favor peace and surrender over do or die, but that's not my core reaction here.
i honestly believe putin and his military goons are monsters.
kadri would have us love russians for their roles/ambiguous actually, in liberation struggles. but even accepting that (which is truly mixed in angola, say), and worse in algeria; even accepting that, does that give him a pass today to commit any atrocity he wants?
'one of the very worst scenarios of slaughter in recent years was the russian bombing of a peaceful decent opposition movement in syria. russian involvement in c.,a.,r. is not as bad; just bad. there is no argument i can imagine that condemns french barkhan in the sahel and accepts the wagner group that is willing to commit atrocities and is rapacious for african mineral wealth. at least the chinese, who are indifferent to authoritarian rule in africa, haven't lent their troops to rapacious practices.
but syria is the true mark of the policies.
americans have also committed their atrocities. nothing in that excuses the russians who bombed enormous numbers of civilians in syria.
and the takeover of crimea, the attack in georgia, and now this reveals putin's colors.
why strain so hard to rationalize or excuse this inexcusable action?
why should we care?
as you said, we care about ethiopian lives, even if we aren't living there, and the ehtiopian govt is not bombing civilians daily. we all have a stake in this madman's war; the threat of the use of nuclean weapons touches on all of us, everything on earth. it is intolerable that someone with thousands of missiles can leverage that to threaten not only nato or the u.s., but all of us as a consequences. all of us. swedes; ethiopians, nigerians, south africans; algerians, australians, etc. the atomic fallout circles the planet, our planet.,
it is time we vote putin out. he broke the agreement that even the nutty north koreans have kept, which is to respect the pact called mutual shared destruction.
ken


kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Monday, March 21, 2022 4:44 PM

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 22, 2022, 11:54:28 AM3/22/22
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com

Dear Kenneth,

Shalom!

Many thanks for the patience, outrage, civility, succinct explanations.

And yes, two wrongs don’t make a right.

Malaysia, Vietnam oppose anti-Russian sanctions — Prime Minister

Biden says US must lead ‘new world order

Save my soul, save it soon”, the King of America fell in swoon

We are to suppose that like Trump, even Biden is familiar with Tolstoy, at least with his War and Peace, and not just with the Bolshoi Ballet when he’s not waxing sentimental over Dr Zhivago

It’s a wonder that the Western Civilisation that Satyagrahas peacenik Mahatma Gandhi thought “would be a good idea” still has to descend into the barbarities of war when trying to resurrect parts of an old empire that the new would-be emperor thinks he lost, rather unfairly, as in Paradise Lost followed by Paradise Regained - the later assuring us all of some future hope yet.

How futile to imagine Ayatollah Khomeini (RA) the late Supreme Leader of Iran or even his deposed Shah of Iran waking up from a prophetic dream early one morning and alighting on the marvellous idea that six of the USSR republics are in fact parts of the Old Persian Empire, and that it was therefore high time to regain Persia’s old territorial glory, including most of what’s today’s Iraq and Afghanistan. Iran’s Achaemenid Empire of course included all of Gaza and the West Bank, all that recaptured aided or unaided by the use or the threat of nuclear weapons would have indeed been redrawing the world map, showing renewed spheres of influence.

It’s incomprehensible that Western Civilisation (and Russia, the EU and all your NATO comrades are parts/ products of that Civilisation) with all the babble about Judaeo-Christian ethics, and despite all these tribal wars in Europe they have still not succeeded in creating an international body that could adjudicate disputes about former colonial borders and old empires. Of course, after the two world wars, the map of Europe was redrawn. Maybe it’s time to go back to the drawing board, and re-draw or withdraw, peacefully?

A few myths are dispelled when we look at the history of Crimea. In the sixth form we studied The Crimean War and got to understand how through war, territories can change hands.

The fact still remains that NATO has expanded to the doorsteps of Russia and even more countries are toying with the idea/nightmare of joining NATO.

How would you feel about a China-Russia Military Alliance absorbing the rest of Eurasia?

We have to start getting used to the idea of EURASIA in Russian and Chinese strategic thinking – on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, North America, connected via Central America to USA’s backyard South America, by proximity, Uncle Sam’s sphere of influence far from the South China Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean...

Zellenskyy wants to go on stage in Jerusalem where he wants to hold his peace talks. As we know, Jerusalem is friendly with Moscow and Kyiv – where Golda Meir was born, and Moscow is friendly with Jerusalem and Israel who host 1.2 former USSR and Russian citizens and their descendants. There’s also Russia – Syria relations and this other piece of bad news: Russia-Ukraine war shows cracks in US ties to Middle East allies

BTW, and this is serious: The most patient Arabs, Turks, Persians and other diehard Muslim nations believe and pray that after the USA goes down Muslims will have the upper hand over “the Zionist entity”.

In the meantime there are the apocalyptical prophecies - Jesus coming back any time now, before his return, there’s 666, the mark of the beast, the Antichrist, in Islamic terms, Dajjal and since none of that has happened yet, in the Christian and Muslim quarters, there’s little fear that e.g. Joe Biden is going to blow up the planet because Putin recovered a piece of territory. In any case, Jesus has not yet alighted on the roof of the mosque in Damascus, where he will pray behind the Mahdi alaihi salaam, along with the Muslim faithful in the Zuhr prayers on that day, and it is believed that his return will precede the return of the Mahdi after which evil will be vanquished and peace shall reign supreme on this earth, for some time to come.

Kroke: Live - at the Pit



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Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 22, 2022, 12:19:25 PM3/22/22
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Now that Zelensky has given up his dreams of joining NATO, why is Putin still attacking Ukraine? 

Was that not Putin's core argument for the attack?

Or am I missing something?

Thanks

Toyin

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 22, 2022, 1:14:18 PM3/22/22
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Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju,

I know that the question is not addressed to me and as you know, I'm not a spokesman for the Kremlin.

The sanctions on Russia, Russian oligarchs and friends of Russia cannot and will not be globally enforced: Malaysia, Vietnam oppose anti-Russian sanctions — Prime Minister.

Not without good enough reasons the Nigerian oligarchs may also start stashing their loot in China, where their loot could be relatively safer...

Maybe, from the Kremlin’s point of view, Zellenskyy’s personal promise to never join NATO is not worth the paper or scroll it’s written on. He could have summoned the Ukrainian Parliament a few months ago and got that commitment to never join NATO written in stone and enshrined in the Ukrainian Constitution. In the meantime, the folks over here in Sweden are still cackling “They’ve got a right to choose whatever military alliance they want!” I leave Sweden joining or not joining NATO to the experts. 

At the moment, Russia has 200, 000 troops in Ukraine and a whole lot of warships in the Black Sea...

Russia also has a formidable air force, and that air force is as yet underutilised.

Moscow's conditions for everlasting peace and tranquillity with Ukraine are clear enough

NO to NATO

Acknowledge Crimea as Russian

Recognise Donetsk and Luhansk autonomy

Stop fighting.

Here’s some good news:

‘Elements of diplomatic progress’ on Ukraine seen on several key issues — UN’s Guterres




Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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Mar 22, 2022, 1:21:27 PM3/22/22
to Harrow, Kenneth, usaafric...@googlegroups.com

So the Wagner group is rapacious and 
the French are innocent babes
working for free. Right? The French
 are indeed so lusting after Malian 
gold that they are weeping when told
 to get out. 

If you  are talking   about Angola you are 
referring  to the MPLA vs the  CIA 
stooge Savimbi in his designer fatigues.
The MPLA won the game so where
did the Soviets go wrong there?
Speaking about Algeria didn’t the
good guys, the French, kill one 
million Algerians there?
And there is nice guy, Zelensky, 
sporting the iron cross of fascism 
on his olive T-shirt with the Azov 
Battalion integrated into the National
army. Even the CIA should shudder.

They are all monsters too.





Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Harrow, Kenneth <har...@msu.edu>
Sent: Monday, March 21, 2022 10:15 PM
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>

Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

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dear cornelius,

Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 22, 2022, 2:52:38 PM3/22/22
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Thanks, Cornelius.

The way things are going, though, it seems only annihilation of Ukraine is going to guarantee those goals of the Kremlin if they insist on pursuing this vision the way they are doing.

The Russian approach is beginning to look blood thirstingly silly in my eyes, what with the sheer scope of civilian lives lost and civilian infrastructure devastation.

As for Malaysia and Vietnam, how impactful is their resistance to those sanctions, their volume of trade with Russia etc?

Seems the most significant Russian trading partner is Europe and between them and the US it seems they control the global economic mechanisms that everyone relies on, a system they are trying to shut Russia out of.

Is Russia perhaps going to win the battle- the Ukraine war understood as one skirmish in a long drawn out struggle between perhaps the Western and Eastern geo-politico-cultural axis represented by Russia-and lose the war?

The bully image seems well entrenched for Russia now.

I doubt if anyone in Europe would view Russia as having something to offer the way they are interested in EU and NATO membership.

Something is missing here.

Perhaps a Europe wide non-agrression pact and a withdrawal of all weapons from each other's borders and a succession to NATO that includes Russia. 

Thanks

Toyin

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 22, 2022, 7:20:11 PM3/22/22
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Malaysia and Vietnam are the tip of the iceberg.  As time will tell, soon Uncle Sam could have too many balls up in the air, but Joe Biden is probably better at juggling than at chess.

A few items in this link clarifies some of the difficulties ahead:

Washington Should Think Twice Before Launching a New Cold War


Salimonu Kadiri

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Mar 23, 2022, 9:51:17 AM3/23/22
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​Harrow, if you abide by your true historical analysis of the colonial wars in Africa, as I have done, there is no way by which you can love those who vetoed UN Security Council's resolutions against the colonialists and the White minority regime in South Africa. Dear Harrow, I hope that you have not forgotten that Portugal, after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926, was governed by capitalist dictators until 25 April 1974 when the authoritarian regime was toppled by young military officers led by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho. US never bordered about Portugal's dictatorial government when she admitted her as a member of NATO in 1949. In fact, the US-led NATO had a base at Cuito Cuavanale in the Portuguese colonised Angola in Africa until 1974.

When Carvalho and his comrades struck in Portugal, the US feared that the coup leaders were socialist that would break the Southern flank of NATO in Europe. The US Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger made a hurried visit to Moscow, to meet his counterpart, Andrei Andreyev-ich Gromyko. At that meeting in 1974, the Soviet Union agreed to not physically support the revolutionaries in Portugal provided the US did not obstruct the independence of the Portuguese Colonies in Africa as planned by the new leaders in Portugal. The US agreed and the colonies in Africa were all independent by 1975, and of course, the US had the chance to outmanoeuvre the revolutionary leaders from power in Portugal.

Harrow, my two questions which you have refused to answer hitherto are : (1) Is it justified for NATO military alliance to continue to exist and expand after Michail Gorbatjov had dissolved its opponent, WARSAW, for the sake of world peace in 1990, and which earned him Nobel Peace Prize? (2) Do you think there would have been war in Ukraine, if not for NATO's attempt to plant their nuclear weapons there and directed at Russia, when there are no similar Russian nuclear weapons directed at the US, for instances, from Cuba or Mexico?
S. Kadiri

Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 23, 2022, 12:31:03 PM3/23/22
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I too would appreciate perspectives on Salimonu's question/s

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 23, 2022, 12:31:56 PM3/23/22
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dear  kadri (is that how you'd like to be addressed. in my circles, it is rude to address someone by their last names alone)
you begin with evoking a true historical analysis of the colonial wars or situation in africa. i don't believe in true historical analysis, or i wouldn't use that wording. i'd prefer an analysis that is judicious, which is not the same as my own political views, which i would identify as being on the left.
i am not sure where to begin in identifying our differences. i don't believe that the actions of a state in the past are indicative of its political position forever. is that really what you are stating? kissinger was a cold warrior who did little i would praise in his life; but we are far from being the same now as in his day. not sure then why you evoke the old fascist regimes of portugal. you are somehow imagining that i am defending the historical record of nato countries throughout time. that's not really a serious point i can respond to.
i think our differences, aside from that, lie in your view of nato as being an aggressive pact. i don't. i think of it as a cold war militaristic pact, intended as a balance against the equally aggressive soviet pact.
i don't particularly approve of western/nato ballistic missiles aimed at russia or anywhere else; but they are totally the same as russian or chinese missiles counter-aimed at western targets.
i do not believe the war in ukraine was over nato missiles aimed at russia, from near or far. they are the same everywhere; the same missiles pointed at you and me and the world, from both sides; and proximity is a joke when you have aircraft and submarines and supersonic missiles that can't be stopped.
i believe putin's accusations against nato and the west as reasons for invading ukraine are exactly like bush's accusations against sadam hussain when the u.s. invaded iraq.
they are, and were, transparent lies.  completely transparent lies.
the real question here is why he saw fit to invade ukraine. and the answer should worry you, since if he feels he can get away with murder in ukraine, thanks to nuclear blackmail, what's to stop him if he goes after the balkan states or poland next?
the answer is nato, but only if putin can be stopped by mutual assured destruction, and i am concerned that maybe he is as mad as hitler and willing to risk all for domination.
cuba and mexico are diversions.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Salimonu Kadiri <ogunl...@hotmail.com>
Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2022 7:42 AM

Toyin Falola

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Mar 23, 2022, 12:39:02 PM3/23/22
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Dear Ken and Kadiri:

Should we not focus on how this war will end?

Ukraine is paying too much prize for the politics of others, some elements of proxy wars, and contestations over how the world order should be arranged. People’s lives are being treated with carelessness by many parties.

The war must end today.

PS: Ken, don’t be offended by the use of last names—it is not as uncommon as you think, and there may be cultural variations.

TF

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 23, 2022, 1:52:00 PM3/23/22
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dear toyin
my  own position is that the sovereignty of a nation isnot worth the lives of its citizens. i am opposed to the "live free or die" of new hampshire, or nationalists.
so, although i despite russian aggression, and admire ukraine's stance, i'd prefer the ignominy of surrender to the deaths of thousands of innocent people.
that said, i don't believe this is a big power fight; it is just russia, wanting to recover what it lost when the ussr broke up.
russia--my ancestors' homeland--has betrayed the revolution of 1917, turned under stalin to a totalitarian, not a socialist state. putin, shed of the socialist cover, is a pure imperialist who understands and acts on force, not principle.
nato encompasses force, but not as an aggressive tool to conquer other states. kadri might well cite individual western states for their failures, and i'd agree. but nato is a pact of nations, and as it so happens now, a bulwark against russia. if you ask me whether poland and hungary etc should be part of nato, my real answer is i don't care; if it resulted in a maniac attacking another country, it would probably be a bad idea. but does anyone think, for instance, that south korea should yield to n korea if n korea exercised a similar invasion?


if you are urging us to ask how can we move this situation away from war and toward negotiation, honestly there's only one real obstacle and that's putin. he wants to conquer ukraine, and has staked everything on it. just like hitler in czechoslovakia.

although europe would want to support ukrainian sovereignty, it didn't do so with weapons, and that's the entire story.
and the other side of the story is catastrophic: there is no decent argument to justify russia's acts of slaughtering ukrainians, any more than what they did in syria.
and it is not irrelevant that they used the same forces to turn georgia or crimea again into russian property.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Toyin Falola <toyin...@austin.utexas.edu>
Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2022 12:38 PM

Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 23, 2022, 3:36:07 PM3/23/22
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thanks ken.

what do you think of the idea that nato should have been dissolved as the warsaw pact- if i recall the name well-was dissolved and that not doing that was hypocritical?

Salimonu Kadiri

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Mar 23, 2022, 4:00:21 PM3/23/22
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​Kenneth, I wish to refer to paragraph 2, and the second sentence of your response to Cornelius on 22 March 2022 where you advertently wrote, "kadri would have us love russians for their roles/ambiguous actually, in liberation struggles." Well Kenneth, Kadiri is my surname and it is not spelled kadri. In my mother tongue, Yoruba, there is an adage that says : Fall for me and I fall for you is what makes the interplay between two dogs funny. You addressed me by my last name and I reciprocated. A professor's rudeness minus rudeness from a grass-root is equal to zero, implying there is equilibrium.

Invasion of Ukraine by Russia is not the same as the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. as you claimed. Iraq never shared land or sea borders with the U.S., as Ukraine do with Russia. It is public domain that in December 2021, Russia met with the U.S. and her NATO allies to find ways of ensuring security in Europe and on non-expansion of NATO. Russia demanded specifically : NATO guarantees that it will not deploy missiles in Nations bordering  Russia; NATO to stop military and naval exercises in Nations and Seas bordering Russia; and Ukraine will not become a member of NATO. U.S., and NATO replies are also in the public domain where it is said that Ukraine has the right to join NATO with accompanying obligations. NATO military alliance is the real threat to the peace of the world and had it been dissolved in 1990 when Gorbatjov caused the demise of WARSAW military alliance simultaneously as disarmament talk continued, all nuclear weapons in the world would have been scrapped by now.
S. Kadiri

Sent: 23 March 2022 17:12

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 23, 2022, 4:00:55 PM3/23/22
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hi toyin, i don't have a strong opinion on it; don't feel i know enough about it. the only visible actions i've seen entail the gradual incorporation of east european countries into the EU.
the EU may be criticized for its help in fostering globalized capitalism; but praised for advancing claims for human rights. most of all, it represents an ideal future with nation states becoming subordinate to a larger entity, moderating the chances for conflict, like between germany and france.
it is an ideal for citizenship for us all; for us to be part of something called africa, or europe, or asia, etc, instead of our own competitive countries.
nato sort of faded into the background as the EU grew, although France tried to maintain its distance from nato so as to pump up its individual military position.

it is a bad and sad joke that putin is playing on the world to pretend that it is nato that is threatening russia. both russia and the west  need to disarm, for the safety of all of us. but putin's blatant aggression has raised the nuclear threat immensely, and nato, a boring, relatively inactive thing, has now sprung back to life. putin's a nut. but that's how dictators work.

would the world have been better if nato disbanded after the ussr collapsed? i doubt it would have made any difference. all the nuclear nations still have maintained their arsenals, and now will do their best to augment them again.
every penny the russians put into the military is evil; and the same for our side as well.
our children are being denied the money and safety they should get, instead of the military which contributes nothing to our lives.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Oluwatoyin Adepoju <ovde...@gmail.com>
Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2022 2:22 PM
To: usaafricadialogue <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 23, 2022, 4:01:03 PM3/23/22
to USA Africa Dialogue Series
Baba Kadiri :

" although europe would want to support ukrainian sovereignty, it didn't do so with weapons, and that's the entire story." ( Kenneth Harrow)

In your opinion, is that right? 

A Nigerian diplomat weighs in : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WxMTmhzhBg

Something  of peace and love  straight out of what a wonderful world, to make Baba Kadiri cry... 

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 23, 2022, 4:55:15 PM3/23/22
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i meant they did not go to war with weapons, in case that wasn't clear enough. of course they sent materiel, etc.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2022 3:49 PM

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 23, 2022, 8:47:54 PM3/23/22
to USA Africa Dialogue Series



Shalom, Dear Kenneth Harrow!

I would also “prefer the ignominy of surrender to the deaths of thousands of innocent people.”. except that in my opinion, in the name of peace and pikuach nefesh, we should not regard acceding to all the Russian demands as “ the ignominy of surrender”

The pikuach nefesh factor applies to Gaza and the West Bank too – or former comedian Zellenskyy requesting that the Israeli Air force establish a no fly zone over Russia or Ukraine...

Bear in mind that the USSR lost 26 million souls in the second world war...

Re - “although europe would want to support ukrainian sovereignty, it didn't do so with weapons, and that's the entire story."

“i meant they did not go to war with weapons, in case that wasn't clear enough. of course, they sent materiel, etc. “

This much is clear for those of us who live in Europe:

NATO countries are sending and have sent weapons to Ukraine

# NATO countries sending weapons to Ukraine

NATO includes the following European Countries: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom.

Tomorrow, Zellenskyy will be addressing the Swedish Parliament. I suppose that he will be asking us for weapons, in order to prolong the war that he cannot “ win” - and to thereby prolong unnecessary death, destruction and suffering...

Cornelius Ignoramus asked Sweden’s Baba Kadiri for his reaction to your statement because the Swedish media and Swedish Government officials have been bombarding us non stop with news of the wonderful weapons that Sweden is sending to Ukraine - that Sweden is sending weapons to Ukraine – and of course humanitarian help….

(In Sweden the basic social democrat philosophy is that the strong should help the weak, and the rich should help the poor; sometimes there’s talk about a “Robin Hood tax” imposed on the rich – to help support the Swedish Model, the renowned Swedish social welfare system

The UK is sending weapons to Ukraine // UK sending weapons to Ukraine

EU countries sending weapons to Ukraine //EU countries send weapons to Ukraine

Once again the malicious auto-correct had changed Baba Kadiri to Baba Karadima or Baba Kaddish and I changed those suggestions to the correct BABA KADIRI, in the nick of time.

Another watchword over here in Sweden, is the theory and practice of SOLIDARITY and in this regard, Sweden intends to do the best that Sweden can in taking in refugees from Ukraine – 20, 000 are already here – in Poland, the figure is 2, 000,000 refugees and in Moldavia which is the poorest country in Europe, the figure is 26,000

How many refugees from Ukraine will Uncle Sam allow? 

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 23, 2022, 8:48:02 PM3/23/22
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Better peace here than more death and destruction

On Wednesday, 23 March 2022 at 21:55:15 UTC+1 Kenneth Harrow wrote:

Toyin Falola

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Mar 23, 2022, 9:42:15 PM3/23/22
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Dear Ken:

One of my favorite books is by Pieter Geyl, Napolean For and Against, published as far back as 1964. Interpretations keep changing.  All the principal actors in this war will continue to be interpreted in the years ahead. I was asked to moderate a panel on the war with Nigerian speakers, and the consistent thread was that Putin was provoked into this war. The ongoing humanitarian crisis is appalling---and I doubt that asking Putin to stop the war is realistic enough. He must get something out of it, unfortunately. I don’t like instant history, as it leads to regret.

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 24, 2022, 2:23:22 AM3/24/22
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hi toyin
we can address this differently from the question, was putin pushed into the war.
pushed or not, he decided on his own to do it. do we care about his rationalizations, his claims that he was provoked into it? he is human, not an automaton, and decided to do this.
it is really unacceptable. i don't know how much you followed the war in syria, but it was equally brutal and disgusting; and that was assad, followed by putin. the antagonists to assad included a decent peaceful opposition, later complicated by monstrous isis forces, and so on.

i find it morally unacceptable not to condemn such use of force against ordinary people, bombing civilians, and destroying innocent people.

plenty of commentators in the west describe the move of nato into the e european nations as unwise. but unwise has one set of bad consequences. this war is over the top.
you've asked a few times, how can we end it, meaning, imagine it to end. at this point the tunnel ahead seems pretty dark.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Wednesday, March 23, 2022 9:31 PM

Toyin Falola

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Mar 24, 2022, 2:26:49 AM3/24/22
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Ken:

The question is: Why are the various parties not interested in ending the war?

Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 24, 2022, 2:48:27 AM3/24/22
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Terrible.

A spacecraft hovers above Earth as two human astronauts.in the craft prepare to eject another person to Earth.

"We use this planet as a prison for incorrigible offenders," the astronauts are saying.

"After modifying their memories to prevent their recollection of their origins,we drop them here,' they state.

As the astronauts prepare to leave after completing their mission,  a terrific blast echoes in the distance, as the mushroom cloud of a test nuclear detonation rises into the sky.

"Primitives. They still have weapons," the astronauts observe, before leaving their brethren to their fate.

Story from a comic book.

But might weapons not be needed even if armed hostility ceases on Earth? What about protection from dangers from space? Should we work towards a global military coalition within which no country may attack others?

Thanks

Toyin

Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 24, 2022, 2:48:47 AM3/24/22
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Can it be said Ukraine does not want to end the war?

I understand Zelensky states he has given up NATO aspirations.

Is that not supposed to be Putin's main reason for invading?

What more can Zelebsky do?

Thanks

Toyin

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 24, 2022, 7:36:43 AM3/24/22
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What more can Zellenskyy do? 
Zellenskyy can accept all the Russian conditions - in toto and thereby end the war TODAY! 


North Korea launches suspected ballistic missile

Sweden to send more weapons to Ukraine

If it’s a full-scale Third World War that we fear, we ought not to speak too soon just because a soothsaying Baobab Tree or Babalawo whispered in his apprentice’s ear that “ The War is going to end by the end of the week, with complete victory for Ukraine, in Jesus name!” - just as a Nigerian Apostle promised his disciples three weeks ago, or someone else saying, “Defending Kyiv: I’m 100 percent sure the Russians won’t get through”, that kind of wishful thinking is not the same as telling another Gospel Truth.

Berlin fell. The Red Army liberated Auschwitz.

For the time being, the neo-Nazi Azov Battalion is fighting for Zellenskyy...

Nobody knows how long the military operation is going to take. About taking Kyiv, Russia has the fire-power, the man-power, the formidable air force, the laser-guided hypersonic missiles and other nuclear options with which to strike terror into the hearts of men. Putin has said that it is not Russia’s intention to occupy Ukraine. Of course, Russia is capable of taking Kyiv - if you’ve read Warrior - the autobiography of Ariel Sharon, just as in that Yom Kippur War of 1973, the Israeli army was poised to strangle Cairo but it would not have been feasible to subjugate and occupy Egypt. Or for Russia to occupy Sweden without facing unforetold underground civil resistance.

Re- “in Moldavia which is the poorest country in Europe, the figure is 26,000 (Ukrainian refugees)”

Correction: The latest figure given is 400,000

Aside from the extent of the refugee and humanitarian crises, when it comes to the death tolls what we don’t know for sure is the extent to which the truths are distorted as part of propaganda. For example, NATO says that so far, between 7, 000 - 15,000 troops have been killed in Ukraine and then then, even for countries purportedly living under the so-called “nuclear umbrella” – paranoia can be exacerbated by this kind of news item: We should have known something is coming" – German politician warns on Putin | DW News


Oluwatoyin Adepoju

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Mar 24, 2022, 8:30:47 AM3/24/22
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About taking Kyiv, Russia has the fire-power, the man-power, the formidable air force, the laser-guided hypersonic missiles and other nuclear options with which to strike terror into the hearts of men"

All well and good.

It seems, though, that all is not as it seems with Russian military force outside nuclear weapons.

Thanks

Toyin 

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 24, 2022, 10:37:24 AM3/24/22
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cornelius, we are not privy to the conditions putin is requiring.  let's say it is to give up the two eastern provinces and crimea; would ukrainians accept that? i'd hope so. let's say it is to install a puppet govt and essentially to surrender completely. ukrainians are fighting  in such a manner as to suggest they wouldn't accept that.
i have a question for you. would norway surrender to sweden or vice versa, if it were invaded? would it give up portions of its country?
we know the answer for eritrea and ethiopia.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


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Salimonu Kadiri

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Mar 24, 2022, 12:35:07 PM3/24/22
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​Cornelius, it will appear as if Kenneth has problem in differentiating between his wish and reality, if not that he intentionally wants to be partial. On page 6 of the Swedish newspaper, DAGENS NYHETER, of Monday, 14 March 2022, readers were told of airstrike on a Ukraine military base at Javoriv, in Lviv, situated about 20 kilometres from the Polish border. Further text revealed : For many years, U.S.A. has regularly sent instructors to the base to train Ukranian military. International NATO exercises have also been held at the base. The latest was held in September 2021. Before, Swedish military has trained Ukraine soldiers at the base in different systems and methods. Report in the DN was written by Sofia Tanaka, Mia Holmgren and Gustav Olsson.

On the same Russia's precision bombing of the Javoriv military base, Michael Winiarski wrote on page 7, in the DN thus : Since Javoriv is the place where Ukrainian soldiers, in the last five years, has been trained by instructors from NATO countries such as Great Britain, Canada, Lithuania and Poland, but even from Sweden, the attack has big political symbol. Javoriv has been the only NATO-base of this type in a country that was previously part of the Soviet Union's territory and which is not a member in the defence alliance. NATO INSTRUCTORS CAME TO THIS BASE IN 2017. In Javoriv, Ukrainian soldiers had had joint exercises with NATO colleagues. IT IS ALSO WHERE UKRAINIAN SOLDIERS HAVE BEEN TRAINED IN THE USE OF ANTI-TANKS ROBOTS of the type JAVELIN and other western war materials.

We cannot be talking about effect without talking about the cause. The cause of war in Ukraine is NATO and if NATO is dissolved today, there will be 100% peace in Ukraine and 50% peace in the world. The next step after that will be to summon all nuclear weapon possessing countries in the world to a meeting under the supervision of the UN to decide the scrapping of all their dangerous weapons. That was what Gorbachev's collective security of 1990 was based on. 
S. Kadiri   

From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Cornelius Hamelberg <cornelius...@gmail.com>
Sent: 23 March 2022 20:49

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 25, 2022, 2:49:10 AM3/25/22
to USA Africa Dialogue Series


Professor Harrow takes a special delight in winding up his otherwise refutable arguments with provocative/ rhetorical questions intended as Parthian shots meant to seal what he believes to be his his immovable or irrevocable positions:

“what perfect justice ever came after vast conflicts like biafra? who paid for all those deaths?”

I’m sure that the long-suffering, aggrieved Messrs Biko Agozino and Obi Nwakanmaa would go into some detail. that justice delayed for so long equals justice denied.

Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi factions could also ask, what perfect justice ever came after the USA’s illegal invasion of Iraq and murder of 1.5 million Iraqis and the plunder of their oil resources? Who paid for all those deaths? Ditto thanks to Barack Hussein Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton & NATO’s overnight no-fly zone over Libya and the destruction of that country and the steady looting of their oil and gold? Etc. Etc.

Dayan ha emet. Sadly, dear Madeleine Albright (Kofi Annan’s Godmother) has departed from this vale of tears. The last memorable prophecy from her was that “There’s a special place in hell for any woman who doesn’t vote for Hillary Clinton

Now Professor Harrow is asking the kind of question that Baba Kadiri is better equipped to answer:

“would norway surrender to sweden or vice versa, if it were invaded? would it give up portions of its country?” -

Suffice it to say that Sweden and Norway (with all that oil) were united as one country until 1905. Norway played a more decisive role against the Nazis during WW2, and today Norway is a member of NATO, whereas Sweden is still, almost “neutral” The rule of thumb is that a democracy does not invade another democracy. Is/was Ukraine a democracy? Ukraine is said to be extremely corrupt

” According to a poll conducted by Ernst & Young in 2017, experts considered Ukraine to be the ninth-most corrupt nation in the world. According to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (a scale of least to most corrupt nations), Ukraine ranked 122nd out of 180 countries in 2021.”

Today, your man Zelenskyy got a standing ovation from the Swedish Parliament. He did not lose the opportunity to observe that Sweden and Ukraine have the same flag colours - blue and yellow. Last week, I was mildly surprised when I accompanied my Better Half to listen to Fernanda Melchor at the Kulturhuset in central Stockholm, that the world’s largest glass sculpture which stands just opposite the Kulturhuset was clothed in the colours of the Ukrainian flag

Who takes the credit her for this:

Nigeria: 7,000 Boko Haram, other fighters surrender in a week

Last question: Are there going to be any prisoners of war in Ukraine? 

Toyin Falola

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Mar 27, 2022, 4:18:14 AM3/27/22
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Ken:

I don’t know the image(s) I saw late yesterday and I became emotionally paralyzed. I sustained myself by “speaking aloud” to a few people on WhatsApp. It happens to me whenever I agonize, losing control of my emotions.

  1. Are we saying that a so-called global order can only use violence to stop a war? Diplomacy is redundant?
  2. Are we saying that things have so degenerated that there are no longer preeminent global citizens who could speak with one voice and Putin or Biden will listen?
  3. Thus, the Non-Governmental Individuals (NGIs) are now only measured by money? The seven billionaires in India, the 4 percent billionaires in the US, the billionaires in Russia cannot stop a war? They take a soccer club from one billionaire and two others are salivating and want to buy it? Why does it matter who buys it?
  4. Why do we follow prominent religious leaders if they have no influence in matters such as this?
  5. Have we reached a decision that all of us must choose a side? Is it that if you support Biden you are against Putin? If you support Putin you are against NATO? Are both sides not fascists?
  6. How do we define “people” in a war such as this? Who is fighting for the “people”? Is Russia fighting for Russians? If so, how? Is NATO fighting for people? Are all these folks not using “people” as a mask for other pursuits?

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 27, 2022, 8:44:37 AM3/27/22
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here is the link for the Monde latin american article i cited, for those who can access it:
De nombreux militants et hommes politiques latino-américains blâment l’Occident, et non la Russie, pour la guerre en Ukraine. L’antiaméricanisme est encore bien ancré dans le sous-continent.



kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: Harrow, Kenneth <har...@msu.edu>
Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 8:33 AM

To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 
an interesting article in le monde indicates broad refusal of the left in latin america to support the u.s. position in regards to ukraine. here is the gist of it: "M. Petro reste depuis assez discret sur le sujet. « Aucune personnalité de gauche n’a condamné énergiquement l’action de la Russie », souligne le politologue Ricardo Garcia. Sur les réseaux sociaux, les militants ne cessent de dénoncer l’impérialisme américain et l’OTAN, seuls responsables, à leurs yeux, de la guerre. « C’est incroyable, mais les militants de base voient en Vladimir Poutine, ennemi de l’ennemi américain, un héritier du socialisme, poursuit M. Garcia. C’est dire qu’au nom de l’anti-impérialisme, ils gobent et reproduisent le discours russe. » Trente ans après la fin de la guerre froide, le « campisme » – vision idéologique et binaire consistant à soutenir, au nom de l’anti-impérialisme, tout mouvement ou pays attaqué par les Américains ou leurs alliés – se porte bien."
to translate only a bit: Russia represents for the latin american left a bulwark against western imperialism....
i would add, regardless of what russia says or does. many accept putin at his word, and define nato as the aggressor.
the  argument replicates the logic of the cold war, as if russia still were a communist friend of the nations of the global south.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 4:17 AM

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 27, 2022, 8:45:17 AM3/27/22
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an interesting article in le monde indicates broad refusal of the left in latin america to support the u.s. position in regards to ukraine. here is the gist of it: "M. Petro reste depuis assez discret sur le sujet. « Aucune personnalité de gauche n’a condamné énergiquement l’action de la Russie », souligne le politologue Ricardo Garcia. Sur les réseaux sociaux, les militants ne cessent de dénoncer l’impérialisme américain et l’OTAN, seuls responsables, à leurs yeux, de la guerre. « C’est incroyable, mais les militants de base voient en Vladimir Poutine, ennemi de l’ennemi américain, un héritier du socialisme, poursuit M. Garcia. C’est dire qu’au nom de l’anti-impérialisme, ils gobent et reproduisent le discours russe. » Trente ans après la fin de la guerre froide, le « campisme » – vision idéologique et binaire consistant à soutenir, au nom de l’anti-impérialisme, tout mouvement ou pays attaqué par les Américains ou leurs alliés – se porte bien."
to translate only a bit: Russia represents for the latin american left a bulwark against western imperialism....
i would add, regardless of what russia says or does. many accept putin at his word, and define nato as the aggressor.
the  argument replicates the logic of the cold war, as if russia still were a communist friend of the nations of the global south.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 4:17 AM

Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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Mar 27, 2022, 8:56:32 AM3/27/22
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Ken, you forgot to add that they see
the US.as the major war monger, 
“responsible for years of war.”


Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association


Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 8:33 AM

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Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

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Toyin Falola

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Mar 27, 2022, 8:56:38 AM3/27/22
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Ken:

I can understand this--- Cuba, Venezuela, Zapatista, etc.

I was asked to moderate a panel on Ukraine by an Institute in Nigeria. Similar position dominated the conversation.

However, this binary is also a problem. I see both sides as having serious problems. They are making political calculations, not on behalf of “people” but of self-interest: it is the instruments they are using that is different.

Russia shares borders with the USA, China, Israel, and other countries. If you fight with all of them, you will implode.

Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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Mar 27, 2022, 9:52:53 AM3/27/22
to Toyin Falola, usaafric...@googlegroups.com
Here is another point that you
are missing, Ken.

The Russian communities in Ukraine 
were involved in a seven year war, 
during which about 15,000 people 
were killed.The Western media 
kept relatively quiet about it.This 
war is also about a Russian diaspora 
abused by its host,  and a separatist 
movement.

The US and Europe have very few 
friends right now.Turkey, Malaysia, 
Vietnam, China, India  are among the 
countries that are defying the 
sanctions - based on their public 
statements. Half of Africa, 27 nation
states, did not condemn Russia. 
Why is this? It is about history and
historical memory.  When I cited 
the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and
 Libya, you saw no connection but
most of the world remember 
“Shock and awe” and Guantanamo- 
which is occupied Cuban land.
South Americans also have a long list
to add to this, besides Guantanamo:


———————————-

SouthHistory of ….Interventions… in Latin America 

Location Period Type of Force Comments on U.S. Role
Argentina 1890 Troops Buenos Aires interests protected
Chile 1891 Troops Marines clash with nationalist rebels
Haiti 1891 Troops Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated
Nicaragua 1894 Troops Month-long occupation of Bluefields
Panama 1895 Naval, troops Marines land in Colombian province
Nicaragua 1896 Troops Marines land in port of Corinto
Cuba 1898- Naval, troops Seized from Spain, U.S. still holds Navy base at Guantanamo
Puerto Rico 1898- Naval, troops Seized from Spain, occupation continues
Nicaragua 1898 Troops Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur
Nicaragua 1899 Troops Marines land at port of Bluefields
Honduras 1903 Troops Marines intervene in revolution
Dominican Republic 1903-04 Troops U.S. interests protected in Revolution
Cuba 1906-09 Troops Marines land in democratic election
Nicaragua 1907 Troops "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up
Honduras 1907 Troops Marines land during war with Nicaragua
Panama 1908 Troops Marines intervene in election contest
Nicaragua 1910 Troops Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto
Honduras 1911 Troops U.S. interests protected in civil war
Cuba 1912 Troops U.S. interests protected in Havana
Panama 1912 Troops Marines land during heated election
Honduras 1912 Troops Marines protect U.S. economic interests
Nicaragua 1912-33 Troops, bombing 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas
Mexico 1913 Naval Americans evacuated during revolution
Dominican Republic 1914 Naval Fight with rebels over Santo Domingo
Mexico 1914-18 Naval, troops Series of interventions against nationalists
Haiti 1914-34 Troops, bombing 19-year occupation after revolts
Dominican Republic 1916-24 Troops 8-year Marine occupation
Cuba 1917-33 Troops Military occupation, economic protectorate
Panama 1918-20 Troops "Police duty" during unrest after elections
Honduras 1919 Troops Marines land during election campaign
Guatemala 1920 Troops 2-week intervention against unionists
Costa Rica 1921 Troops
Panama 1921 Troops
Honduras 1924-25 Troops Landed twice during election strife
Panama 1925 Troops Marines suppress general strike
El Salvador 1932 Naval Warships sent during Faribundo Marti revolt
Uruguay 1947 Nuclear threat Bombers deployed as show of strength
Puerto Rico 1950 Command operation Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce
Guatemala 1954-? Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat CIA directs exile invasion and coup d'Etat after newly elected government nationalizes unused U.S.'s United Fruit Company lands; bombers based in Nicaragua; long-term result: 200,000 murdered
Panama 1958 Troops Flag protests erupt into confrontation
Cuba 1961 Command operation CIA-directed exile invasion fails
Cuba 1962 Nuclear threat, naval Blockade during missile crisis; near-war with Soviet Union
Panama 1964 Troops Panamanians shot for urging canal's return
Dominican Republic 1965-66 Troops, bombing Marines land during election campaign
Guatemala 1966-67 Command operation Green Berets intervene against rebels
Chile 1973 Command operation CIA-backed coup ousts democratically elected Marxist president
El Salvador 1981-92 Command operation, troops Advisors, overflights aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly involved in hostage clash; long-term result: 75,000 murdered and destruction of popular movement
Nicaragua 1981-90 Command operation, naval CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, plants harbor mines against revolution; result: 50,000 murdered
Honduras 1982-90 Troops Maneuvers help build bases near borders
Grenada 1983-84 Troops, bombing Invasion four years after revolution
Bolivia 1987 Troops Army assists raids on cocaine region
Panama 1989 Troops, bombing Nationalist government ousted by 27,000 soldiers, leaders arrested, 2000+ killed
Haiti 1994-95 Troops, naval Blockade against military government; troops restore President Aristide to office three years after coup
Venezuela 2002 Command operation Failed coup attempt to remove left-populist president Hugo Chavez
Haiti 2004- Troops Removal of democratically elected President Aristide; troops occupy country
Honduras 2009 Command operation Support for coup that removed president Manuel Zelaya

Sources:

Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventionism Since World War II. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995.

Ege & Makhijani. "180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps" (History Division), Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982). Foreign Affairs Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.

Instances of Use of Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2020. CRS Report for Congress, 2020.

Grossman, Zoltan. Over a Century of U.S. Military Interventions. Self-published, revised Jan. 1, 1995.

Sklar, Holly. "Who's Who: Invading 'Our' Hemisphere 1831-," Z Magazine (Feb. 1990). 

U.S. Congress, Committee on Foreign Affairs' Report. Background Information on the Use of United States Armed Forces in Foreign Countries. Washington, D.C.: 91st Congress, 2nd Session, 1970.

Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. New York: Perennial Library, Harper & Row, 1980.

Also see Zoltan Grossman, From Wounded Knee to Iraq (A Chronology of U.S. Imperialism)


Please send any suggestions, comments, corrections, additions, etc. to Marc Becker at ma...@yachana.org.



……………………




Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association
Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 4:17 AM

To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

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Ken:

Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 27, 2022, 3:24:00 PM3/27/22
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dear gloria
to begin, i almost never manage to post a comment on this list without your telling me i am wrong or stupid. i am willing to discuss and debate issues with you, but not to submit to comments that continually put me down.
this will no doubt anger you, but you can't continually put me down and expect me to simply lie down and take it.
i find this particularly annoying when you either misrepresent me --for instance in telling me how bad france is--and lecture to me as if i were a child, telling me things everyone knows.
i conclude you aren't interested in discussing my views as much as putting me down. since we know each other only on this list, i can only guess why that is the case, but i know that the counsel i would receive is to try to ignore it.
i can't respond seriously, when being attacked that way, by ignoring the attack and then addressing the point.
you begin here, as usual, telling me what i missed, and then speak of the conflict in eastern ukraine that everyone has known about forever. further, you lecture me, and others on the list, with a "truth," namely that the russians in ukraine are the real victims. i suppose that was to be the case in the crimea and georgia and in lithuania and latvia, all places where similar strains between russian speaking and native speaking peoples are at odds.
what is worse, the absolutely worst part of the pro-russian argument, is the biasing of history, and again your posturing in presenting the support of the russians for the mpla as if that guaranteed their bona fides forever. maybe the mpla turned into one of the most corrupt regimes, and wound up damaging much of angola eventually. maybe the russian and cuban support of the revolution, which i and all my friends supported in the day, does not have anything to do with present-day russia which is a oligarchy and dictatorial regime with absolutely no positive support for progressive causes or regimes. maybe even the old socialist ideals--which were never really pure--are no longer relevant for the current dictatorial regime.

there is only one argument people can sensibly make about russia: it is a bulwark against the west, against the u.s. and europe. however, even that argument fails because it is largely predicated on portraits of the u.s. that are irrelevant. if the battle of syria tells us anything, it is that the u.s., alignment with anti-assad figures, initially a positive, good but timid step by obama, was destroyed by the incursion of isis and the horrific killings unleashed by assad and supported by russia. the u.s. you want to evoke now is a strawman based on the past.

the russia that supported assad was a nightmare force., there is no reason to evoke the u.s. invasions of iraq or afghanistan--which i certainly opposed as much as anyone could--as having any relevance to russian invasions of georgia, the crimea, and now the pummeling of ukraine.

nato, nato, nato. by conflating nato with the past actions of colonial powers, the logic of the argument becomes meaningless. that's the real problem. you hate france and europe, and even if its actions were better for any given african state, you couldn't accept it. 

i try to look at all these cases with an even-handed perspective, willing to hear to ills of any european or asian or american forces; but to give credit where it is due.

i don't claim to know all the truth of this war. i do believe much of what putin says is lies and everything i've read from decent commentators corroborates that. for instance, the claims about nazis or neonazis is pure propaganda. the azov forces or zelensky's t-shirts are distractions from that truth. if you evoke them, it is to obscure the simple truth that one giant superpower has invaded a sovereign neighbor so as to force it back into its sphere of power. that world, evocative of world war two, or of american interventions in latin america or vietnam or iraq, is one progressives had fought against. you seem to want it to work for russia or china, but not those who did so in the past. at that point, i don't see where a reasonable debate can be carried out.
your long list of american actions in the past are a distraction from the russian actions of today. they are irrelevant, no matter how true they were. what's worse, do you imagine any decent progressive today can accept the picture of russia in the past soviet union as anything but totalitarian? sometimes totalitarians side with good forces, sometimes with evil forces. but russia has long since acted only for its own self interest, as has been and is the case with china, and the west as well.
the superpowers are out to use africa, but you want only one side to be criticized.
this war is the most egregiously horrific event in europe since world war II, and it parallels all the abuses of superpowers we stood against, including colonialism, in the past. you are speaking to someone who opposed those abuses all my life, as if i needed your lectures to understand them. but you undermine the argument by turning the aggressor here into the victim.

done.

ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: 'Emeagwali, Gloria (History)' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 9:51 AM
To: Toyin Falola <toyin...@austin.utexas.edu>; usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>

Toyin Falola

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Mar 27, 2022, 5:31:11 PM3/27/22
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Ken and Gloria:

Let us work for peace. I think we have moved pass the arguments regarding causation. All hands are not clean.

Refugees are human beings, whether they are Syrians, Palestinians, Arabs or Ukrainians.

How can we end the war? I broke down yesterday when I saw some images of children who know nothing about Putin about Biden.

And the careless talks about the nuclear bomb is irresponsible, irrespective of where the statement comes from.

Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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Mar 27, 2022, 5:58:44 PM3/27/22
to Toyin Falola, usaafric...@googlegroups.com
Great apologies to you, Ken, if
criticizing a point amounts to
calling you stupid.  Unfortunately 
I cannot agree with everything 
you say.


Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association

Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 5:30 PM

To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: Today's Quote
 

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Harrow, Kenneth

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Mar 27, 2022, 6:56:03 PM3/27/22
to Toyin Falola, usaafric...@googlegroups.com
gloria, i will try not to be thin-skinned. i don't mind disagreement, but too often it has felt like condescending or more.
let's just leave the focus on the argument on where we  really disagree. i hope it is  fair enough for me to assert that i've often felt that we were more than simply disagreeing. the larger issues are too important for us to have any personal dimensions mark the argument.
i'll very much try to move onto the agenda toyin keeps raising: past the struggle, the war, its causes, how can we get to the goal of a peaceful settlement.
this is an african list: how can toyin's question be framed along african lines; we should not be seen as bystanders in a war that risks affecting everyone, no matter how distant.
ken



kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: 'Emeagwali, Gloria (History)' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Sunday, March 27, 2022 5:42 PM

Salimonu Kadiri

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Mar 28, 2022, 10:45:10 AM3/28/22
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NATO encompasses force, but not as an aggressive tool to conquer other states. Kadri (sic) might well cite individual western states for their failures, and I'd agree. But NATO is a part of nations, and as it so happens now, a bulwark against Russia. If you ask me whether Poland and Hungary etc should be part of NATO, my real answer is, I don't care; if it resulted in a maniac attacking another country, it would probably be a bad idea. But does anyone think, for instance, that South Korea should yield to North Korea if N-Korea exercised a similar invasion? - Harrow 

The first sentence that claims NATO military alliance is not an aggressive tool to conquer other states is false. What, for instance, did NATO do in Libya?

Every military alliance must presuppose enemies or an enemy. Initially, NATO was formed in 1949 to fight Communism which was then regarded as the enemy of capitalism and the Western  world because of their exploitation of foreign colonies. In 1955, the Eastern bloc formed WARSAW military alliance to defend Communism and to propagate socialism for the liberation of the colonies from their Western capitalist exploiters. Thenceforth the cold war ensued between the WARSAW Pact military alliance and the NATO military alliance, until Michail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Soviet Union in 1985. Gorbachev embraced the idea of common security which implied that "countries can only find security in cooperation with their competitors, not against them." For Gorbachev that meant working with the United States for belateral reduction of nuclear arms.

Michail Gorbachev's drive for peaceful co-existense among mankind led to the meeting between him and President Ronald Reagan of the US in Geneva between November 19 and 20, 1985. A joint communiqué issued by Regan and Gorbachev after the summit partly read : The two sides discussed key security issues, and concious of the special responsibility of the USSR and the U.S. for maintaining peace, HAVE AGREED THAT A NUCLEAR WAR CANNOT BE WON AND MUST NEVER BE FOUGHT. Recognizing that any conflict between the USSR and the U.S. could have catastrophic consequences, they emphasized the importance of preventing any war between them, whether nuclear or conventional. THEY WILL NOT SEEK TO ACHIEVE MILITARY SUPERIORITY. ​https:// www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/joint-soviet-united-states-statement-summit-meeting-geneva  
November 21, 1985. By mutual agreement, President of the United States Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev met in Geneva November 19 - 21.
​Working on the joint Statement, Gorbachev dissolved the WARSAW pact but the US continued to develop and expand NATO military alliance with clear intention to encircle Russia with Nuclear missiles. Now, Harrow says a bulwark of NATO is against Russia which is why NATO wants to surround her with nuclear weapons, without telling us why NATO countries are against Russia. If a leader that preempts a nuclear threat to his country by going to war is , according to Harrow, a maniac, then the meaning of maniac must have changed from negative to possitive.
S. Kadiri

From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Toyin Falola <toyin...@austin.utexas.edu>
Sent: 27 March 2022 10:17

Cornelius Hamelberg

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Mar 28, 2022, 12:05:47 PM3/28/22
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Baba Kadiri: 

Politics can be deep, at a personal level:

In late 1985 I took part in a demonstration against Apartheid South Africa, outside South Africa’s legation at Linnégatan.

 Dear Bengt Westerberg the then leader of the Liberal Party was the chief guest speaker, and guess what? To my great consternation, he devoted the first fifteen minutes to a passionate denunciation of the Soviets in Afghanistan. I was furious at the time because I felt that our anti-apartheid demonstration had been kidnapped by Westerberg!

Of relevance to  your little tittle-tattle with Professor Harrow :

SALT II expired on 31st December 1985 and was not renewed

No causal connection, but at the time Radio Moscow announced that Uncle Sam was responsible for this ( no love lost between then since those Vietnam days ) 

Olof Palme was assassinated on 28th February 1986 a few months before that SALT talks were supposed to be resumed...




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