Some more info on what is haunting me:
- Using sphinx 3.2.1 ; latex_engine=xelatex ; installed TeX Live 2019/Debian Full
- Translations to html all build without problems
- generating pdf fusing 'sphinxbuild -b latex -Dlanguage=XX' ; running 'make' in the html dir
- PDF to Chines (zh_CW, zh_TW) works (can't modify the topic title anymore)
- However, to PDF:
- Korean generates a PDF , but there seems to be a font missing (many question mark characters)

- Japanese doesn't generate a PDF
The error in the latex.log that comes first:
! LaTeX Error: This file needs format `pLaTeX2e'
but this is `LaTeX2e'.
And a lot of
Missing character: There is no リ in font [FreeSansBoldOblique.otf]/OT:script=latn;language=dflt;!
Missing character: There is no ー in font [FreeSansBoldOblique.otf]/OT:script=latn;language=dflt;!
Missing character: There is no ス in font [FreeSansBoldOblique.otf]/OT:script=latn;language=dflt;! - Arabic also fails latex building (no PDF generated ) at
Package polyglossia Warning: Patchingbiditablefailed! on input line 75.
! Package bidi Error: Oops! you have loaded package xcolor after bidi package.
Please load package xcolor before bidi package, and then try to run xelatex on
your document again.
See the bidi package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.