Google AI Studio and Gemini 2.5

[Karthik]

नमः सर्वेभ्यः।

I see that Vishvas mahodaya posted some stuff about this yesterday in the context of SST.

Gemini, however, is capable of a lot more.

As long as you have the right prompts in place, it can:

* extract text via OCR in a structured format for further automated processing where you can define the structure.

* translate texts to/from Sanskrit

* break words down into its components with tagging

* discuss the minutae of Sanskrit grammar, or provide the prakriya for a given word

* proofread texts, checking for grammar/spelling/coherence issues.

* extract the text from uploaded audio or from an online resource like a YT video

This is only a small list of Sanskrit-specific topics. If you can think of something in this space, it could probably do it.

The two primary models are Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash. The main difference between the two for our workflows is that thinking (which takes time) can be disabled in the latter. A lot of these workloads do not require "reasoning." You can try it out on your workloads to see if it makes any difference.

The web interface of Google AI (https://aistudio.google.com) is freely available to all.

If you wish to use the models over API, then you need to pay once the (generous) free tier is exhausted.

This is a wonderful tool and a huge labor-saving device that everyone ought to use on a daily basis.

[Avinash L Varna]

Namaste,

Thank you for sharing these details. 

One project that a few of us worked on several years ago relates to forced alignment - synchronizing text and corresponding audio. (See example of the use of the data to create a "read along" webpage). This used a library that relied on traditional audio processing techniques (specifically TTS + DTW), but I know that deep learning based techniques exist, e.g. this tutorial or article. One challenge was that there were no good open models for Sanskrit the last time I checked (AFAIK the MMS_FA model referenced in that tutorial doesn't support Sanskrit).

Given that Gemini can transcribe text from audio, I wonder if this alignment pipeline can be replaced with it. Couple of questions where I would appreciate your input - 

1. Have you tried transcribing audio of chanting/musical recitation as opposed to just standard speech ? How well does it work?

2. I recall that one of your messages said that it has challenges with long audio. In the forced alignment problem, since we have a version of the text available, could this be used (with the right prompt) to generate alignment data, since it doesn't have to fully transcribe the audio?

3. One of the cases we encountered was that the audio and text would be different in some places (e.g. due to pAThabheda). The TTS+DTW alignment approach was robust enough that it would recover once the audio and text matched again, but it would be nice to be able to automatically identify such cases, so that some manual proofreading/checks could be done. Unfortunately, the aeneas library didn't provide any matching score to allow this to be programmatically performed, but given the OCR prompt you shared in the other thread, I wonder if a suitable prompt could be created (or a separate "judge" model used) to get Gemini to find places where the text and audio are different.

Thanks

Avinash

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[Tyler Neill]

Hi everyone,

I wanted to follow up on this very helpful message from Karthik with a note or two on my experience using Gemini 2.5 over API for OCR and proofreading.

1. With default settings (e.g. temperature) and a reasonably clear and strict prompt of my own making, 2.5 definitely still hallucinates from time to time. Whatever you're using it for, be prepared for those errors to creep in, and either control for them or warn your downstream users.

2. In asking it to explain choices between competing readings, I see evidence that some subtle minutiae of grammar (e.g., uncommon athematic conjugations, more occasional sandhi rules like "Vr r", etc.) and lexicon (e.g. rare words) do still escape it. This is not very surprising, given the statistical nature of its operation.

3. That said, I also find it incredibly good at most things, and I recommend its use as well, including over other LLM options.

Is there yet a public Sanskrit AI cookbook for prompt engineering and other parameters? If not, let's start one! @Karthik I saw that you shared some specific prompts in another thread 👍 It seems worth a benchmarking paper, as well.

Best wishes,

Tyler

[Karthik]

Avinash,

> I wonder if this alignment pipeline can be replaced with it.

> In the forced alignment problem, since we have a version of the text available, could this be used (with the right prompt) to generate alignment data, since it doesn't have to fully transcribe the audio?

https://github.com/s-i-e-v-e/llm-experiments/tree/master/forced-alignment

The entire thing took 5 minutes from start to end.

The prompts used and responses produced are in the root folder.

You can `cd` into the data folder and run `python -m http.server` to check the result.

There are minor bugs and timing issues. It stops working towards the end of the story. But those, I think, can be fixed.

Here's the kicker.

I have never done this before. Audio is not even my domain.

The first time I even heard of forced alignment was last December when Ram Durbha mahodaya pointed the concept out to me when I was adding a few audio narrations to the adhyētā website.

Highlighting the word being spoken would have been a nice feature to have but not essential.

If I can do this in 5 minutes, a subject matter expert should be able to work wonders with it.

> Have you tried transcribing audio of chanting/musical recitation as opposed to just standard speech?

I haven't. But I don't foresee big issues with chanting. If you can hear the audio and make out the words, the software should be able to transcribe it.

>  it has challenges with long audio.

My suggestion was to try shorter audio segments if possible. It has more to do with the context size than the length of the audio. As the size of the context increases, the complexity explodes in quadratic fashion. It is the nature of the attention mechanism that transformers use. Eventually, the model suffers loss of coherence.

In the case of the transcript of the Sowmya Krishnapur thesis presentation video (https://old.reddit.com/r/adhyeta/comments/1lkklwq/), Gemini tokenized the entire YT video and that led to a context size of about 300-400K tokens. So output suffered a bit. The model missed things. I had to ask it to recheck the transcript by playing the audio at multiple speeds all the way down to 0.125x. I even had to hint at the speaker's expected wpm.

> One of the cases we encountered was that the audio and text would be different in some places (e.g. due to pAThabheda) ... I wonder if a suitable prompt could be created (or a separate "judge" model used) to get Gemini to find places where the text and audio are different.

Very likely IMO. As this is sequential data, you just have to tell it to use the "right" version in place of the "wrong" version.

Karthik

[Karthik]

This is a follow up to Tyler's comment.

Gemini exposes two main parameters to tune the model's coherence/predictability:

* temperature: Range 0.0-2.0 Default 1.0

* top_p: Range 0.0-1.0 Default 0.95

Other models, particularly those that can be run locally, offer many more parameters.

The lower the temperature, the more predictable the model gets. Higher temperatures make it less so.

top_p is a filter that controls the tokens that can play in this round.

A temperature of 0 or a top_p of 0 will force the model to always pick the most probable token. A bad idea for creative writing, but could be good if you want it to follow instructions by always going for the most likely solution. You can experiment with this if you have unsatisfactory outcomes.

Artefact2's visualization (https://artefact2.github.io/llm-sampling/index.xhtml) of how these parameters interoperate is brilliant and should be checked out by anyone interested in tweaking the model.

Another good post that explains samplers and temperature:  https://smcleod.net/2025/04/comprehensive-guide-to-llm-sampling-parameters/

Karthik

[Karthik]

@Tyler

> Is there yet a public Sanskrit AI cookbook for prompt engineering and other parameters? If not, let's start one!

I don't think so. If someone creates one under a GH organization, we can start contributing.

>  I saw that you shared some specific prompts in another thread 👍 

Thanks. I just kept iterating till the work got done. 100% automation was never going to happen. So I picked the percentage of manual labor that I was comfortable with.

> It seems worth a benchmarking paper, as well.

Not an academic. While I have read many papers over the years, I haven't been involved in writing one.

A lot of our interactions with LLMs depends on stuff that is so hand wavy that it is a miracle people write about it at all.

On Wednesday, July 9, 2025 at 10:59:41 PM UTC+5:30 Tyler Neill wrote:

[Antariksh Bothale]

These are great! I have also been experimenting with producing translations and embeddings (to support semantic search) for http://sanskritsahitya.org/

As a starting point, I am using the tagging produced by the Dharmamitra API, and then giving the tags and the gloss to Gemini with instructions to produce a summary. 

It does reasonably well, but the main issue is that because the gloss has the whole dictionary definition of each word (not just the meaning that's relevant for that shloka), it sometimes ends up picking a random meaning for the summary, which can make results a bit wonky.

I will put in my findings and scripts in https://github.com/sanskritsahitya-com/data

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[Karthik]

@Antariksh

Can you try bypassing Dharmamitra? Gemini is VERY good at understanding context.

I got these results a couple of months ago using a very basic prompt. Didn't even ask for structured data, just a reader friendly presentation.

Even if you have structured data and incorrect meanings, you can ask Gemini to assign the contextual meaning to the node.

--- BEGIN ---
Here are the word-by-word translations and grammar, followed by the meaning of each verse:

VERSE 1:

तस्य त्वेवं प्रभावस्य धर्मज्ञस्य महात्मनः।
सुतार्थं तप्यमानस्य नासीद्वंशकरः सुतः॥ १

तस्य = of him (तद् - masculine, 6th case singular)
त्वेवं = indeed thus (तु + एवम् - indeclinable + indeclinable)
प्रभावस्य = of the one having power/splendour (प्रभाव - masculine, 6th case singular)
धर्मज्ञस्य = of the knower of righteousness (धर्मज्ञ - masculine, 6th case singular)
महात्मनः = of the great-souled one (महात्मन् - masculine, 6th case singular)
सुतार्थं = for the sake of a son (सुत + अर्थम् - noun + indeclinable, or could be considered compound in 4th case)
तप्यमानस्य = of the one performing penance, of the one who was distressed (तप् - masculine, present participle, passive voice, 6th case singular)
न = not (indeclinable)
आसीत् = was (अस् - past tense, 3rd person singular)
वंशकरः = making the lineage (वंशकर - masculine, 1st case singular)
सुतः = a son (सुत - masculine, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: Of him, indeed thus, of the one having such power, of the knower of righteousness, the great-souled one, of the one distressed for the sake of a son, there was no son who would continue the lineage.

VERSE 2:

चिन्तयानस्य तस्यैवं बुद्धिरासीन्महात्मनः।
सुतार्थं वाजिमेधेन किमर्थं न यजाम्यहम्॥ २

चिन्तयानस्य = of the one thinking (चिन्तय - masculine, present participle, 6th case singular)
तस्यैवं = of him thus (तस्य + एवम् - तद् - masculine, 6th case singular + indeclinable)
बुद्धिः = intellect/thought (बुद्धि - feminine, 1st case singular)
आसीत् = was (अस् - past tense, 3rd person singular)
महात्मनः = of the great-souled one (महात्मन् - masculine, 6th case singular)
सुतार्थं = for the sake of a son (सुत + अर्थम् - noun + indeclinable, or could be considered compound in 4th case)
वाजिमेधेन = by the horse sacrifice (वाजिमेध - masculine, 3rd case singular)
किमर्थं = why (किम् + अर्थम् - indeclinable + indeclinable, or could be considered compound)
न = not (indeclinable)
यजामि = I sacrifice (यज् - present tense, 1st person singular)
अहम् = I (अस्मद् - 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: Of him, the great-souled one, thinking thus, the thought arose, "Why do I not sacrifice for the sake of a son by the horse sacrifice?"

VERSE 3:

स निश्चितां मतिं कृत्वा यष्टव्यमिति बुद्धिमान्।
मन्त्रिभिः सह धर्मात्मा सर्वैरेव कृतात्मभिः॥ ३

सः = he (तद् - masculine, 1st case singular)
निश्चितां = determined/resolved (निश्चित - feminine, 2nd case singular)
मतिं = mind/intellect/resolve (मति - feminine, 2nd case singular)
कृत्वा = having done/made (कृ - indeclinable, tvānta)
यष्टव्यमिति = "It should be sacrificed" thus (यष्टव्यम् + इति - gerundive + indeclinable)
बुद्धिमान् = intelligent/wise (बुद्धिमान् - masculine, 1st case singular)
मन्त्रिभिः = by the ministers (मन्त्रिन् - masculine, 3rd case plural)
सह = with (indeclinable)
धर्मात्मा = whose soul is righteousness (धर्मात्मन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
सर्वैरेव = by all indeed (सर्व + एव - pronoun + indeclinable, 3rd case plural)
कृतात्मभिः = by those whose souls are accomplished/pure (कृतात्मन् - masculine, 3rd case plural)

Verse meaning: He, the intelligent one, the one whose soul was righteousness, having made a determined resolve, "It should be sacrificed," with all the ministers whose souls were accomplished.

VERSE 4:

ततोऽब्रवीदिदं राजा सुमन्त्रं मन्त्रिसत्तमम्।
शीघ्रमानय मे सर्वान्गुरूंस्तान्सपुरोहितान्॥ ४

ततः = then (indeclinable)
अब्रवीत् = spoke (ब्रू - past tense, 3rd person singular)
इदं = this (इदम् - neuter, 2nd case singular)
राजा = the king (राजन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
सुमन्त्रं = to Sumantra (सुमन्त्र - masculine, 2nd case singular)
मन्त्रिसत्तमम् = the best among ministers (मन्त्रिसत्तम - masculine, 2nd case singular)
शीघ्रम् = quickly (indeclinable)
आनय = bring (आनी - imperative, 2nd person singular)
मे = for me (अस्मद् - 6th case singular)
सर्वान् = all (सर्व - masculine, 2nd case plural)
गुरूंस्तान् = those preceptors (गुरु + तान् - masculine noun + masculine pronoun, 2nd case plural)
सपुरोहितान् = together with the priests (सपुरोहित - masculine, 2nd case plural)

Verse meaning: Then the king spoke this to Sumantra, the best among ministers: "Quickly bring all those preceptors together with the priests for me."

VERSE 5:

एतच्छ्रुत्वा रहः सूतो राजानमिदमब्रवीत्।
ऋत्विग्भिरुपदिष्टोऽयं पुरावृत्तो मया श्रुतः॥ ५

एतत् = this (एतद् - neuter, 2nd case singular)
श्रुत्वा = having heard (श्रु - indeclinable, tvānta)
रहः = in private/secret (रहस् - neuter, 7th case singular or indeclinable adverb)
सूतः = the charioteer/bard (सूत - masculine, 1st case singular)
राजानं = to the king (राजन् - masculine, 2nd case singular)
इदम् = this (इदम् - neuter, 2nd case singular)
अब्रवीत् = spoke (ब्रू - past tense, 3rd person singular)
ऋत्विग्भिः = by the officiating priests (ऋत्विज् - masculine, 3rd case plural)
उपदिष्टः = instructed/told (उपदिश् - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
अयं = this (इदम् - masculine, 1st case singular)
पुरावृत्तः = an ancient occurrence/story (पुरावृत्त - masculine, 1st case singular)
मया = by me (अस्मद् - 3rd case singular)
श्रुतः = heard (श्रु - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: Having heard this, the charioteer in private spoke this to the king: "This ancient story, instructed by the officiating priests, was heard by me."

VERSE 6:

सनत्कुमारो भगवान्पूर्वं कथितवान्कथाम्।
ऋषीणां संनिधौ राजंस्तव पुत्रागमं प्रति॥ ६

सनत्कुमारः = Sanatkumara (सनत्कुमार - masculine, 1st case singular)
भगवान् = the worshipful one (भगवत् - masculine, 1st case singular)
पूर्वं = formerly (indeclinable)
कथितवान् = had told (कथ् - masculine, past active participle, 1st case singular)
कथाम् = a story (कथा - feminine, 2nd case singular)
ऋषीणां = of the sages (ऋषि - masculine, 6th case plural)
संनिधौ = in the presence (संनिधि - masculine, 7th case singular or indeclinable adverb)
राजंस्तव = O King, your (राजन् + तव - vocative + अस्मद्, 6th case singular)
पुत्रागमं = the coming of a son (पुत्रागम - masculine, 2nd case singular)
प्रति = concerning/about (प्रति - indeclinable, often governs the 2nd case)

Verse meaning: The worshipful Sanatkumara formerly had told a story in the presence of the sages, O King, concerning the coming of a son to you.

VERSE 7:

काश्यपस्य तु पुत्रोऽस्ति विभाण्डक इति श्रुतः।
ऋश्यशृङ्ग इति ख्यातस्तस्य पुत्रो भविष्यति॥ ७

काश्यपस्य = of Kashyapa (काश्यप - masculine, 6th case singular)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
पुत्रः = a son (पुत्र - masculine, 1st case singular)
अस्ति = is (अस् - present tense, 3rd person singular)
विभाण्डकः = Vibhandaka (विभाण्डक - masculine, 1st case singular)
इति = thus (indeclinable)
श्रुतः = famous/heard of (श्रु - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
ऋश्यशृङ्गः = Rishyashringa (ऋश्यशृङ्ग - masculine, 1st case singular)
इति = thus (indeclinable)
ख्यातः = known/famous (ख्या - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
तस्य = of him (तद् - masculine, 6th case singular)
पुत्रः = a son (पुत्र - masculine, 1st case singular)
भविष्यति = will be (भू - future tense, 3rd person singular)

Verse meaning: Indeed, there is a son of Kashyapa, known as Vibhandaka. His son will be, known as Rishyashringa.

VERSE 8:

स वने नित्यसंवृद्धो मुनिर्वनचरः सदा।
नान्यं जानाति विप्रेन्द्रो नित्यं पित्रनुवर्तनात्॥ ८

सः = he (तद् - masculine, 1st case singular)
वने = in the forest (वन - neuter, 7th case singular)
नित्यसंवृद्धः = ever-grown/brought up (नित्यसंवृद्ध - masculine, 1st case singular)
मुनिः = a sage (मुनि - masculine, 1st case singular)
वनचरः = forest-dweller (वनचर - masculine, 1st case singular)
सदा = always (indeclinable)
न = not (indeclinable)
अन्यं = another (अन्य - masculine, 2nd case singular)
जानाति = knows (ज्ञा - present tense, 3rd person singular)
विप्रेन्द्रः = the foremost among Brahmins (विप्रेन्द्र - masculine, 1st case singular)
नित्यं = always (indeclinable)
पित्रनुवर्तनात् = from following his father (पित्रनुवर्तन - neuter, 5th case singular)

Verse meaning: He, the sage ever brought up in the forest, always a forest-dweller, the foremost among Brahmins, knows not another, always from following his father.

VERSE 9:

द्वैविध्यं ब्रह्मचर्यस्य भविष्यति महात्मनः।
लोकेषु प्रथितं राजन्विप्रैश्च कथितं सदा॥ ९

द्वैविध्यं = the twofold nature (द्वैविध्य - neuter, 1st case singular)
ब्रह्मचर्यस्य = of celibacy/Vedic studenthood (ब्रह्मचर्य - neuter, 6th case singular)
भविष्यति = will be (भू - future tense, 3rd person singular)
महात्मनः = of the great-souled one (महात्मन् - masculine, 6th case singular)
लोकेषु = among the people/in the worlds (लोक - masculine, 7th case plural)
प्रथितं = famous/well-known (प्रथ् - neuter, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
राजन् = O King (राजन् - vocative)
विप्रैश्च = and by the Brahmins (विप्र + च - masculine noun + indeclinable, 3rd case plural)
कथितं = told/spoken (कथ् - neuter, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
सदा = always (indeclinable)

Verse meaning: The twofold nature of the great-souled one's celibacy will be famous among the people, O King, and always told by the Brahmins.

VERSE 10:

तस्यैवं वर्तमानस्य कालः समभिवर्तत।
अग्निं शुश्रूषमाणस्य पितरं च यशस्विनम्॥ १०

तस्यैवं = of him thus (तस्य + एवम् - तद् - masculine, 6th case singular + indeclinable)
वर्तमानस्य = of the one existing/being (वर्त - masculine, present participle, 6th case singular)
कालः = time (काल - masculine, 1st case singular)
समभिवर्तत = arrived/came near (समभिवृत् - past tense, 3rd person singular)
अग्निं = the fire (अग्नि - masculine, 2nd case singular)
शुश्रूषमाणस्य = of the one serving (शुश्रूष् - masculine, present participle, 6th case singular)
पितरं = the father (पितृ - masculine, 2nd case singular)
च = and (indeclinable)
यशस्विनम् = the glorious one (यशस्विन् - masculine, 2nd case singular)

Verse meaning: Time arrived for him thus existing, of the one serving the fire and the glorious father.

VERSE 11:

एतस्मिन्नेव काले तु लोमपादः प्रतापवान्।
अङ्गेषु प्रथितो राजा भविष्यति महाबलः॥ ११

एतस्मिन्नेव = in this very (एतस्मिन् + एव - एतद् - masculine/neuter, 7th case singular + indeclinable)
काले = time (काल - masculine/neuter, 7th case singular)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
लोमपादः = Lomapada (लोमपाद - masculine, 1st case singular)
प्रतापवान् = powerful/valiant (प्रतापवत् - masculine, 1st case singular)
अङ्गेषु = in Anga (अङ्ग - masculine, 7th case plural)
प्रथितः = famous/well-known (प्रथ् - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
राजा = the king (राजन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
भविष्यति = will be (भू - future tense, 3rd person singular)
महाबलः = very strong (महाबल - masculine, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: Indeed, in this very time, the powerful Lomapada, famous in Anga, a very strong king, will be.

VERSE 12:

तस्य व्यतिक्रमाद्राज्ञो भविष्यति सुदारुणा।
अनावृष्टिः सुघोरा वै सर्वभूतभयावहा॥ १२

तस्य = of him (तद् - masculine, 6th case singular)
व्यतिक्रमात् = from the transgression (व्यतिक्रम - masculine, 5th case singular)
राज्ञः = of the king (राजन् - masculine, 6th case singular)
भविष्यति = will be (भू - future tense, 3rd person singular)
सुदारुणा = very terrible (सुदारुण - feminine, 1st case singular)
अनावृष्टिः = drought (अनावृष्टि - feminine, 1st case singular)
सुघोरा = very dreadful (सुघोर - feminine, 1st case singular)
वै = indeed (indeclinable)
सर्वभूतभयावहा = bringing fear to all beings (सर्वभूतभयावह - feminine, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: From the transgression of that king, there will be indeed a very terrible, very dreadful drought, bringing fear to all beings.

VERSE 13:

अनावृष्ट्यां तु वृत्तायां राजा दुःखसमन्वितः।
ब्राह्मणाञ्श्रुतवृद्धांश्च समानीय प्रवक्ष्यति॥ १३

अनावृष्ट्यां = in the drought (अनावृष्टि - feminine, 7th case singular)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
वृत्तायां = having occurred (वृत् - feminine, past passive participle, 7th case singular)
राजा = the king (राजन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
दुःखसमन्वितः = filled with sorrow (दुःखसमन्वित - masculine, 1st case singular)
ब्राह्मणाञ्श्रुतवृद्धांश्च = and the Brahmins, learned and aged (ब्राह्मण + श्रुतवृद्ध + च - masculine noun + masculine noun + indeclinable, 2nd case plural)
समानीय = having assembled/brought together (समानी - indeclinable, lyap)
प्रवक्ष्यति = will say (प्रवच् - future tense, 3rd person singular)

Verse meaning: Indeed, when the drought has occurred, the king, filled with sorrow, having assembled the Brahmins, learned and aged, will say:

VERSE 14:

भवन्तः श्रुतधर्माणो लोकचारित्रवेदिनः।
समादिशन्तु नियमं प्रायश्चित्तं यथा भवेत्॥ १४

भवन्तः = you (भवत् - masculine, 1st case plural)
श्रुतधर्माणः = whose righteousness is heard (श्रुतधर्मन् - masculine, 1st case plural)
लोकचारित्रवेदिनः = knowers of the customs of the world (लोकचारित्रवेदिन् - masculine, 1st case plural)
समादिशन्तु = may you command/instruct (समादिश् - imperative, 3rd person plural)
नियमं = the rule/procedure (नियम - masculine, 2nd case singular)
प्रायश्चित्तं = the expiation/penance (प्रायश्चित्त - neuter, 2nd case singular)
यथा = how (indeclinable)
भवेत् = may be (भू - potential mood, 3rd person singular)

Verse meaning: "You, whose righteousness is heard, knowers of the customs of the world, may you instruct the rule, how the expiation may be."

VERSE 15:

वक्ष्यन्ति ते महीपालं ब्राह्मणा वेदपारगाः।
विभाण्डकसुतं राजन्सर्वोपायैरिहानय॥ १५

वक्ष्यन्ति = they will say (वच् - future tense, 3rd person plural)
ते = they (तद् - masculine, 1st case plural)
महीपालं = to the protector of the earth (महीपाल - masculine, 2nd case singular)
ब्राह्मणाः = the Brahmins (ब्राह्मण - masculine, 1st case plural)
वेदपारगाः = those who have gone across the Vedas/versed in Vedas (वेदपारग - masculine, 1st case plural)
विभाण्डकसुतं = the son of Vibhandaka (विभाण्डकसुत - masculine, 2nd case singular)
राजन् = O King (राजन् - vocative)
सर्वोपायैः = by all means (सर्वोपाय - masculine, 3rd case plural)
इह = here (indeclinable)
आनय = bring (आनी - imperative, 2nd person singular)

Verse meaning: They, the Brahmins versed in the Vedas, will say to the protector of the earth: "O King, bring the son of Vibhandaka here by all means."

VERSE 16:

आनाय्य च महीपाल ऋश्यशृङ्गं सुसत्कृतम्।
प्रयच्छ कन्यां शान्तां वै विधिना सुसमाहितः॥ १६

आनाय्य = having caused to be brought (आनाय - indeclinable, lyap, causative)
च = and (indeclinable)
महीपालः = the protector of the earth (महीपाल - masculine, 1st case singular)
ऋश्यशृङ्गं = Rishyashringa (ऋश्यशृङ्ग - masculine, 2nd case singular)
सुसत्कृतं = well-honoured (सुसत्कृत - masculine, 2nd case singular)
प्रयच्छ = give (प्रयच्छ - imperative, 2nd person singular)
कन्यां = a daughter/maiden (कन्या - feminine, 2nd case singular)
शान्तां = Shanta (शान्ता - feminine, 2nd case singular)
वै = indeed (indeclinable)
विधिना = by the ritual/proper procedure (विधि - masculine, 3rd case singular)
सुसमाहितः = very attentive/composed (सुसमाहित - masculine, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: And the protector of the earth, having caused Rishyashringa, well-honoured, to be brought, indeed, very attentive, will give the maiden Shanta by the proper procedure.

VERSE 17:

तेषां तु वचनं श्रुत्वा राजा चिन्तां प्रपत्स्यते।
केनोपायेन वै शक्यमिहानेतुं स वीर्यवान्॥ १७

तेषां = of them (तद् - masculine, 6th case plural)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
वचनं = the word/speech (वचन - neuter, 2nd case singular)
श्रुत्वा = having heard (श्रु - indeclinable, tvānta)
राजा = the king (राजन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
चिन्तां = anxiety/thought (चिन्ता - feminine, 2nd case singular)
प्रपत्स्यते = will fall into/obtain (प्रपत् - future tense, 3rd person singular)
केन = by what (किम् - masculine/neuter, 3rd case singular)
उपायेन = by means (उपाय - masculine, 3rd case singular)
वै = indeed (indeclinable)
शक्यम् = possible (शक्य - neuter, 1st case singular)
इह = here (indeclinable)
आनेतुं = to bring (आनी - indeclinable, tuman)
सः = he (तद् - masculine, 1st case singular)
वीर्यवान् = powerful/valiant (वीर्यवत् - masculine, 1st case singular)

Verse meaning: Indeed, having heard their word, the king will fall into anxiety: "By what means indeed is it possible to bring that powerful one here?"

VERSE 18:

ततो राजा विनिश्चित्य सह मन्त्रिभिरात्मवान्।
पुरोहितममात्यांश्च प्रेषयिष्यति सत्कृतान्॥ १८

ततः = then (indeclinable)
राजा = the king (राजन् - masculine, 1st case singular)
विनिश्चित्य = having determined (विनिश्चि - indeclinable, lyap)
सह = with (indeclinable)
मन्त्रिभिः = by the ministers (मन्त्रिन् - masculine, 3rd case plural)
आत्मवान् = composed/wise (आत्मवत् - masculine, 1st case singular)
पुरोहितममात्यांश्च = and the priest and ministers (पुरोहित + अमात्य + च - masculine noun + masculine noun + indeclinable, 2nd case plural)
प्रेषयिष्यति = will send (प्रेषय - future tense, 3rd person singular, causative)
सत्कृतान् = honoured (सत्कृत - masculine, 2nd case plural)

Verse meaning: Then the king, the composed one, having determined with the ministers, will send the honoured priest and ministers.

VERSE 19:

ते तु राज्ञो वचः श्रुत्वा व्यथिता वनताननाः।
न गच्छेम ऋषेर्भीता अनुनेष्यन्ति तं नृपम्॥ १९

ते = they (तद् - masculine, 1st case plural)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
राज्ञः = of the king (राजन् - masculine, 6th case singular)
वचः = the word (वचस् - neuter, 2nd case singular)
श्रुत्वा = having heard (श्रु - indeclinable, tvānta)
व्यथिता = distressed/agitated (व्यथित - masculine, 1st case plural)
वनताननाः = with downcast faces (वनतानन - masculine, 1st case plural)
न = not (indeclinable)
गच्छेम = we would go (गम् - potential mood, 1st person plural)
ऋषेः = of the sage (ऋषि - masculine, 6th case singular)
भीताः = fearful (भीत - masculine, 1st case plural)
अनुनेष्यन्ति = will implore/pacify (अनुनी - future tense, 3rd person plural)
तं = him (तद् - masculine, 2nd case singular)
नृपम् = the king (नृप - masculine, 2nd case singular)

Verse meaning: But they, having heard the king's word, distressed, with downcast faces, fearful of the sage, "We would not go," will implore that king.

VERSE 20:

वक्ष्यन्ति चिन्तयित्वा ते तस्योपायांश्च तान्क्षमान्।
आनेष्यामो वयं विप्रं न च दोषो भविष्यति॥ २०

वक्ष्यन्ति = they will say (वच् - future tense, 3rd person plural)
चिन्तयित्वा = having thought (चिन्तय - indeclinable, tvānta)
ते = they (तद् - masculine, 1st case plural)
तस्य = of him (तद् - masculine, 6th case singular)
उपायांश्च = and the means (उपाय + च - masculine noun + indeclinable, 2nd case plural)
तान् = those (तद् - masculine, 2nd case plural)
क्षमान् = appropriate/suitable (क्षम - masculine, 2nd case plural)
आनेष्यामो = we will bring (आनी - future tense, 1st person plural)
वयं = we (अस्मद् - 1st case plural)
विप्रं = the Brahmin (विप्र - masculine, 2nd case singular)
न = not (indeclinable)
च = and (indeclinable)
दोषः = fault (दोष - masculine, 1st case singular)
भविष्यति = will be (भू - future tense, 3rd person singular)

Verse meaning: Having thought, they will say those appropriate means for him: "We will bring the Brahmin, and there will not be a fault."

VERSE 21:

एवमङ्गाधिपेनैव गणिकाभिरृषेः सुतः।
आनीतोऽवर्षयद्देवः शान्ता चास्मै प्रदीयते॥ २१

एवम् = thus (indeclinable)
अङ्गाधिपेनैव = by the lord of Anga indeed (अङ्गाधिप + एव - masculine noun + indeclinable, 3rd case singular)
गणिकाभिः = by courtesans (गणिका - feminine, 3rd case plural)
ऋषेः = of the sage (ऋषि - masculine, 6th case singular)
सुतः = the son (सुत - masculine, 1st case singular)
आनीतः = brought (आनी - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
अवर्षयत् = caused to rain (अवर्षयत् - causative, past tense, 3rd person singular)
देवः = the god/Indra (देव - masculine, 1st case singular)
शान्ता = Shanta (शान्ता - feminine, 1st case singular)
च = and (indeclinable)
अस्मै = for him (इदम् - masculine, 4th case singular)
प्रदीयते = is given (प्रदा - present tense, 3rd person singular, passive)

Verse meaning: Thus, indeed by the lord of Anga, by courtesans, the son of the sage was brought. The god caused to rain, and Shanta is given to him.

VERSE 22:

ऋश्यशृङ्गस्तु जामाता पुत्रांस्तव विधास्यति।
सनत्कुमारकथितमेतावद्व्याहृतं मया॥ २२

ऋश्यशृङ्गः = Rishyashringa (ऋश्यशृङ्ग - masculine, 1st case singular)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
जामाता = the son-in-law (जामातृ - masculine, 1st case singular)
पुत्रांस्तव = your sons (पुत्रान् + तव - masculine noun + अस्मद् pronoun, 2nd case plural + 6th case singular)
विधास्यति = will make/provide (विधा - future tense, 3rd person singular)
सनत्कुमारकथितम् = told by Sanatkumara (सनत्कुमारकथित - neuter, 1st case singular)
एतावत् = this much (एतावत् - neuter, 1st case singular or indeclinable adverb)
व्याहृतं = spoken (व्याहृत - neuter, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
मया = by me (अस्मद् - 3rd case singular)

Verse meaning: Indeed, Rishyashringa, the son-in-law, will provide your sons. This much, told by Sanatkumara, has been spoken by me.

VERSE 23:

अथ हृष्टो दशरथः सुमन्त्रं प्रत्यभाषत।
यथर्ष्यशृङ्गस्त्वानीतो विस्तरेण त्वयोच्यताम्॥ २३

अथ = then (indeclinable)
हृष्टः = delighted (हृष्ट - masculine, 1st case singular)
दशरथः = Dasharatha (दशरथ - masculine, 1st case singular)
सुमन्त्रं = to Sumantra (सुमन्त्र - masculine, 2nd case singular)
प्रत्यभाषत = replied/spoke in return (प्रति + भाष - past tense, 3rd person singular)
यथा = how (indeclinable)
ऋष्यशृङ्गः = Rishyashringa (ऋश्यशृङ्ग - masculine, 1st case singular)
तु = indeed/but (indeclinable)
आनीतः = brought (आनी - masculine, past passive participle, 1st case singular)
विस्तरेण = in detail (विस्तर - masculine, 3rd case singular)
त्वया = by you (युष्मद् - 3rd case singular)
उच्यताम् = may be said (वच् - potential mood, 3rd person singular, passive)

Verse meaning: Then the delighted Dasharatha replied to Sumantra: "Indeed, how Rishyashringa was brought should be said by you in detail."

--- END ---

[Antariksh Bothale]

To clarify, are you saying I should give Gemini the Sanskrit shloka and directly ask it to produce the पदच्छेद and translation, as opposed to having Dharmamitra produce the पदच्छेद and then Gemini consuming it to produce the translation?

To view this discussion visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/sanskrit-programmers/50ce1445-c1c4-4261-82d6-ba3b997c3663n%40googlegroups.com.

[Karthik]

Yes.

The idea being: Gemini not only understands the totality of the language, but also has the context at hand to derive the appropriate meaning for every word.

Further, it might make sense to process entire chapters at a time so that it can have access to everything that occurred before to figure out something like, say, who a particular तस्य refers to exactly.