In very general terms, a segmentation fault is a blocked attempt to access memory not allocated to a process. The result is it being killed, and if configured to do so, a core dump file is created for post mortem failure analysis.
In pre-windows NT windows operating system (think 3.1/95/98/me), this would be your blue screen. In later versions of windows, your Dr. Watson would be what you’d see as long as it wasn’t a failure in kernel or kernel mode device drivers.