It looks like this works neither in Dr Racket nor Racket Mode's REPLs.
As a quick experimental hack, if I namespace-require the namespaced-transformer module before entering read-eval-print-loop -- so that the #%namespaced syntax transformer is defined -- then this does work in Racket Mode's REPL.
So I could... just add that. But I don't know the history of this. Is this a convention that Alexis proposed be adopted by Dr Racket? If so, was it not adopted simply due to lack of time, or, for technical reasons like gotchas or some other ideas about how to approach this?
Maybe someone like Alexis or Robby remembers?