You're searching for a certain unicode codepoint sequence (U+00AB,
U+00CD, U+00EF) in a string, but I think you're trying to search for a
byte sequence in a byte string. You can read in the file as bytes and
use a byte regexp. So:
(define needle (list->bytes (list #xab #xcd #xef)))
(define needle-offset
(call-with-input-file "big_binary_blob.bin"
#:mode 'binary
(λ (p)
(regexp-match-positions (byte-regexp needle) p))))