Hi!
After a few hours of trial and error my problem is solved.
Here is the Solution:
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/02-foreman.conf:
....
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile #Here you have to use
SSLCertificateKeyFile #your own signed certificate + key
....
/etc/puppet/foreman.yaml:
...
:ssl_ca: # Here you have to use the cert of your CA (which created your Certificate for your Webserver)
...
The other certificates are self-signed certs from puppet.
So my Browser-SSL-Failure is fixed and the nodes (puppet agents) get the certs signed from puppetmaster.
Thank You!
Hoize