If your issue is simply that you are in the process of migrating node_exporter configs from http to https, I'd suggest you configure the required scheme for each target using
labels in the service discovery:
- labels:
__scheme__: http
targets:
- foo:9100
- bar:9100
- labels:
__scheme__: https
targets:
- baz:9100
- quz:9100
Then move the targets from one section to the other as you migrate them. Or at worst, simply scrape all targets twice, and let one fail and the other succeed. When the migration is complete, remove the http targets. (Obviously you'll want to tweak your alerting rules in this case)
If you really want to try https first and fall back to http for all targets (on the same port? on different ports?) then I don't think Prometheus can do this. But you could write your own proxy, which makes connection type A and then falls back to connection type B, and scrape the proxy. Pass the connection parameters (e.g. target address) as part of the URL.