I have to admit I have never used the jdbc-libraries with clojure, but looking into the source code, it looks like a not very good match for pedestal as is.
In pedestal I would expect something along the lines:
1. in a transaction-interceptor:
on enter: do the necessary things to enter a transaction and add the transaction object on the context in some namespaced key.
on leave: if there is a transaction in the context do the necessary things to leave the transaction. Remove the transaction object from the context since were done with it.
on error: (before or after the transaction interceptor) - cancel the transaction and remove the transaction object.
(the error interceptor could be either in the transactor interceptor, or as a separate interceptor)
When I look into the source code of java.jdbc and jdbc.next it is not apparent how to create a transaction and then with something else leave it.