execute_command is where we wet the environment vars -- in the example above, we dot-source them from a file using the ". {{.Vars}}" portion of the command -- {{ .Vars }} is the golang templating method for adding items into a string, and in this case .Vars gets replaced with a formatted version of the variables you supply in environment_vars. I imagine you should be able to use the environment vars in the command, as long as you have already called the code that sources {{Vars}}
So you'd want something like
"execute_command": "powershell -executionpolicy bypass \"& {. {{.Vars}}; Set-Location -Path C:\\artifacts\\windows-netfx3; &'{{.Path}}'; exit $LastExitCode }\""