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Well, the mentioned book has chapter about inheritance, but it is in no way connected with the terms of intensional and extensional inheritance. So, this book is not usable.
Now I am looking Non-Axiomatic Logic: A Model Of Intelligent Reasoning by P. Wang and it should be fairly good book, because OpenCog uses term logic and the idea about possible use of term logic (more than 2000 years after Aristotle) in present times comes from P. Wang (as described in PLN book), but I have no access to this book, so.....
It could be nice to know where such notions about extensional and intensional inheritance comes from.
OpenCog wiki says that intensional inheritance (class inheritance) can be understood as subset relationship but from my programming experience I can say that this is wrong perception. Subset relationship is subset relationship but class is something more: class has class functions, class as a concept exists even without members of this class, class has factory methods/constructors/destuctors - means of creating new instances and so on. Class (in some lanuages) can have multiple inheritance. So, I am still afraid of adopting OpenCog notions.
To be honest, I am a bit afraid to include in my thesis project that uses term logic - it is just fragment of monadic predicate logic and it was decided some 150 years ago that more extensive logics (full predicate logic) are necessary for more expressivity...
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Maybe we can solve the problem about modelling classes (and using OO and UML notions for knowledge representation) with the following (pseudo)code- We can define ConceptNode "Object", that consists from the set or properties and functions- We can require that any class e.g. Invoice is the inherited from the Object:IntensionalInheritanceLinkInvoiceObject- We can require that any more specifica class, e.g. VATInvoice is the inherited from the more general class:IntensionalInheritanceLinkVATInvoiceInvoice- We can require that any instance is inherited from the concrete class:ExtensionalInheritanceLinksinvoice_no_2314VATInvoice
But I don't know yet what can and what can not be the parent for extensional and intensional inheritance. Can an entity be extensionally inherited from the more complex object or it can be extensionally inherited from empty set-placeholder only. When we introduce notion of set, then the futher question always arise - does OpenCog make distinction between sets and proper classes?
There is second problem as well - there is only one - mixed InheritanceLink. One can use SubsetLink for the extensional inheritance (still it feels strange), but there is certainly necessary syntactic sugar for intensional inheritance, because it is hard to write and read SubsetLink of property sets again and again (http://wiki.opencog.org/w/InheritanceLink).
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Hi Linas,How do you propose to learn an ontology from the data --
also, what purpose would, in your opinion, the learned ontology serve.
Or stated differently, in what way are you thinking to engender higher-level cognitive capabilities via machine learned bundled neuron (and implicit ontologies, perhaps).
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Hi Linas,
Thank you for your responses, and the pointer.It seems to me that your example further pin-points my question:A quasi-linear walk through a semantic network is essentially a constructed structure (or path) through the use of grammar, to get at a possible reading of a sentence that would make sense to a person within a "semantic space", without however capturing meaning per-se. A lexicon, say, "merely' captures the rules of constructions of particular given verbs and nouns based on their human interpreted meaning).Hence, grammar's purpose seems to really "only" to construct a meanginful path rather than tell us what the meaning of the knowledge embodied in that path is. The latter seems to require another "kind" of semantics/meaning (and perhaps some might say that there are turtles all the way down -- or at least until some grounding).does my intuition make sense,
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Hi Ivan,
I think best if you can spend a bit time on working on a few representative examples that shows what you can do with your embedded language. AI discussions tend to get very abstract, very quickly :-), so to "engineer" ground ourselves its best to talk by way of examples. This helps highlight what one really means :-) by what one does.
thank you,
Daniel
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so i wonder where is the meaning in this kind of machine . -- if the semantic graph is actually constructed out of the machine learned parse of natural language text without a predefined mapping to a semantic graph (which is what ones want to build in the first place).I think this is essentially what confuses me -- if i managed to explain it correctly ... .
It is quite obvious we are not really in OpenCog territory here
In context of A one morphism may hold, in context B another -- and you indicated two kinds of contexts, ) domains (swimming, rowing) and human-introspective-valueladen interpretive context.
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If you’re not a Springer subscriber, you can find the content of the ‘About Understanding’ paper here: http://people.idsia.ch/~steunebrink/Publications/AGI16_understanding.pdf
Happy Reading
/ed
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Edward T Guy, III, Ph.D.