I'm not sure if you are using pipeline or not, either way, when you said the command succeed, the fact that a batch complete doesn't make it successful, make sure to evaluate the %errorlevel% after critical command. ALso if you are using pipeline, make sure to check if the returnStatus and returnStdout to make sure you can fetch some information.
Also, I'm not sure if asadmin can be run by your jenkins service (make sure it got permission to do so). If Jenkins is installed as a service, take care no GUI can be launch from that user. If your start-domain use any gui, you will need to run your Jenkins as a real user and keep that user login under Windows.
Also does the asadmin is available into the PATH of your jenkins user, may want to provide a full path.
If you can give more meat around the way you run your batch command and some console output that would help to help you.