Yes, currently Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL does not support replication from an external master or external replicas for Cloud SQL instances. I should note that the Cloud SQL product team are working on this feature request and it is planned to be available soon, however we cannot provide you any ETA for the implementation.
Another storage option can be using Cloud Spanner which is ideal for relational, structured data that requires transactional reads and writes.
Applying Dataflow option depends on the amount/frequency of your transactions. So, I recommend that you contact Google Cloud Platform sales team and discuss your project with them. If you have a Premium support package, the architecture advisory service is available for you as well.
I should note that Google Groups are reserved for general product discussions. We cannot provide you any advice on your system’s architecture.
I couldn’t find any hook or setup for CDC from Cloud SQL to Cloud Dataflow, however you may create a feature request so that the Cloud SQL product team may evaluate it.
Yes, currently Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL does not support replication from an external master or external replicas for Cloud SQL instances. I should note that the Cloud SQL product team are working on this feature request and it is planned to be available soon, however we cannot provide you any ETA for the implementation.