Hi Maximiliano,
I could not find neither any documentation that tackles a performance comparison between the two options.
Usually this choice is based focusing on a security perspective. As an example, while working using a
GKE applications it is not straightforward to know what will the source IP be. You could certainly
whitelist on the SQL instance any IP (
0.0.0.0/0). For security reasons that might not be ideal and you might want to use
Cloud SQL proxy.
Instinctively
Cloud SQL Proxy adds some additional connection elements between your instance and the client (Proxy Client and Proxy Server). My guess is that this could add some additional delay. If you need to make this decision based on performance I would suggest testing both scenarios.