The fact that the issue is intermittent will make it difficult to troubleshoot. Your issue is similar to the ones discussed here [1][2]. In one of them the issue was transient, in the other it was solved by upgrading the cluster. So make sure you are using the latest node images and Kubernetes releases.
One step to debug could be to create another cluster and see if the timeouts happens at the same time. To isolate networking issues you could spin the cluster in the closest region where you have the SQL instance.
Hi David,
That is a good approach. You will be discarding the images and the cluster per se.
If the connections timeouts still happens in the new cluster, try to correlate them with the current cluster. If they happen at the same time the issue could be in the Cloud SQL server or the network.