
Hello,
To debug this, you might be interested in enabling logging and SSHing into your instance, you could find information as to why your instance is not working properly after the deployment.
Configuration may also be a cause of the gateway error, so it might be worth verifying the configuration you are using to the ones in the official Github for a Spring app in App Engine Standard.
Although you are deploying your application through a JAR file [4], it is always useful to review your code, and you could attempt deploying your application without a JAR file but rather with all your files to see if it makes any difference.
It may also be a good idea to consider opening an Issue Tracker entry so that you can get more attention and support from an agent with your App Engine issue.