FWIW, I'm using Go 1.14.1 on macOS Catalina (10.15.4) without issue. The one thing that seems weird in the information you provided is "GOBIN=/bin". Since /bin shouldn't be writable by you that should fail if you attempt a "go install". But that shouldn't affect a simple "go build". Also, having more than one path in "GOPATH" shouldn't cause any problems but is somewhat unusual.
My first guess is your environment has done something unusual with respect to how signals are handled. See "man execve". Note that signals blocked at the time a new process is started remain blocked. And ignored signals remain ignored unless the new process explicitly handles the signal. Unfortunately I don't know how to interrogate the signal disposition for a process on macOS since it doesn't have /proc and lldb doesn't appear to have a (simple) way to provide that info for a process.