You can do all that stuff with Python and use Django as an UI.
I'm doing something similar. I'm from computational linguistics area as well.
My first advice for you is to study a special book related to python and linguistics. The book is not 100% but the read it is worthwhile.
Here is the link:
This text will open your mind.
As soon as you get pro I suggest you to to start using the NLTK tools for python:
These materials will give you a solid basis and most of your needs will be fully covered.
However if you need something more specific you can convert any algorithm to Python and create your own modules.
In case you can share them on github for others members of the community use it as well would be a plus.
thanks!!