My first step after reading while waiting for approval (excuse my cross-posting) was
sudo systemctl disable connman.service
After reboot there was no connman anymore. But the appended /etc/network/interfaces still does not have any effect :-(
sudo cat /etc/network/interfaces
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet dhcp
# https://sheldondwill.wordpress.com/2013/12/14/beaglebone-black-ubuntu-change-to-static-ip-address/
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.178.5
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.178.0
broadcast 192.168.178.255
gateway 192.168.178.1
dns-search fritz.box
dns-nameservers 192.168.178.1
sudo ifconfig
eth0: flags=-28605<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST,DYNAMIC> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.178.30 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.178.255
inet6 2003:e5:4f4e:9000:dd88:c9ee:10cd:93e5 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 fe80::5496:4382:7f0d:6e2 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 2003:e5:4f4e:9000:84af:175c:c818:f10b prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether 02:02:00:02:15:80 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 107835 bytes 39160508 (39.1 MB)
RX errors 0 dropped 71414 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 20283 bytes 5293839 (5.2 MB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 3398 bytes 314287 (314.2 KB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 3398 bytes 314287 (314.2 KB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
usb0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 02:11:67:8c:6b:cb txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0