I'm not aware of a clean way to do this. I would usually just refer to exactly what I want to build, since I would eventually need to refer to them explicitly in bazel-bin anyway.
Can you elaborate on your general use case? For example, if you have many different java_binary rules you want to build the deploy jar from as a part of a release process, you can do something like
$ bazel query "kind(java_binary, java/...)"
which will give all the labels for all the java_binary rules under the java package. Then you can add "_deploy.jar" to those and build them explicitly. E.g.:
$ bazel query "kind(java_binary, java/...)" | sed 's/$/_deploy.jar/' | xargs bazel build
You'd still need to find them in bazel-bin (maybe you use the results of the query).