SSSSji with Reason alone on darkness as absence of light

[Michael Chandra Cohen]

From The Heart of Sri Samkara, section 21 page 17ff

file:///C:/Users/mc1/OneDrive/Documents/aMy%20eBooks/SSS/aaHeart%20of%20Sri%20Samkara.pdf

[Sudhanshu Shekhar]

Namaste Michael ji.

Even if SSS ji held that darkness is prakAsha-abhAva, how does it prove that it is not bhAva? BhAshyakAra proves in ghaTa-bhAshya that vishesha-abhAva is bhAvarUpa and hence triguNAtmak. This makes SSS Ji's whole endeavour to prove darkness as prakAsha-abhAva fruitless and meaningless.

Further, it is demonstrated below as to how darkness not abhAva. I went through SSS ji's write-up. He has not addressed these arguments. My effort is not fruitless because I am responding to NaiyAyika and not to fellow vedaantI. Anyone who follows vedAnta has to accept darkness as triguNAtmak because bhAvatva and -vishesha-abhAvatva are immaterial therefor.

Why darkness cannot be mere absence of light 

In order to know abhAva, we need to have prior knowledge of pratiyogI. (Now please don't bring in the hopeless Eskimo example of SSS ji. That has been analysed and rejected in this group.) For example, in order to know there is pot-abhAva in the room, we need to know what a pot is. Unless we know a pot, we cannot aver that there is pot-abhAva in the room.

When darkness is posited as prakAsha-abhAva, we need to ask whether it is prakAsha-sAmAnya-abhAva or prakAsha-vishesha-abhAva or sarva-prakAsha-abhAva. 

That is to say, let there be A = {p1, p2, p3..pn}, which is a set of prakAsha in the universe. Then, the darkness which is posited as prakAsha-abhAva can be either 

(i) the abhAva of any of the elements in the set A.

(ii) the abhAva of any specific element in the set A.

(iii) the abhAva of all the elements of the set together.

(iv) the abhAva of each of the elements of the set together.

None of the scenarios are admissible. For example, let us take situation 1 and 2. They are both similar. Let any general or specific element of the set be absent and yet there is sunlight. Can there be darkness? No. Thus, mere absence of a general or specific element of the set does not imply darkness. Hence, it is proved that prakAsha-sAmAnya-abhAva or prakAsha-vishesha-abhAva are not darkness.

Let us take situation 3. This is not tenable either. Because in order to remove darkness, we will need to switch on all p1 to pn. Let us see carefully here: Darkness = abhAva of (p1 ∧ p2 ∧ p3… ∧ pn). So to remove darkness, we need to have p1 & p2 & p3… & pn, which is contrary to experience. Further, it also implies that we must know p1 ∧ p2 ∧ p3… ∧ pn in order to know darkness, which is impossible. Thus, it is proved that darkness is not sarva-prakAsha-abhAva either.

Now, situation 4 states darkness = (~p1 ∧ ~p2 ∧ ~p3 … ∧ ~pn). This implies that in order to know darkness, we need to know each of the p1 to pn. Because unless we know p1, we cannot know p1-abhAva. Thus, similar to situation 3, this situation 4, which demands prior knowledge of all prakAsha, is an impossibility.

Thus, it is proved that darkness is not prakAsha-abhAva.

Another reason

तमः शब्द वाच्यो नाभावः, स्वमात्रवृत्तिधर्मप्रकारकप्रतियोगिज्ञानाजन्यप्रत्यक्षविषयत्वाद्, घटवत्।  

(i) There are some particular features of abhAva. It resides at more than one place. For e.g. cloth is pot-abhAva. Table is also pot-abhAva. Thus, pot-abhAva-tva resides in cloth as well as table. However, pot-ness exists only in a pot. It does not exist anywhere else. Thus, pot is a padArtha which is swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak. Meaning thereby, its qualitative feature inheres only in it. All non-abhAva-padArtha are similarly swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak.

Now, whether darkness-ness is seen anywhere other than darkness? Is it seen in a pot? No. Thus, darkness is also swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak.

(ii) The knowledge of an abhAva cannot arise without the knowledge of its pratiyogI. Thus, cognition of abhAva is dependent or causally linked with the cognition of prayogI. Thus, abhAva is always pratiyogI-jnAna-janya.

However, darkness is pratiyogI-jnAna-ajanya. We directly perceive darkness.

(iii) Like a pot, darkness is also an object of pratyaksha.

Thus, just as pot, darkness is swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak, pratiyogI-jnAna-ajanya and pratyaksha-vishaya. And there is a vyApti, whichever entity is swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak-pratiyogI-jnAna-ajanya-pratyaksha-vishaya, that entity is not abhAVa. तमः शब्द वाच्यो नाभावः, स्वमात्रवृत्तिधर्मप्रकारकप्रतियोगिज्ञानाजन्यप्रत्यक्षविषयत्वाद्, घटवत्।  

Thus, we prove through anumAna, which is a valid pramANa, that darkness is not abhAva. Here, darkness is paksha. Hetu is swa-mAtra-vritti-dharma-prakArak-pratiyogI-jnAna-ajanya-pratyaksha-vishaya-tvam. SAdhya is non-abhAva-tva. DrishTAnta is pot.

Another reason

ShankarAchArya says in Brahma Sutra BhAshya 2.2.26 – निर्विशेषस्य त्वभावस्य कारणत्वाभ्युपगमे शशविषाणादिभ्योऽप्यङ्कुरादयो जायेरन् ; न चैवं दृश्यते ; यदि पुनरभावस्यापि विशेषोऽभ्युपगम्येत — उत्पलादीनामिव नीलत्वादिः, ततो विशेषवत्त्वादेवाभावस्य भावत्वमुत्पलादिवत्प्रसज्येत ; नाप्यभावः कस्यचिदुत्पत्तिहेतुः स्यात् , अभावत्वादेव, शशविषाणादिवत्. abhAva does not give rise to anything. On account of being abhAva, like horns of hare. There are no vishesha in abhAva like blue-ness is vishesha in case of lotus. Why? Because on account of this vishesha itself, abhAva will turn to non-abhAva like lotus.

Darkness has a vishesha of black-ness. There is no vishesha in cases of pot-abhAva, cloth-abhAva. Thus, this vishesha itself turns darkness into non-abhAva. 

The fact that darkness is not abhAva implies that it is bhAva.

Further, please note that anything which is seen is created and triguNAtmak. So, even if you hold darkness as prakAsha-abhAva, it still is bhAvarUpa because abhAva is also bhAvarUpa as proved by the following anumAna - अपि च, चतुर्विधानामभावानाम् , घटस्येतरेतराभावो घटादन्यो ष्टः — यथा घटाभावः पटादिरेव, न घटस्वरूपमेव । न च घटाभावः सन्पटः अभावात्मकः ; किं तर्हि ? भावरूप एव । एवं घटस्य प्राक्प्रध्वंसात्यन्ताभावानामपि घटादन्यत्वं स्यात् , घटेन व्यपदिश्यमानत्वात् , घटस्येतरेतराभाववत् ; तथैव भावात्मकताभावानाम् । 

Regards.

Sudhanshu Shekhar.

On Sat, 31 Aug 2024, 01:37 Michael Chandra Cohen, <michaelc...@gmail.com> wrote:

From The Heart of Sri Samkara, section 21 page 17ff

file:///C:/Users/mc1/OneDrive/Documents/aMy%20eBooks/SSS/aaHeart%20of%20Sri%20Samkara.pdf

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[Sudhanshu Shekhar]

Namaste Michael ji.

Even if SSS ji held that darkness is prakAsha-abhAva, how does it prove that it is not bhAva? BhAshyakAra proves in ghaTa-bhAshya that vishesha-abhAva is bhAvarUpa and hence triguNAtmak. This makes SSS Ji's whole endeavour to prove darkness as prakAsha-abhAva fruitless and meaningless.

Further, it is demonstrated below as to how darkness is not abhAva. I went through SSS ji's write-up. He has not addressed these arguments. My effort is not fruitless because I am responding to NaiyAyika and not to fellow vedaantI. Anyone who follows vedAnta has to accept darkness as triguNAtmak because bhAvatva and vishesha-abhAvatva are immaterial therefor.

[V Subrahmanian]

On Sat, Aug 31, 2024 at 1:37 AM Michael Chandra Cohen <michaelc...@gmail.com> wrote:

From The Heart of Sri Samkara, section 21 page 17ff

file:///C:/Users/mc1/OneDrive/Documents/aMy%20eBooks/SSS/aaHeart%20of%20Sri%20Samkara.pdf

The link, even when copied to the browser, does not open, at least to me.

regards

subbu   

[Michael Chandra Cohen]

Namaste Sudhanshuji, 

You are a logician par excellence but logic can at best only interpret experience. To argue darkness is a 'thing' on the basis of pratiyogi is absurd. Light alone is your pratiyogi and anuyogi - pure and simple.  We don't perceive darkness but only absence of light. The measurement of darkness is not calculated by somehow enumerating darkness but only by measuring light and its absence.  

Tamas however, is indeed held by tradition to be a material guna but such a dravya/substance cannot be understood as the same as darkness without violating universal experience. Thus, if and when bhasya or sruti seems to imply a material nature to darkness, we must interpret that text so that it does not violate experience for the pramana to determine empirical darkness is not sruti. If you wish to continue this line of argument, you will need to show me not through sruti pramana which only claims validity on matters not knowable empirically but how accepted empirical science points to darkness as matter. 

regards, mcc,

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