there are a number of high thermal conductivity injection moldable thermoplastics available... just none in filament yet. except
TC Poly Ice9 rigid is available in filament but its $250 a kilogram and only 4 W/m-K
Covestro Makrolon TC210 is 0.3 to 1.4 W/(m-K)
CoolPoly from etec/celanese is 2 to 34 W/(m-K)
Therm-a-Tech from Avient is 10 to 20 W/(m-K) and is available in electrically conductive and in insulative
for reference aluminum is 150 to 230 W/(m-K)
It's interesting that some of them are rubbery... One would think that a high percentage of fill with a ceramic or metal that conducts heat would make the material very rigid.