Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
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Biko Agozino
Feb 10, 2018, 10:27:25 AM2/10/18
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com
Sounds like what Soyinka dismissed as neo-Tarzanism. In the 21 century Africans are expected to cheer the mass murder of fellow Africans in the interest of the genocidal tribal kings. No no no. The movie should not be called Long Live the King. It should have been called Fuck the King with the masses rising to depose the idle wealthy king and enthrone a deep democracy in the spirit of the Black Panthers Party.
Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sat, 10/2/18, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso <jum...@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "Usa dialogue" <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Saturday, 10 February, 2018, 9:58
This week, it’s the
multiple premiere of Black Panther, Marvel’s first Black
superhero movie starring Kenyan actress Lupita Nyong’o
amongst others that’s being celebrated by lots of people.
Read about the Kisumu premiere here:
https://www.buzzfeed.com/tamerragriffin/black-panther-will-screen-in-lupita-nyongos-kenyan-hometown
But beyond that, why is the movie considered a
mighty watershed by many Americans and Africans too? Is
it’s real and potential impact overhyped or what? Perhaps
Professor Ken Harrow can give us some perspective. Read this
below:
“BLACK
PANTHER” IS MORE THAN A FILM. IT CARRIES THE HOPES OF THE
GLOBAL AFRICAN DIASPORABy Aamna
Mohdin & Lynsey
ChutelFebruary 2,
2018The
buzz around Black Panther, Marvel’s first black
superhero film, is palpable. Weeks before it arrives in
theaters, the film has already morphed into the joyous
reprieve that black America—in fact, all of
America—needs right now. Celebrities are buying
outentire theaters in underserved communities so young
black children can look up and finally see themselves as
superheroes. But the hype doesn’t end at America’s
border. Book clubs, comic fans, and movie lovers across the
globe are coming together to host special screenings to
watch the star-studded (and all black) cast.The excitement
has translated into impressive ticket pre-sales. The film,
which will be released on Feb. 16, has already outpaced
other superhero movies in advance
ticket sales for Fandango’s online tickets service.
The early reviews suggest the film is not only a “game-changing
movie” for Marvel, but also well on its way to
becoming a “defining
cinematic moment” for on-screen racial and gender
representation. But as hype for the film reaches a
crescendo, so does a glaringly obvious question: can the
film live up to expectations?Black
Panther has always carried a heavy burden—the only
black person at the table (fictional or not) usually does.
Stan Lee and Jack Kirby first added Black
Panther to the Marvel universe in 1966, not long
before the Black Panther Party was founded in the US.
T’Challa immediatelyfelt
the political pressure and in a Fantastic
Fourstrip in the same year, tried to change his name to
Black Leopard. Black Panther endured and in 2018,
the film version of T’Challa is finally embracing his role
as a black superhero.The film is set
in Wakanda, a fictional technologically advanced country in
East Africa, which was never colonized (in fact, it was
largely hidden from the rest of the world). For people of
African descent, the kingdom of Wakanda finally brings a
searing question—what if the colonists hadn’t arrived
and Africa had been allowed to develop unencumbered by
international influence?—to the big screen.The
character T’Challa, played by Chadwick Boseman, is the
country’s leader whose powers come from his intelligence,
his ancestral knowledge, access to advanced technologies,
and, of course, wealth—which all turn him into the Black
Panther superhero. Then there’s Killmonger, played by
Michael B. Jordan, the film’s main antagonist. And the
film’s impressive roster of female characters: Dora
Milaje, the all-female personal guards of the Black Panther
and lead scientist and T’Challa’s sister Shuri (the smartest
person within the Marvel universe), played by Letitia
Wright; all shatter
expectations of a black women’s role in a superhero
film. The movie is, as one Guardian columnist succinctly puts
it, a “both a celebration of blackness and perfectly
timed political commentary.”Early reviews of
the film emphasize the importance of representation—the
simple joy of looking up and seeing yourself on-screen. The
film’s costar Sterling K. Brown spoke not only of his
excitement that his sons will get to see a black superhero
on-screen, but that white children also have black heroes
that they want
to emulate.More
importantly, the black characters aren’t merely token. The
film has been lauded for its gripping, yet complex
exploration of identity, pain, and power.THE
BURDEN OF HOPE“What do you
know about Wakanda?” Andy Serkis’ villainous Klaw asks.
“It’s a third world country—textiles, shepherds, cool
outfits,” responds a clueless Everett Ross, played by
Martin Freeman.This type
cinematic stereotype has endured in films about Africa for
generations—and made African audiences groan, knowing that
Hollywood producers never considered that their films may be
seen by actual Africans. Black Panther is a
radical break from that, as it not only acknowledges
contemporary African neo-colonial politics—the film’s
villains want to pillage Wakanda’s natural
resources—but this actually drives the plot of the
film.The producers of
the film made sure to include many elements of contemporary
Africa to make it feel like the fantasy kingdom could almost
be real. Trailers show the cast dressed in traditional
African clothing (even if it is a mix of very different
cultures) and audiences in South Africa are waiting to hear
the moment when T’Challa and his father speak
isiXhosa to each other, a South African language known
for its complex, almost melodic clicks. This, along with the
several African actors in the cast, has pulled African
audiences into the hype, so much so that Nigerians, Kenyans
and others are planning to wear their best traditional gear
to the premiere.The film’s
worldwide appeal among black audiences may end up becoming
its undoing. Long devoid of representation, people of
African descent are looking to Black Panther and
hoping to see glimpses of themselves. But with black lives
and experiences differing significantly from Europe, the US,
and Africa, Black Panther finds itself in an
impossible conundrum of trying to live up to everyone’s
vision of what a black superhero should be.There are
already murmurings of whether a film produced in Hollywood
is appropriating
African cultural elements for commercial gain and cool
costumes. Then there is the trepidation about Boseman’s
African accent since American actors have a history
of butchering African accentsinto a generic,
unrecognizable mish-mash. When a South African journalist
criticized the fact the movie was largely filmed in Atlanta,
US (see Tweet below), he was branded ridiculous and roundly
dismissed by some Americans. The debate around filming
locations highlights the differing expectations between fans
across the world.Black Panther
brings new audiences to Marvel’s cinematic universe, but
the film also has to please the traditional superhero geeks
who have made franchises like The Avengers instant
commercial successes. Thor and Tony Stark didn’t have the
burden of being a social commentary in the Trump era. Wonder
Woman may know something about that, but even she didn’t
have to fit an identity that is at once universally
recognizable and hyper-local as black characters
do.Editors'
Picks, Marvel, Black
Panther, wakanda, t'challaREAD
THIS NEXT2018's best food travel show
isn't even hosted by a chef—and that's what makes
it so
greatAnd...
... and just to balance last week’s post on
Chimamanda and the insulting question on libraries in
Nigeria, what is being referred to as #Chimamandagate is in
this article below roundly nailed flat by Kenyan poet
Shailja Patel:
https://brittlepaper.com/2018/02/shailja-patel-molara-wood-reply-chimamanda-adichies-comments-postcolonial-theory/
--
Olajumoke
Yacob-Haliso, PhD.,
Department of Political Science and Public Administration,
Babcock University,
PMB 4010, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Official Email: yacob-...@babcock.edu.ng
The Editor, Journal of International Politics and
Development: ji...@babcock.edu.ng
Institutional Website: www.babcock.edu.ng
.....
Intelligence Plus Character -- that is the goal of True
Education - Martin Luther King, Jr.
--
Listserv moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at
Austin
To post to this group, send an email to
USAAfric...@googlegroups.com
To subscribe to this group, send an email to
USAAfricaDial...@googlegroups.com
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
Early archives at http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
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Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sat, 10/2/18, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso <jum...@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "Usa dialogue" <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Saturday, 10 February, 2018, 9:58
This week, it’s the
multiple premiere of Black Panther, Marvel’s first Black
superhero movie starring Kenyan actress Lupita Nyong’o
amongst others that’s being celebrated by lots of people.
Read about the Kisumu premiere here:
https://www.buzzfeed.com/tamerragriffin/black-panther-will-screen-in-lupita-nyongos-kenyan-hometown
But beyond that, why is the movie considered a
mighty watershed by many Americans and Africans too? Is
it’s real and potential impact overhyped or what? Perhaps
Professor Ken Harrow can give us some perspective. Read this
below:
“BLACK
PANTHER” IS MORE THAN A FILM. IT CARRIES THE HOPES OF THE
GLOBAL AFRICAN DIASPORABy Aamna
Mohdin & Lynsey
ChutelFebruary 2,
2018The
buzz around Black Panther, Marvel’s first black
superhero film, is palpable. Weeks before it arrives in
theaters, the film has already morphed into the joyous
reprieve that black America—in fact, all of
America—needs right now. Celebrities are buying
outentire theaters in underserved communities so young
black children can look up and finally see themselves as
superheroes. But the hype doesn’t end at America’s
border. Book clubs, comic fans, and movie lovers across the
globe are coming together to host special screenings to
watch the star-studded (and all black) cast.The excitement
has translated into impressive ticket pre-sales. The film,
which will be released on Feb. 16, has already outpaced
other superhero movies in advance
ticket sales for Fandango’s online tickets service.
The early reviews suggest the film is not only a “game-changing
movie” for Marvel, but also well on its way to
becoming a “defining
cinematic moment” for on-screen racial and gender
representation. But as hype for the film reaches a
crescendo, so does a glaringly obvious question: can the
film live up to expectations?Black
Panther has always carried a heavy burden—the only
black person at the table (fictional or not) usually does.
Stan Lee and Jack Kirby first added Black
Panther to the Marvel universe in 1966, not long
before the Black Panther Party was founded in the US.
T’Challa immediatelyfelt
the political pressure and in a Fantastic
Fourstrip in the same year, tried to change his name to
Black Leopard. Black Panther endured and in 2018,
the film version of T’Challa is finally embracing his role
as a black superhero.The film is set
in Wakanda, a fictional technologically advanced country in
East Africa, which was never colonized (in fact, it was
largely hidden from the rest of the world). For people of
African descent, the kingdom of Wakanda finally brings a
searing question—what if the colonists hadn’t arrived
and Africa had been allowed to develop unencumbered by
international influence?—to the big screen.The
character T’Challa, played by Chadwick Boseman, is the
country’s leader whose powers come from his intelligence,
his ancestral knowledge, access to advanced technologies,
and, of course, wealth—which all turn him into the Black
Panther superhero. Then there’s Killmonger, played by
Michael B. Jordan, the film’s main antagonist. And the
film’s impressive roster of female characters: Dora
Milaje, the all-female personal guards of the Black Panther
and lead scientist and T’Challa’s sister Shuri (the smartest
person within the Marvel universe), played by Letitia
Wright; all shatter
expectations of a black women’s role in a superhero
film. The movie is, as one Guardian columnist succinctly puts
it, a “both a celebration of blackness and perfectly
timed political commentary.”Early reviews of
the film emphasize the importance of representation—the
simple joy of looking up and seeing yourself on-screen. The
film’s costar Sterling K. Brown spoke not only of his
excitement that his sons will get to see a black superhero
on-screen, but that white children also have black heroes
that they want
to emulate.More
importantly, the black characters aren’t merely token. The
film has been lauded for its gripping, yet complex
exploration of identity, pain, and power.THE
BURDEN OF HOPE“What do you
know about Wakanda?” Andy Serkis’ villainous Klaw asks.
“It’s a third world country—textiles, shepherds, cool
outfits,” responds a clueless Everett Ross, played by
Martin Freeman.This type
cinematic stereotype has endured in films about Africa for
generations—and made African audiences groan, knowing that
Hollywood producers never considered that their films may be
seen by actual Africans. Black Panther is a
radical break from that, as it not only acknowledges
contemporary African neo-colonial politics—the film’s
villains want to pillage Wakanda’s natural
resources—but this actually drives the plot of the
film.The producers of
the film made sure to include many elements of contemporary
Africa to make it feel like the fantasy kingdom could almost
be real. Trailers show the cast dressed in traditional
African clothing (even if it is a mix of very different
cultures) and audiences in South Africa are waiting to hear
the moment when T’Challa and his father speak
isiXhosa to each other, a South African language known
for its complex, almost melodic clicks. This, along with the
several African actors in the cast, has pulled African
audiences into the hype, so much so that Nigerians, Kenyans
and others are planning to wear their best traditional gear
to the premiere.The film’s
worldwide appeal among black audiences may end up becoming
its undoing. Long devoid of representation, people of
African descent are looking to Black Panther and
hoping to see glimpses of themselves. But with black lives
and experiences differing significantly from Europe, the US,
and Africa, Black Panther finds itself in an
impossible conundrum of trying to live up to everyone’s
vision of what a black superhero should be.There are
already murmurings of whether a film produced in Hollywood
is appropriating
African cultural elements for commercial gain and cool
costumes. Then there is the trepidation about Boseman’s
African accent since American actors have a history
of butchering African accentsinto a generic,
unrecognizable mish-mash. When a South African journalist
criticized the fact the movie was largely filmed in Atlanta,
US (see Tweet below), he was branded ridiculous and roundly
dismissed by some Americans. The debate around filming
locations highlights the differing expectations between fans
across the world.Black Panther
brings new audiences to Marvel’s cinematic universe, but
the film also has to please the traditional superhero geeks
who have made franchises like The Avengers instant
commercial successes. Thor and Tony Stark didn’t have the
burden of being a social commentary in the Trump era. Wonder
Woman may know something about that, but even she didn’t
have to fit an identity that is at once universally
recognizable and hyper-local as black characters
do.Editors'
Picks, Marvel, Black
Panther, wakanda, t'challaREAD
THIS NEXT2018's best food travel show
isn't even hosted by a chef—and that's what makes
it so
greatAnd...
... and just to balance last week’s post on
Chimamanda and the insulting question on libraries in
Nigeria, what is being referred to as #Chimamandagate is in
this article below roundly nailed flat by Kenyan poet
Shailja Patel:
https://brittlepaper.com/2018/02/shailja-patel-molara-wood-reply-chimamanda-adichies-comments-postcolonial-theory/
--
Olajumoke
Yacob-Haliso, PhD.,
Department of Political Science and Public Administration,
Babcock University,
PMB 4010, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Official Email: yacob-...@babcock.edu.ng
The Editor, Journal of International Politics and
Development: ji...@babcock.edu.ng
Institutional Website: www.babcock.edu.ng
.....
Intelligence Plus Character -- that is the goal of True
Education - Martin Luther King, Jr.
--
Listserv moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at
Austin
To post to this group, send an email to
USAAfric...@googlegroups.com
To subscribe to this group, send an email to
USAAfricaDial...@googlegroups.com
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
Early archives at http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
---
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Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso
Feb 10, 2018, 6:36:50 PM2/10/18
to USA Africa Dialogue Series
I also couldn’t help but see the many ways in which the movie reinforces stereotypes about Africa and Africans, because for me as a non-diasporic African, colour representation— which is the main excitement of the movie for many— is not exactly a primary consideration. Neo- Tarzanism indeed.
Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju
Feb 11, 2018, 1:25:29 PM2/11/18
to usaafricadialogue
I'm struggling to follow the claim that the film represents stereotypes of Africans or the reference to mass muder.
I recall Black Panther from my Marvel Comics reading teenage days.
Marvel also had Luke Cage and Brother Voodoo among other Black heroes.
The world of the US Black minority is very different from that of Africans living in countries where they are a majority and where the legacy of slavery still persists. For them, in a world where Hollywood is so powrful, a Black superhero carries much weight.
Though I am an African in Africa, it carries much weight for me too.
Comics were significant in shaping my understanding of reality and its possiblities. A good no of the ideas that excite me these days in philosophy and spirituality, I first ecountered in Western fairy tales, Western myth and comics, at a time when I had little acess to exciting African literature of such speculative kind.
Mental communication with plants which I later experimented with as part of my exploring Benin nature spirituality/Western animism, I first encounetered in the Marvel story about the sentient plant race, the Cotati. The concept of sentient, non-biological forms of being central to my interest in Odu Ifa first reached me through the Western concept of the magical book, as in the Book of Skelos in Marvel Comics Dr. Strange comics.
I later practised Western magic and adapted it to the Yoruba Orisa cosmology but my first encounter with magic was in the Dr. Strange comics, where I learned the fundamentals without knowing I was doing that through enjoying fiction.
Babatunde Lawal’s superb summations on Ile, Earth, the Great Mother in The Gelede Spectacle, Rowland Abiodun’s discussions of ase, a Yoruba concept of creative cosmic force inherent in or accessible to all forms of being were already foreshadowed for me by similar ideas in Dr. Strange, made vivid through striking characterisation, memorable plot and rich storylines, the relationship between good and evil that has become foregrounded in the bad press African magic has in the Nigeria media today also foreshadowed by struggles btw evil and good magicians in Marvel Comics.
Today’s agonizings over artificial intelligence were magnificently captured in the story of Quasimodo, the sentient robot who badly wanted to be fully human.
Tchalla, son of Tchaka, the Black Panther’s name as different from his superhero name, with his use of African herbal culture allied with Western technology, was really powerful for me.
One could place him alongside the hidden kingdom of the Inhumans, the undersea sea world of Lemuria and its leader the Submariner, the extraterritorial universe of the Beyonders and many more universes created by Marvel.
On recalling Tchalla, one would chant his full name personal name and ancestral lineage name with a resonant tone, like a Yoruba oriki, in the excitement of that memory.
The Black Panther is so busy saving the world he can’t be idle. He is fighting world class bad guys like Baron Zemo, the Red Skull, Doctor Doom etc. When he is not doing that, he is fending off greedy people who want to destroy Wakanda.
He lives in an Africa of our dreams, an Africa that unifies classical, non-superstitious African knowledge with the highest levels of Western science and technology, both of these cultural streams fully integrated into Wakanda’s social and educational system, making that science and its further development endogenous to the country, a country where leadership is fully synonymous with service.
Should we not spend time occasionally in this marvellous world? Is it not from dreams that new realities are created?
Make mine Marvel!-a rallying cry of Marvel devotes.
toyin
On 11 February 2018 at 00:32, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso <jum...@gmail.com> wrote:
I also couldn’t help but see the many ways in which the movie reinforces stereotypes about Africa and Africans, because for me as a non-diasporic African, colour representation— which is the main excitement of the movie for many— is not exactly a primary consideration. Neo- Tarzanism indeed.
--
Listserv moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at Austin
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Biko Agozino
Feb 11, 2018, 1:47:09 PM2/11/18
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com
So Toyin, you dream about living in a despotic kingdom rather than in a democracy with all its flaws? That is your right to dream what you like or like what you dream but you have no power to impose your magical fantasies on the realities of others who have survived genocidal wars over resource control.
Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "usaafricadialogue" <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Sunday, 11 February, 2018, 12:11
USAAfric...@googlegroups.com
To subscribe to this group, send an email to
USAAfricaDial...@googlegroups.com
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
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Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "usaafricadialogue" <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Sunday, 11 February, 2018, 12:11
To subscribe to this group, send an email to
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Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju
Feb 11, 2018, 7:32:18 PM2/11/18
to usaafricadialogue
Oga 'Biko,please tell us how Wakanda or its leader Tchalla are despotic.
I expect you will reference the Black Panther comics or the film, preferably the comics since the film is yet to come out.
Wakanda might not be a democracy in the better known sense but it adapts the use of monarchical rule in a classical African civilizations in a creative manner. One can enjoy and even imaginatively inhabit a social universe which might not be ideal in all particulars but which demonstrates some sterling qualities one identifies with.
Wakanda and its leader are protecting its resources, meaning it is Wakanda and that leader who should be identified with in that context rather than vilified in terms of your reference to resource control or Biafra, which I suspect is where you are going with your evocation of genocide.
I recall most pleasantly Tchalla's black skin as he was being attended to in Wakanda by palace physicians using herbs of classical African medicine, a world away from the Western capitals where most Marvel Comics action took place, yet Wakanda also had the highest level technology. A fundamental part of my imaginative universe. The blog the Igbo Cyber Shrine uses Marvel Comics characters in illustrating ideas about classical Igbo cosmology.
thanks
toyin
On 11 February 2018 at 19:46, 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> wrote:
So Toyin, you dream about living in a despotic kingdom rather than in a democracy with all its flaws? That is your right to dream what you like or like what you dream but you have no power to impose your magical fantasies on the realities of others who have survived genocidal wars over resource control.
Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "usaafricadialogue" <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
Early archives at http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
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Biko Agozino
Feb 11, 2018, 9:14:09 PM2/11/18
to usaafric...@googlegroups.com
Bro Toyin
The burden of proof is on you. What makes the kingdom of Wakanda democratic? I am assuming that there is a consensus that the future of Africa should be democratic but you are welcome to disagree and opt for natural rulers with all their technological juju
You are completely mistaken in your assumption that genocidal resource control wars took place only agaunst people in Biafra. Count your teeth with your tongue.
Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "usaafricadialogue" <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Date: Sunday, 11 February, 2018, 19:26
USAAfric...@googlegroups.com
To subscribe to this group, send an email to
USAAfricaDial...@googlegroups.com
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The burden of proof is on you. What makes the kingdom of Wakanda democratic? I am assuming that there is a consensus that the future of Africa should be democratic but you are welcome to disagree and opt for natural rulers with all their technological juju
You are completely mistaken in your assumption that genocidal resource control wars took place only agaunst people in Biafra. Count your teeth with your tongue.
Biko
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
Date: Sunday, 11 February, 2018, 19:26
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Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju
Feb 11, 2018, 11:05:38 PM2/11/18
to usaafricadialogue
na wa for you, Biko.
this is what i wrote-
'Wakanda might not be a democracy in the better known sense but it adapts the use of monarchical rule in a classical African civilizations in a creative manner. One can enjoy and even imaginatively inhabit a social universe which might not be ideal in all particulars but which demonstrates some sterling qualities one identifies with'.
I believe it answers your qs.
We are talking about imaginative literature and film, not actual social engineering. In such artistic forms, reality is reconfigured in ways that touch known reality at various points without agreeing completely with it. One can take delight in that alternative universe without wishing to inhabit it in its entirety.
toyin
On 12 February 2018 at 02:47, 'Biko Agozino' via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> wrote:
Bro Toyin
The burden of proof is on you. What makes the kingdom of Wakanda democratic? I am assuming that there is a consensus that the future of Africa should be democratic but you are welcome to disagree and opt for natural rulers with all their technological juju
You are completely mistaken in your assumption that genocidal resource control wars took place only agaunst people in Biafra. Count your teeth with your tongue.
Biko
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On Sun, 11/2/18, Oluwatoyin Vincent Adepoju <toyin....@gmail.com> wrote:
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Africa Trending (2)
To: "usaafricadialogue" <usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Current archives at http://groups.google.com/group/USAAfricaDialogue
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