Hi Guys,
i also have the same problem with a FritzBox 7390. After googling around, it seems to me that this is a codec problem. to work properly, the G.711 Codec has to be used. When placing a call from Telephone, the codec will be automatically handled between the app and the fritzbox. Telephone is presenting a list of codecs to the fritzbox and it selects, for whatever reason, the G.722, which does not work properly. That's why the other side does not hear anything. When you receive a call, it's the other way round and Telephone selects the G.711, which is working.
I have done some tests with another VoIP App called "Jitsi". It is OpenSource and you can select there, which Codecs should be used (what is currently not possible in Telephone). If You disable G.722 in the Codec List, then the Phonecalls work.
So i really guess it's a problem which could be solved. I plan to write my findings in a mail to the developer. Because Jitsi is OpenSource, it should be possible to get a look in the source code there, to see, how they have dealed with that problem.
Greets
Markus