The cyt c boondoggle in Denton's first book is the type of thing that he
likely slapped his forehead and wondered how he could have been so
stupid. Denton claimed to be a molecular biologist, but never checked
to see how the molecular analyses were actually done.
Any IDiot can check out the facts. After speciation we expect lineages
derived from a common ancestor to have been evolving independently since
they shared a common ancestor. Proteins like cyt c would be expected to
change over time independently, so if the protein could change all the
lineages would be accumulating changes during that time period. For cyt
c the changes are clock like in terms of all the lineages have acquired
around the same number of changes since the last common ancestor.
Yeast, fish, birds and horses have accumulated around the same number of
amino acid changes along their respective lineages since their last
shared eukaryotic ancestor, so comparing lineages to just the outgroup
species (this guy claimed to use bacteria, but Denton used yeast and
compared vertebrates) would give the same percentage change for each
lineage. For some reason this boob and Denton never did the pairwise
comparisons that would have told them that they were totally wrong.
Any IDiot can do the analysis with chimps and humans in the mix to see
how stupidly wrong the creationist interpretation of the molecular data
is. Like the other lineages (yeast, fish, birds and horses) the human
and chimp lineages would have very similar (identical, in fact)
percentage difference from the outgroup bacteria. This in no way
negates the fact of biological evolution because if you did the analysis
correctly you would find that chimps and humans are the same genetic
distance from bacteria for the cyt c gene because they have identical
cyt c protein sequences. The chimp and human lineage diverged so
recently that their cyt c protein sequences are still identical. You
obviously have to do the pairwise comparisons to learn anything about
the true relationships between the lineages.
When you do the pairwise relationship comparisons you find out that
chimps and humans are the most closely related, then chimp-human and
horses, then birds and mammals, then terrestrial vertebrates and fish,
and then vertebrates and yeast. This is actually amazing evidence for
biological evolution, and not the stupidity that this bonehead and
Denton put forward. That is one of the reasons why Denton now claims
that common descent is a fact of nature. All the denial of common
descent in Denton's first book was the usual bogus creationist denial.
Ron Okimoto