r3p...@gmail.com wrote:
> On Tuesday, September 26, 2017 at 8:55:05 AM UTC-7, Peter Nyikos wrote:
>
> [snip material addressed previously....]
>
>>
>>
>>
>>>>>>> Paley said he happened upon a watch on a heath. The watch represents all living things, past and present, and the species that they are a member.
>>
>> WRONG! a single watch cannot be analogous to a whole species.
>
> Any given sexually reproducing animal/also known as an organism (= Paley's watch) belongs to a species or population of like individuals. Definitely a SHEESH moment here since the point is SO BASIC.
>
> Peter: You've revealed that you're completely ignorant of Paley 101----COMPLETELY. What I'm saying isn't the least bit controversial among history of science scholars. Why don't you toddle over to the history of science department at your university and ask the resident professor?
>
> In today's understanding: Paley's watch, as defined above = the Biological Species Concept.
>
As much as it pains me to agree with Peter, on this he is right. I'm not
sure that you really misunderstand Paley here, it's probably just your
idiosyncratic word use again, and more your inability to write clearly
than a genuine misunderstanding, but no, his watch cannot be a species,
let alone the species concept.
His watch is an individual. One of the problems with this analogy is
indeed that it says nothing about why, and how, different individuals
form natural groups such as species.
>>
>>
>>>>>>> The watch or the living thing (= present tense) is then described as reflecting appearance of design. If true the inference can be made that the watch had a Maker. Because real time special creation was accepted when Paley published,
>>
>> This falsehood has been so often corrected that it must count as
>> a deliberate lie by you. Lamarck, who predated Paley, is only
>> one of many exceptions.
>
> Where did you obtain the idea that Lamarck 1809 enjoyed ANY scientific acceptance during his lifetime? And where did you obtain the idea that science accepted species mutability before the rise of Darwinism?
>
> I've asked two straightforward questions. Let's see if I get two straightforward answers?
>
>>
>>
>>>>>>> what is being said is that the watch that Paley found on the heath was created where he found it.
>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> REally? If you find a watch on the beach, your inference is not only
>>>>>> that it was designed and manufactured, but that all that happened in
>>>>>> situ, on the beach?
>>>>>
>>>>> Didn't say that; what I said is that it was **created** where found, not designed where found.
>>
>> Also patently false. The watch was created elsewhere and dropped
>> on the heath.
>
> Laughable ignorance of Paley 1802.
>
> When Paley said he happened upon a watch lying on a heath ALL HE IS SAYING IS THAT HE ENCOUNTERED AN ANIMAL IN THE WILD!
>
> The watch represents a sexually reproducing animal,
that restriction is not in the text
>which belongs to a species. There's no shortage of scholars who say Darwin 1859 is an answer to Paley 1802; thus Darwin's title "on the origin of SPECIES by means of natural selection." Darwin said species or Paley's "watch" (note the quote marks) as found on the heath or in the wild does not originate from independent creation (Darwin 1859:6; London: John Murray) but from a previously living species by means of natural selection.
Darwin is indeed an answer to Paley. And one way you can answer, or
surpass a previous theory is by showing that your theory can answer
questions that the previous theory can't even ask. Paley says next to
nothing about species - there is only one short passage where Paley
talks about groups of organisms, and there he does not restrict himself
to species. He asserts that the fact that organisms forms groups of
different levels is in itself a sign of design:
"But, moreover, the division of organized substances into animals and
vegetables, and the distribution and sub-distribution of each into
genera and species, which distribution is not an arbitrary act of the
mind, but founded in the order which prevails in external nature, appear
to me to contradict the supposition of the present world being the
remains of an indefinite variety of existences; of a variety which
rejects all plan. The hypothesis teaches, that every possible variety of
being hath, at one time or other, found its way into existence (by what
cause or in what manner is not said), and that those which were badly
formed, perished; but how or why those which survived should be cast, as
we see that plants and animals are cast, into regular classes, the
hypothesis does not explain; or rather the hypothesis is inconsistent
with this phænomenon"
The model that he attacks here is one where organisms are created purely
randomly, a form of naturalistic theory of origins of organisms in the
pre-darwinian literature that can be traced back to Titus Lucretius
Carus in the first century BC. In this model, you'd have purely random
recombination of atoms that form all things. In the biological sphere,
this results in an over-generation of entities, most not capable of
sustaining life and thus dying quickly - an early concept of natural
selection, if you will.
Paley argues that if this was the case, we might find lots and lots of
diverse life forms, but they would not form natural groups or classes.
That's not implausible, but not as strong as he might have thought -
random processes can and do result in clusters and groupings. (it's a
test I give my students when they do statistics - to draw random dots on
a piece of paper. The vast majority draws nice, evenly spaced out
pictures which avoid clusters at all costs - and therefore are clearly
not random). He also hasn't quite thought through the impact of
environmental selection, though he actually gets pretty close to a
theory of natural selection that is not that far off. So even in this
model, constant selective pressure would result in a degree of sorting.
But by and large his argument is sound for that specific model. What
Darwin does is to replace this unconstrained model of random
recombination by a constrained one (constraint by environmental
pressures and by descent) and then it stops working.
But Paley does not give any positive answer why design should result in
species (and hence does not give an answer of the origin of species),
only that naturalistic competitors at he time cannot account for it at
all.
>
>>
>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> What a strange world you are living in! I'd say pretty much everyone
>>>>>> else would infer that the watch was made at a watchmaker's shop, someone
>>>>>> bought it, took it for a walk and accidentally dropped it on the beach.
>>>>>
>>>>> These comments seem to forget that Paley's watch represents a sexually reproducing living thing.
>>>>
>>>> Not very well it doesn't, in that it lacks the very qualities that define a reproducing living thing. Specifically, a watch doesn't build more copies of itself, with minor variations.
>>>>
>>>> That is actually THE fatal flaw in Paley's entire argument.
>>>
>>> That's the MAIN POINT of Paley's entire argument: evolution is impossible;
>> design and creation is the ONLY way for a watch to come into existence.
>>
>> I'd like to see where Paley claimed evolution of biological
>> organisms [NOT watches] is impossible.
>
> Paley 1802 was a preemptive reply to Hume and others including Erasmus Darwin. Both had advocated the CONCEPT of evolution: species originating new species.
>
> Ask Burkhard.
Paley is in this respect a bit more careful than you, theologically. He
does argue that species did not evolve. But he also argues in a couple
of places that this was a choice that God made, and thus could have been
different had God so chosen. (you find this e.g. where he discusses why
animals have a mechanism that allows them to see, rather than just the
ability to see, without a cumbersome apparatus). So evolution for him is
not impossible it just did not happen. And even there you have to be
rather careful, as contrary to your position, he does allow for watches
to bring froth new watches in a purely naturalistic way - if
programmed/designed to do so by the designer of the original watch. For
him such as indirect design process is perfectly OK, and that means that
in principle, he should be OK with an account where the designer only
designs an original watch (the common ancestor of all watches)and then
leaves it to these watches to reproduce. While he does not mention this
explicitly, the small addition that they reproduce with variations that
respond to the environment would be perfectly consistent with that line
of argument - making Paley potentially a form of theistic evolutionist.
(This is all in Chapter II: The state of the argument continued")
>
>>
>> You are just INFERRING it from his argument from design, aren't you?
>
> It's his MAIN IMPLICATION. When Hume and E. Darwin advocated the CONCEPT of evolution Paley got boiling mad. He rightly saw that IF evolution became accepted then his God would be out of business, relegated to the unemployment line. The motivating force behind his Natural Theology was a desire to stamp out the concept of evolution via reminding naturalists that living things are far more complex than a pocket watch and the same, by implication, COULD NOT have evolved.
So the design inference is that because organisms differ radically from
things that we know are designed (watches which in your opinion are far
less complex than organisms)they are therefore designed? Rather
problematic, don't you think?
>
>>
>> Paley knew nothing about the fossil record as far as it shedding
>> light on evolution. NONE of his contemporaries did. Yet it was
>> primarily the fossil record, with *Archaeopteryx* as its post-Paley
>> masterpiece, that convinced scientists of the reality of
>> common descent.
>
> All this says is that discovery of gradation similarity means evolution has occurred. Yet Darwin told us that when he published science accepted EACH SPECIES created independently. So discovery of gradation similarity does NOT mean evolution has occurred because each species was already held created by science. The evidence of gradation similarity, if unveiled at the time, would only mean that God created a line of similar species.
>
>>
>> At least, that is what scientists call it; you call it "common descent"
>> in scare quotes, because without scare quotes, your self-serving
>> jargon makes the term into a package deal incorporating the claim
>> that there is NO intervention in evolution, no matter how subtle or rare,
>> by a supernatural agent.
>
> The phrase _common descent_ is a phrase belonging to terminology describing origin of species claims produced by the assumptions of epistemological Naturalism. These assumptions and claims say ALL biological production originates from material nature itself, not from immaterial Divine power operating in nature periodically, originating in heaven. So any teleological claim that assumes common descent true, to any degree, is falsified by acceptance of common descent because common descent was produced in service to the assumptions of epistemological Naturalism.
>
> In essence: linear or horizontal causation (includes branching) contradicts vertical causation inferred from design. IF true THEN the former is falsified and must be re-conveyed in teleological terms to reflect the fact that God is shown to exist and must be the true First Cause, not abiogenesis.
>
> Ray
>
> (snip for now....)
>