Cost comparsion of Vietnam war and Gulf war
mrliu918
Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
martial art.
Quotation from
http://cbs2.com/national/Vietnam.iraq.war.2.780417.html
http://www.indeed.com/salary/Security-Guard.html
http://www.indeed.com/salary/body-Guard.html
http://www.indeed.com/salary/athlete .html
http://www.indeed.com/salary/policeman.html
http://blogs.payscale.com/ask_dr_salary/2007/06/pro_athletes_an.html
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/specials/fortunate50/
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/specials/fortunate50/index.20.html
"Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
--American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
--War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
--Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
--Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
--World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
--World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
--Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
--Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
--Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
--Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
--Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
--Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
--Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
(© 2008 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may
not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)"
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Jobs Salaries Trends Forums
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Security Guard Salaries
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Average Salary of Jobs Matching Your Search
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 35k 70k 105k
Security Guard $35,000
Average Security Guard salaries for job postings nationwide are 44%
lower than average salaries for all job postings nationwide.
Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 35k 70k 105k
Army National Guard Physician $85,000
Radio And Communications Security $21,000
Security Officer Security Guard $20,000
Lead Security Guard $39,000
Security Program Manager $96,000
Security Officer Guard $20,000
Legal Instruments Examiner G $36,000
Vinson Guard Service Security $19,000
Contract Specialist G $66,000
Unarmed Security Officer $22,000
DO What IT Take $73,000
General Engineer G $74,000
Upscale Security Officer Unarmed $22,000
Upgraded Security Officer Unarmed $22,000
Driver Guard $24,000
Additional salary resources: Salary.com - Payscale.com
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$35,000
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Average Salary of Jobs Matching Your Search
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 35k 70k 105k
body Guard $47,000
Average body Guard salaries for job postings nationwide are 26% lower
than average salaries for all job postings nationwide.
Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 35k 70k 105k
Mobile Equipment Metal Worker $47,000
Lecturer $49,000
Supervisor Security Guard $50,000
Armed Security Officer $30,000
Lead Security Guard $39,000
HR Technician Military $43,000
Medical Officer General Practice $95,000
Assistant Professor $55,000
Model Maker $53,000
Additional salary resources: Salary.com - Payscale.com
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©2008 Indeed
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athlete Salaries
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Average Salary of Jobs Matching Your Search
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 75k 150k 225k
athlete $53,000
Average athlete salaries for job postings nationwide are 15% lower
than average salaries for all job postings nationwide.
Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 75k 150k 225k
Sales Preset Appointment $57,000
Sales Medical Software $209,000
CDL Driver Class a $47,000
Assistant Athletic Trainer $32,000
Academic Coordinator $40,000
Internal Medicine IM $89,000
Learning Specialist $36,000
Athletic Trainer $43,000
Head Athletic Trainer $42,000
Marketing And Management $31,000
Additional salary resources: Salary.com - Payscale.com
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athlete
$53,000
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cutting-and-pasting the code below.
©2008 Indeed
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policeman $36,000
Average policeman salaries for job postings nationwide are 43% lower
than average salaries for all job postings nationwide.
Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 25k 50k 75k
Police Recruit $46,000
Supervisor Police Officer $59,000
Service Coordinator $32,000
Automotive Sales Consultant $64,000
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policeman
$36,000
©2008 Indeed
Pro Athletes and Their Salaries
Athletes and their salaries are making the news often these days,
CNN.com reports that international soccer star David Beckham has
signed a 5-year deal worth $250 million dollars (salary +
endorsements) with the Los Angeles Galaxy. The 31-year-old will be
earning about $1 million a week, the highest professional athlete
salary for a soccer player. Even with that large income, he falls
behind golfer Tiger Woods, who reportedly earned over $97 million in
2006 (according sportsillustrated.cnn.com's list of athlete salaries
and incomes, putting him in first place of the top 10 highest paid
athletes.
While that may seem outrageous, debates over pro athletes AND salaries
are really not that new, as mentioned on findarticles.com. Baseball
great Babe Ruth reportedly earned a larger annual salary than
President Hoover during the Great Depression in the 1930’s. Ruth
defended his $75,000 annual salary by replying, "Why not? I had a
better year than (President Hoover) did." Athlete salary statistics
were headlines in 1962 when Wilt Chamberlain shocked the NBA in 1962
by turning down an offer of $25,000, which was the more than highest-
paid player at the time, Bob Cousey, who earned $22,500.
How do you and your salary compare to athletes and their salaries?
Play ball with our salary survey.
Sports Illustrated List of Athlete Salaries and Compensation
According to SportsIllustrated.cnn.com, the second highest paid on
their list of athlete salaries and income is another golfer, Phil
Mickelson who earned $5,971,710 in salary and winnings, and then took
home another $40 million in endorsements, bringing his par up
$45,971,710! At number 3 is Miami Heat basketball player Shaquille
O'Neal, who earned $20 million in salary and winnings, then sunk
another $14 million in endorsements, to total $34 million. No numbers
for residuals from his short-lived rap music career; perhaps that is
best forgotten.
At number 4 is O’Neal’s former Los Angeles Lakers teammate Kobe
Bryant, whose salary, winnings and endorsements totaled $33,656,932.
Carson Palmer, quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals signed a huge
nine-year $119 million contract which included $24 million in up-front
bonus money, scoring him the number 5 spot at $31,550,000 in total
yearly compensation. Another basketball player, LeBron James, comes in
at number six with $4,621,800 in salary and winnings, as well as $24
million in corporate endorsements, bringing the Cleveland Cavalier up
to $28,621,800.
The last two seem fair: you would have to pay me >$25,000,000/year to
live in Ohio too :-)
click here.
1
Tiger Woods
Pro Golf
Last Year's Rank: 1$22,902,706
$105,000,000
$127,902,706With close to $800 million in total earnings on and off
the course over his 13-year career, Tiger should become the first
billion-dollar athlete in the next two years -- and he's still only
32.
2
Phil Mickelson
Pro Golf
Last Year's Rank: 3$9,372,685
$53,000,000
$62,372,685Lefty's numbers jump thanks to an extra $2 million in FedEx
Cup points in '07 and lucrative appearance fees for his first
participation on the Asian Tour in Singapore and Shanghai.
3
LeBron James
Cleveland Cavaliers (NBA)
Last Year's Rank: 6$12,455,000
$28,000,000
$40,455,000King James has earned $167 million during his five seasons
in the NBA, and has his eyes on serious entrepreneurship: He counts
billionaire Warren Buffett as a role model and friend.
4
Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Boxing
Last Year's Rank: 22$20,000,000
$20,250,000
$40,250,000It's been a monster year for Pretty Boy, who made $20
million in purse and pay-per-view shares for his fight with Ricky
Hatton and another $20 million for his foray into professional
wrestling.
5
Kobe Bryant
Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
Last Year's Rank: 5$19,490,625
$16,000,000
$35,490,625How's that for a change of tune? He once criticized his
teammates; last month Bryant bought each of them $9,000 Swiss watches
as a thank you for helping him win his first MVP award.
6
Shaquille O'Neal
Phoenix Suns (NBA)
Last Year's Rank: 4$20,000,000
$15,000,000
$35,000,000Shaq finally unloaded his 2.5-acre Miami estate last fall
after having it on the market for more than two years. The buyer?
Miami-native (and No. 7) A-Rod, for a reported $27 million.
7
Alex Rodriguez
New York Yankees (MLB)
Last Year's Rank: 11$29,000,000
$6,000,000
$35,000,000Assuming A-Rod plays out his new mammoth 10-year, $275
million deal, he'll have earned $445 million in base salary alone over
the course of what would be a 24-year career.
8
Kevin Garnett
Boston Celtics (NBA)
Last Year's Rank: 7$22,000,000
$9,000,000
$31,000,000KG is the highest-paid of the Celtics' Big Three; at a
total of $56.1 million in salary this season, the trio makes up 74
percent of the Eastern Conference champs' entire payroll in '07-08.
9
Peyton Manning
Indianapolis Colts (NFL)
Last Year's Rank: 12$17,500,000
$13,000,000
$30,500,000Hide the Lombardi Trophy. Football's leading endorser is
still king of NFL pitchmen, but little bro Eli -- with whom he now
regularly shares screen time in TV ads -- is creeping up fast.
10
Derek Jeter
New York Yankees (MLB)
Last Year's Rank: 8$22,000,000
$8,000,000
$30,000,000The Yankee captain cut a deal with the tax man in February
that allowed him to avoid paying hundreds of thousands of dollars in
back taxes on his $13 million Trump World Tower condo.
CONTINUE STORY
1
David Beckham
Los Angeles Galaxy (Soccer)
Great Britain
Last Year's Rank: 3$48,200,0002
Kimi Räikkönen
Auto Racing
Finland
Last Year's Rank: NR$46,000,0003
Ronaldinho
FC Barcelona (Soccer)
Brazil
Last Year's Rank: 2$37,500,0004
Lionel Messi
FC Barcelona (Soccer)
Argentina
Last Year's Rank: NR$35,800,0005
Roger Federer
Tennis
Switzerland
Last Year's Rank: 3$35,130,6206
Fernando Alonso
Auto Racing
Spain
Last Year's Rank: 1$35,000,0007
Valentino Rossi
Motor Sports
Italy
Last Year's Rank: 4$34,000,0008
Yao Ming
Houston Rockets (NBA)
China
Last Year's Rank: 6$31,762,775 9
Cristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United (Soccer)
Portugal
Last Year's Rank: NR$30,300,00010
Ichiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners (MLB)
Japan
Last Year's Rank: 7$27,602,14911
Lewis Hamilton
Auto Racing
Great Britain
Last Year's Rank: NR$27,600,00012
Thierry Henry
FC Barcelona (Soccer)
France
Last Year's Rank: 9$26,100,00013
Maria Sharapova
Tennis
Russia
Last Year's Rank: 8$21,758,550 14
John Terry
Chelsea (Soccer)
Great Britain
Last Year's Rank: 19$21,600,00015
Michael Ballack
Chelsea (Soccer)
Germany
Last Year's Rank: 10$21,500,00016
Ronaldo
AC Milan (Soccer)
Brazil
Last Year's Rank: 7$20,800,00017
Johan Santana
New York Mets (MLB)
Venezuela
Last Year's Rank: NR$20,750,00018
Dirk Nowitzki
Dallas Mavericks (NBA)
Germany
Last Year's Rank: 13$20,360,09519
Kaká
AC Milan (Soccer)
Brazil
Last Year's Rank: NR$20,100,00020
Hideki Matsui
New York Yankees (MLB)
Japan
Last Year's Rank: 8$19,000,000
mrliu918
All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
country
is different.
Quotation from wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E9%99%86%E6%88%98%E9%98%9F
Commissioned Officers
See also: United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia
Commissioned Officers are distinguished from other officers by their
commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name
of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and
authority of a Marine Officer. Commissioned officers carry the
"special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.
[1] Commissioned officer ranks are further subdivided into Generals,
field-grade officers, and company-grade officers.
Commissioned Officer Rank Structure of the United States Marine Corps
Generals
General (Gen) Lieutenant General (LtGen) Major General (MajGen)
Brigadier General (BGen)
O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7
Field-grade Officers
Colonel (Col) Lieutenant Colonel (LtCol) Major (Maj)
O-6 O-5 O-4
Company-grade Officers
Captain (Capt) First Lieutenant (1stLt) Second Lieutenant (2ndLt)
O-3 O-2 O-1
[edit] Warrant Officers
[編輯] 軍階
[編輯] 軍官
國防部級別 O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1
佩章
軍階 上將 中將 少將 准將 上校 中校 少校 上尉 中尉 少尉
英文縮寫 GEN LTG MG BG COL LTC MAJ CPT 1LT 2LT
北約代碼 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
[1]
[編輯] 準尉
國防部級別 CWO-5 CWO-4 CWO-3 CWO-2 CWO-1
佩章
已取消
軍階 特級准尉 一級准尉 二級准尉 三級准尉 四級准尉
英文縮寫 CWO5 CWO4 CWO3 CWO2 CWO1
北約代碼 WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1
[2]
[編輯] 士兵
國防部級別 E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1
佩章 沒有佩章
軍階 海軍陸戰隊總士官長 總士官長 槍砲士官長 一等士官長 士官長 槍砲上士 上士 中士 下士伍長 代理下士伍長 上等兵 二等兵
英文縮寫 SgtMajMC SgtMaj MGySgt 1stSgt MSgt GySgt SSgt Sgt Cpl LCpl PFC
PVT
北約代碼 OR-9 OR-9 OR-9 OR-8 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
[3]
回想小时候， 每当*群做错事、说错话， 她和她的家人总说是别人"扮演"她， 或那个人不是*群。 每次文章写不好或比武输了，
就说真功夫留着真打的时候用， 刚才是演戏。 其他人都是"鬼"， 不能让他们看到， 一看到就让"鬼"学会偷走， 丈夫会被勾走，
妻子会飞走， 令人哭笑不得。 我在想古今中外圣贤哲人的伟论巨著无不昭示天下，公诸于世，才有洛阳纸贵之说，
他们的"真功夫"从来不怕后人偷走， 只怕后人学不会， 做不到。 *群总向人说中国亡国了， 北京和东京全由日本人控制，
但*群的居所内外却由美国人看着，歇斯底里的程度比台湾蓝绿阵营的政争还激烈。 *群认为扳手板赢了， 拳击就一定赢，
拳击和战略游戏一旦都赢了，战争也一定赢，所以最爱向拳击界和体育界的外国友人宣扬这套理论，而且四处挑战他人。
*群總將三國誌, 命令和征服, 突襲, 紅色警戒這類战略游戏當成戰略模擬(war game simulation)或軍事演習
(military exercise),
認為全世界都在偷学她的戰略思想， *群的武術套路，軍事機密，戰略思想常被偷走公開，才令她在戰場上屢戰敗屢，
甲午戰爭全軍覆沒是因為日方船堅炮利，朝庭寧予洋人，不予家奴；渡江戰役中華民國政府首都再次失陷是因為
國軍精銳在三大戰役中折損殆盡，士兵全是東亞病夫，蔣介石把李宗仁當替死鬼．*群從來不犯錯，所有錯誤由上級，士兵，
敵人承擔．
On 9月19日, 下午5時48分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art.
>
>
> "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
> and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> --War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
> --Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> --Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> --World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
> --World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> --Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> --Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> --Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
> --Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
> --Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
>
> ((c) 2008 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may
> (c)2008 Indeed
> (c)2008 Indeed
> (c)2008 Indeed
> Last Year's Rank: 5$19,490,625 ...
>
> 閱讀更多 >>
mrliu918
ended the three years long Chinese Civil War within months and
declared final victory on Oct 1, 1949.
人民日報
1997年2月19日,偉大的馬克思主義者,無產階級革命家、政治家、軍事家、外交家,中國共產黨、中國人民解放軍、中華人民共和國的主要領導人之一,
中國社會主義改革 ... 1945年9月至11月同劉伯承一起領導了上黨戰役、邯鄲戰役。 1947年夏他們率軍南渡黃河,挺進大別山地區,由此揭開
了人民解放軍對國民黨軍隊的全國性戰略進攻的序幕。 ...
www.people.com.cn/BIG5/historic/0219/126.html - Cached
渡江戰役
國共內戰的一部分
日期： 1949年4月20日 - 1949年6月2日
地點： 華東，長江中下游一帶
結果： 中國共產黨渡過長江，佔領南京政府，中華民國政府長江防線潰敗，失去華東。
渡江戰役后, 共軍數月即解放中國南方, 結束了長達三年的國共內戰, 1949年十月一日, 中華人民共和國正式成立.
回想小时候， 每当*群做错事、说错话， 她和她的家人总说是别人"扮演"她， 或那个人不是*群。 每次文章写不好或比武输了， 就说真功夫留着真打
的时候用， 刚才是演戏。 其他人都是"鬼"， 不能让他们看到， 一看到就让"鬼"学会偷走， 丈夫会被勾走，妻子会飞走， 令人哭笑不得。 我在
想古今中外圣贤哲人的伟论巨著无不昭示天下，公诸于世，才有洛阳纸贵之说， 他们的"真功夫"从来不怕后人偷走， 只怕后人学不会， 做不到。
*群总向人说中国亡国了， 北京和东京全由日本人控制， 但*群的居所内外却由美国人看着，歇斯底里的程度比台湾蓝绿阵营的政争还激烈。 *群认为扳
手板赢了， 拳击就一定赢， 拳击和战略游戏一旦都赢了，战争也一定赢，所以最爱向拳击界和体育界的外国友人宣扬这套理论，而且四处挑战他人。
*群總將三國誌, 命令和征服, 突襲, 紅色警戒這類战略游戏當成戰略模擬(war game simulation)或軍事演習
(military exercise), 認為全世界都在偷学她的戰略思想， *群的武術套路，軍事機密，戰略思想常被偷走公開，才令她在戰場上屢戰
毀固若金湯的長江防線從甲午戰爭到二十一条条約; 從東三省到重慶, 從反攻大陸到反對統一, 庸才誤國。你到底什麼時候戰勝過, 台灣的政治氣候能否
出岳飛?
大約在1995年, 自稱梁群父親的一位老人在美國加州漢堡皇快餐店前胡言亂語, 前言不對后語, 先是打揚家和李家名義, 和一位白人男子展開爭
論, 梁群父親堅稱從來沒有人打得過黑人, 梁群必須嫁給這位中文名為滿堅的歐裔白人, 然後用滿清君臣儀式向這位據說是八國聯軍后人的滿堅白人男子三
跪九叩, 三呼皇上萬歲. 過程被閉路電視錄下并于互聯網上傳播. 梁群父親如真心誠意聯合黑人, 揚家, 或李家對抗八國聯軍和歐洲烈強, 應該直
接向其中一家提出和親要求, 而不是口是心非, 一女多嫁, 用滿族儀式向外族侵略者后人稱臣, 丟盡國格人格. 這一切所作所為是自取其辱.
對於狂人日記和李力梁群兩家在天成大廈自導自演的婚配問題看法:
在天成大廈, 梁群一家確實曾以"只有追求到梁群才能得到天下"為口號, 將婚配和一夫多妻當成手段,在閉路電視前自導自演了一部部瘋狂無聊的街頭電
影, 自命梁群代表人民群眾, 按功勞貢獻將(梁群)人民群眾分配給參與者, 參與者一旦戰敗只要把梁群交給李力, 以后搞一夫一妻, 即李梁(力量)
配, 中國立刻有力量, 成為強國. 言下之意, 不順從梁家就要搞下台, 不和李家合作, 只有戰敗. 國家利益全然不顧, 民族大義等同儿戲.
本人謹此聲名從未參與這些瘋狂無聊的活動.
本人只是旁觀者.
伪造拳击比赛录像事件
美方坚称没有清洗比赛记录。 并称在公开赛挑战重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike tyson) 的Jimmy
young 和 Mark young是美国出生、美国国籍的美國人，与杨某和李某毫无关系。
The victim claimed that American never deleted and illegally changed
record of competition even if the athlets were convicted felon. Both
Jimmy Young and Mark Yong are native born American with American
citizenship.
香港杨某和李某则说是美方勾结内奸清洗比赛记录， 利用电脑骇客和电脑特技伪造比赛过程和结果。杨某后人认为民族仇恨、种族主义、偏激的国家观念、意识
形态之争令到美方清洗比赛记录，否认比赛结果；扳手板比赛主要用于测试拳赛中经常击晕对手的左右钩拳力度，对拳击手和拳赛的意义非凡。杨某后人更指出拳
击比赛在西方社会受到高度重视， 胜败往往直接影响这个民族和国家在国际社会上的地位、尊严、知名度；拳击比赛是奥运中最能直接体现民族战斗力和民族
精
神的项目。从第二次世界大战到冷战期间，拳击比赛都是各国打击敌对国家与民族战斗意志、自信心、士气的重要武器。 德国希特勒呕心沥血地扶持过一位拳击
手， 希望通过他树立日耳曼民族百战百胜的神话，借此宣传法西斯主义与人种论。美国政府则利用黑人多次击败欧洲和苏联在拳坛上的常胜冠军， 严重打击了
敌方的嚣张气焰，粉碎了敌方的战略企图与政治主张。美国黑人也通过在拳击比赛挑战美国白人的种族主义思想，击溃了美国白人的种族优越感，铸造出威武
有
力，不可侵犯的铁汉形象，有效抑制了由种族歧视引发的街头暴力、提高了自身的民族地位。 杨某的问题最为复杂， 与阿里(muhammad ali)的
比赛录像就有好几个版本，杨某的国籍和民族身份至今还有争议。 李某的问题比较间单， 李某在美方的闭路电视录像中没有使用拳套，李某当年也承认与泰森
Mike tyson酒后发生冲突， 是私下比试。他同时指出杨
家从未战胜过，杨某以年轻六岁的优势挑战人已中年、快将退休的重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)， 仍无法取胜， 杨某的后人仅一个回合
就被Mike tyson击晕， 没有资格参与优生计划。 李某认为私下比试和黑市拳赛更加真实， 只要双方都在公平认真、理智自愿、全力以赴的情况下
进行，其结果更有意义和代表性。 他自己与泰森Mike tyson的年龄差距不大，双方身体状况很好， 私下比试中曾一度占过上风， 武功远在杨某之
上。
杨某和李某说中国在奥运拳击比赛中从来都是三甲不入，没有得过任何奖牌，也没有欧裔白人战胜过阿里(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike
tyson)， 自己是少数与世界重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)或泰森(Mike tyson) 较量的华人之一，是唯一有资格参与
优生计划的人选。 成某因在体力、 智力、 实力、 武功、名望上远不如杨某和李某，可说是不堪一击， 主张德、智、体、群、美并重， 坚持以品德、群
众关系和美丑为主要、甚至唯一衡量标准， 并以遗传学理论支持自己的论点。
台湾国民党做了一个实验： 让一些台湾小孩自小接受大陆教育， 并让他们以为自己身在中国大陆，结果不出一代，他们全被中国共产党同化、赤化。 论证结
果是民心已变，国民党已无力复兴民国，我看这种实验实在多余。 台湾的联姻政治，买卖婚姻、妇女贩卖勾当、色情行业终于进一步演变成借用优生名义的"子
宫买卖"经济。
早在八十年代初， 泰裕的粱伪造拳击比赛录像事件美方坚称没有清洗比赛记录。 并称在公开赛挑战重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)和泰森
(Mike tyson) 的Jimmyyoung 和 Mark young是美国出生、美国国籍的美國人，与杨某和李某毫无关系。
The victim claimed that American never deleted and illegally changed
record of competition even if the athlets were convicted felon. Both
Jimmy Young and Mark Yong are native born American with American
citizenship.
香港杨某和李某则说是美方勾结内奸清洗比赛记录， 利用电脑骇客和电脑特技伪造比赛过程和结果。杨某后人认为民族仇恨、种族主义、偏激的国家观念、意识
形态之争令到美方清洗比赛记录，否认比赛结果；扳手板比赛主要用于测试拳赛中经常击晕对手的左右钩拳力度，对拳击手和拳赛的意义非凡。杨某后人更指出拳
击比赛在西方社会受到高度重视， 胜败往往直接影响这个民族和国家在国际社会上的地位、尊严、知名度；拳击比赛是奥运中最能直接体现民族战斗力和民族
精
神的项目。从第二次世界大战到冷战期间，拳击比赛都是各国打击敌对国家与民族战斗意志、自信心、士气的重要武器。 德国希特勒呕心沥血地扶持过一位拳击
手， 希望通过他树立日耳曼民族百战百胜的神话，借此宣传法西斯主义与人种论。美国政府则利用黑人多次击败欧洲和苏联在拳坛上的常胜冠军， 严重打击了
敌方的嚣张气焰，粉碎了敌方的战略企图与政治主张。美国黑人也通过在拳击比赛挑战美国白人的种族主义思想，击溃了美国白人的种族优越感，铸造出威武
有
力，不可侵犯的铁汉形象，有效抑制了由种族歧视引发的街头暴力、提高了自身的民族地位。
杨某的问题最为复杂， 与阿里(muhammad ali)的比赛录像就有好几个版本，杨某的国籍和民族身份至今还有争议。
李某的问题比较间单， 李某在美方的闭路电视录像中没有使用拳套，李某当年也承认与泰森Mike tyson酒后发生冲突， 是私下比试。他同时指出杨
家从未战胜过，杨某以年轻六岁的优势挑战人已中年、快将退休的重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)， 仍无法取胜， 杨某的后人仅一个回合
就被Mike tyson击晕， 没有资格参与优生计划。 李某认为私下比试和黑市拳赛更加真实， 只要双方都在公平认真、理智自愿、全力以赴的情况下
进行，其结果更有意义和代表性。 他自己与泰森Mike tyson的年龄差距不大，双方身体状况很好， 私下比试中曾一度占过上风， 武功远在杨某之
上。
杨某和李某说中国在奥运拳击比赛中从来都是三甲不入，没有得过任何奖牌，也没有欧裔白人战胜过阿里(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike
tyson)， 自己是少数与世界重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)或泰森(Mike tyson) 较量的华人之一，是唯一有资格参与
优生计划的人选。 成某因在体力、 智力、 实力、 武功、名望上远不如杨某和李某，可说是不堪一击， 主张德、智、体、群、美并重， 坚持以品德、群
众关系和美丑为主要、甚至唯一衡量标准， 并以遗传学理论支持自己的论点。
台湾国民党做了一个实验： 让一些台湾小孩自小接受大陆教育， 并让他们以为自己身在中国大陆，结果不出一代，他们全被中国共产党同化、赤化。 论证结
果是民心已变，国民党已无力复兴民国，我看这种实验实在多余。 台湾的联姻政治，买卖婚姻、妇女贩卖勾当、色情行业终于进一步演变成借用优生名义
的"子
宫买卖"经济。早在八十年代初， 泰裕的粱某、香港粱某和北京的粱某就因伪造的拳击比赛录像招惹麻烦， 泰裕粱某事败后不敢出战、 声泪俱下地向我们求
救， 并声称要是拳击打不赢， 世界各国是不会给面子的， 同时指出杨家从未战胜过，杨家的后人没有希望。 北京的粱某则认为杨家的女人比较漂亮， 奇
货可居， 只要有利可图， 是非真假不重要。 北京的粱某和香港粱某都说看过泰森Mike tyson扳手板的现场转播， 却没看到随后发生的拳赛，
都有恶意谎报战况、战果的嫌疑。
梁群的父亲为了讨好外国势力和商人， 竟谎称从来没有亚洲人能够在拳击比赛中打败黑人和泰森(Mike tyson)，在加州汉堡王快餐店前用满族仪式
向一位据说打败过泰森Mike tyson的欧裔白人下跪并三呼万岁， 这事被美国警方全部录下，在香港航运业和货柜运输业引起相当大的反响和轰
动，hanjian之名不翼而飞，中央台曾访问了这位中文名字叫满坚欧裔白人， 不少中国商品和商店如天河城都让他做过广告，有的更把他当成商标。 多
年后才证明这位欧裔白人从未见过泰森(Mike tyson)。这事证明梁群的父亲确实很喜欢外国势力和外商， 并且心甘情愿地投降了对方，既然是自己
喜欢和父母的选择， 就不该通过欺骗、下毒、强迫等手段害其他人为了梁群斗个你死我活， 最终死伤无数。回想小时候， 每当梁群做错事、说错话， 她和
她的家人总说是别人"扮演"她， 或那个人不是梁群。 每次文章写不好或比武输了， 就说真功夫留着真打的时候用， 刚才是演戏。 其他人都
京全由日本人控制， 但梁群的居所内外却由美国人看着，歇斯底里的程度比台湾蓝绿阵营的政争还激烈。 梁群认为扳手板赢了， 拳击就一定赢， 拳击和战
略游戏一旦都赢
了，战争也一定赢，所以最爱向拳击界和体育界的外国友人宣扬这套理论，而且四处挑战他人。
美方认为对手一向无法战胜他们， 所以请人出战， 再利用电脑特技偷龙转凤，盗人功劳，占人成果、 最后制造藉口篡权夺位， 必要时杀人灭口。 美方
更指出仅因扳手板比赛这种主要流行于拳击界的民间体育运动，已导致过去几十年间多位冠军在美国境外睡觉时被人暗算和扭伤手臂。据说曾经有类似经历或可能
在美国发生过车祸的分别有泰裕卢某、香港李某, 他们都应是五六十岁的人。 对一项民间体育比赛的胜负如此注重，不惜动员全世界的帮会势力和渗透传
播
事业、政府部门的人员，实属罕见。 非法手段令人瞩目，犯罪动机令人深思。根据上一代的规定，凡参与优生计划的轻量级和中量级拳击选手都必须击败过重量
级的世界冠军以证明其在同龄同级候选人中确实有智力、 速度、力量上的绝对
优势。 美国的拳击比赛带有浓厚的政治、宗教、种族冲突色彩， 候选人或其后人必须从事相关职业或挑战过现届的重量级世界冠军，优生计划的目的单一明
确，衡量标准也以体能和智力为主。由于优生计划存在很多不合理、不科学、不人道、不合乎民意和时代的地方， 缺乏正确的遗传学理论指导和政府的监督保
护， 造成效益低下、 腐败欺瞒、最
终成为淫乱、分赃和买卖婚姻的场所。 有别于常人的生活方式不为群众理解， 招惹不少**妒恨， 部份**更担心优生计划导至功臣后人和武林高手过多，
不便控制， 不再能以多欺少、于是利用工作上的方便， 串谋勾结、以一女多嫁， 偷龙转凤、拐卖儿童、下毒、"演戏”等方法将骗子、妓女和身体质数不达
标的男女保送进优生计划，将功臣后人和武林高手送到外国， 让他们的下一代成为"杂种"和外国人，自己则借机利用婚配、联姻、"演戏”等手段盗人功
劳、
篡权夺位， 对本意为提高人口质量和战斗力的人口政策造成空前破坏。 不出两代人，国家对外必无可御敌之将， 对内将无可用之兵， 亡国之日不远。
濫用優生名義､濫用药物、 赏罚不公、弄虛作假､贪污腐化、结党谋私、集体行骗、 對體育事業､ 軍事國防､ 警備力量造成嚴重損害﹐竟出现几名黑社
会
打手活捉一名拳击冠军， 一千名黑社会打手却不敌一人的事情。 不少人利用伪造的板手板、拳击比赛、體育比 赛录像行骗， 为了争夺利益， 盗人
功
劳， 互相陷害， 甚至不顾公众安全、勾结外国势力、 使用非法监视跟踪、盗用身份、拐卖儿童、下毒、 细菌战、 绑架等手段。 利用虚假比 赛录
像
行骗的人中有黑人、 白人、 欧洲人、美国人、亚洲人、 中国人 ， 他们来自社会各个阶层、世界各地， 成份复杂， 动机不一。幕后操纵这些人的夸
国
集团和黑社会份子渗透政府机关、娱乐事业，手段狡猾恶毒， 其政治目的更应受到高度重视。
由于**无能力为国出战立功，又不愿为国冒险奋斗、流血牺牲，只好将升迁前程和富贵名利寄托在婚配联姻、"演戏"生子、换妻弃夫、换子卖女、盗用身
份、
敲诈勒索的事情上。 百万军中取上将首级如探囊取物的英雄是否能生出以一敌百、 以一敌千的儿子，如果儿子连以一敌十也不行， 那到底是优生计划毫无
意
义还是儿子被偷龙转凤? 据*群所说: ""皇子"不能打， 否则狸猫换太子的事很容易遭到揭发。" 每当有人战胜， 狸猫也可成皇子， 一旦战
败， 皇子也成了狸猫，为了争夺优生计划的利益， 是非颠倒，好坏不分， 乱象丛生。
由*群引发的中华武术与西洋拳击之争劳民伤财、祸国殃民、误人误己、三教九流混迹其中，不但没有起到选贤任能、震慑敌国、炫耀国威的作用， 反而进一
步
激发了本来已经存在的社会矛盾，对国家的长治久安， 稳定发展十分不利。
回想当年某叔谈到中华武术与西洋拳击的分别时，他说中华武术讲求扎马， 必须先学会站稳， 才好攻击对方， 否则会和元朝一样，赢得快， 丢得也快。
事
实证明这话很有道理，内乱是祸根， 但历史机遇、社会现实与国际形势是否允许中国采取稳中取胜的策略?
*群的父母为了搞一夫多妻制， 操纵买卖婚姻和妓女集团， 竟向黑人提供身体条件最好的子女， 以维持黑人在拳坛上不败的神话， 希望女儿们被黑人先
行
挑选和占有， 令她们更加逆来顺受，日后便于控制，心理上比较容易接受买卖婚姻。
*群敌人太多， 为了对付他们和不服从、可能超越自己的人，甚至只那些只不过批评过她几句的人， *群用驴作替身和诱饵让企图强奸她的人丑态百出，这
事
上*群是很成功，中*群计谋的人当然不值同情，但*群的手段确实也太毒。 据知情人士说， 这几十年间最少有数百人中过同样计谋。在三十年前，
他
们为了强奸驴这事打起来， 曾向我方要求支持与调解。由于同类案件在洛杉矶得到警方及时和正确的处理，所有绑架和强奸驴的人都被当场捉住，避免了一场
由
黑持吃黑引发的大规模械斗以及诸多罪案。
重量级拳击冠军泰森(Mike tyson)的金腰带被剪事件
美方称金腰带曾在和一条狗板手板时被抢走，也曾多次被盗。
现场鉴定结果： 金腰带确有被撕咬痕迹， 也有被剪痕迹。泰森(Mike tyson))的保镖亦亲自重演金腰带被撕咬过程。
在南方军医院时接过重量级拳击冠军泰森(Mike tyson) 的电话， 他十分愤恨地要求杨某和李某出来打擂台，指责杨某和李某没有打擂台就剪了
他
的金腰带和伪造打败他的录像， 并声言报复。当我表明身份， 告诉他电话被错误转接， 对方的怒火才得到平息。
Regarding Mike Tyson's stolen wbc belt.
The victim claimed that the wbc belt was stolen many times in the
past
and it was also lost once to a dog during arm wrestling competition.
消息来源： 电话记录、 互联网网站、 现场鉴定、公开或私下比赛录像、相关人士防问等等。
港美互相指控对方伪造奥运拳击比赛记录引发了无数纠纷，双方呈送的大部份证据、录像、和记录我都曾看过。
犯罪动机分析：
黑帮势力为了争夺利益、地盘， 利用拳赛、 私斗等方法扩张势力。
政治势力为了打击敌国与敌对民族战斗意志、自信心、士气，粉碎敌方政治企图，不择手段，不惜代价、从事间谍，政治渗透、颠覆等工作。
泰森支持者不满金腰带被剪， 利用非法手段报复当事人。
**一向无法战胜对手， 所以请人出战， 再利用电脑特技偷龙转凤，盗人功劳，占人成果、 最后制造藉口篡权夺位， 必要时杀人灭口。
日本全世界的间谍组织。
The most famous world boxing Championships (拳击史上知名度最高的重量级拳击冠军阿里
(muhammad ali)和泰森(Mike tyson)及其公开赛相关统计数据)
USA:Ali, Tyson,
阿里(muhammad ali) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
61 - won: 56 Lost 5 KOs: 37 (56胜 - 5负 -0和 NC 37次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in Jan 17, 1942 (1942年1月17号出生)
The first man to win the heavyweight title three times
Defeated three-time European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski and won
one Olympic gold in 1960
拳击史上第一位三届重量级拳击冠军
1960在奥运会上轻易打败欧裔三届拳击冠军并夺取轻重量级拳击奥运金牌
28岁前公开赛中未输一场
泰森(Mike Tyson) 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
won 50 Lost 6 Knockouts 44 (50胜-6负-0和 NC 44次击晕对手
KOs) 美国黑人
Born in June 30, 1966 (1966年6月30号出生)
The youngest champion ever and won the heavyweight title three
times.
拳击史上最年轻的重量级冠军
三届重量级拳击冠军
28岁前公开赛中仅输一场
以年轻六岁的优势和人已中年、快将退休的重量级拳击冠军阿里(muhammad ali)大战十五回合仍落败的Jimmy Young
Jimmy Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 34 - Lost 19 - 2 NC 11 KOs (34胜-19负-2和 NC 11次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in November 16, 1948 - February 20, 2005 (1948年11
月
16号出生)
李某认为这场比赛有打假拳的嫌疑。
与重量级拳击冠军泰森(Mike tyson)同龄同级的Mark young仅一个回合就战败
Mark Young 公开赛相关统计数
据 国籍(民族)
Won 14 - Lost 37 - 1 NC 9KOs (14胜-37负-1和 NC 9次击晕对手
KOs) 美国
Born in 1963-12-30 (1963年12月30号出生)
It took only one round for Mike Tyson to knock out member of Young's
family while Ali tooks 15 rounds with Jimmy Young. Mike Tyson no
doubt
is the best African American boxer although his polititcal
association
and achievement is never as great as Muhammad Ali.
On 9月20日, 下午4時51分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art. Admission requirment for military academy in every
> country
> is different.
>
>
> 閱讀更多 »- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
mrliu918
> "实践是检验真理的唯一标准。""百多人的敢死队，十五国空手道黑带和区域冠军，一流的剑道高手，十把日本武士刀当场把鸡头砍断，并请在场观礼宾吃烤鸡，阴险恶毒，对抗他们的竟只有一条皮鞋和被刀锋削成碎片的外衣，有了这种经历后你一定能学地勇者无胃，仁者无敌的精神。"
> "只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作为财博的资本。"
> "老许说日本因死了一名准将军和一句大校，不肯轻易了事；美国亦因多人受伤，正向本国施加压力。"引自小邓：
> "我认为发动第三次大战吧！打死日本人！"
>
>
> 你看过林青霞的电影"中国女兵"和"四行仓库"？林青霞与国军的关系不错，林青霞的海外情报很有参考价值。
> 我终于明白林青霞电影"火云传奇"里六王爷的话。正因为火云邪神上一代战无不胜，下一代亦战绩辉煌，所向无敌，才招惹麻烦。杨家虽是忠臣，却从未战胜，数十年间丢城弃土，屡败屡战。火云邪神的干儿子竟仅仅一年就收得数十年间的失地，平定夷人，只是没人看到他在帐篷里对夷人干过什么，说过什么。更没人知道六王爷秘密研究对付夷人的大规模杀伤性武器是什么，这一切都在现实生活中情报来源，至于六王爷与美国的666的关系不言而谕。
>
> 到美國后我擊敗过苏联奥运冠军，泰森,
> 日本相扑冠軍等世界各国百多名体育界和军中高手，空手打败十名手持刺刀的伊拉克共和卫队精英与教练，可惜马来西亚长荣酒店附近的举重机械重只有二佰公斤，连这最低举标准都不达到全是骗子，名符其实的百战百胜。
>
> 阿里和泰森一生人不过出战几十场，我一生出战过百次，超越人体极限，在最短时间内击败过最多世界级高手,
> 徒手殺虎屠熊, 创造了自己的世界纪录。
>
> 你到过台北的101大楼？不知道给他们骗了那么多年人有何感想？老蒋想控制全世界，连儿子也全球经纬线为名，却偏偏事与违愿，我看为人民多做实事最实在。长春王总的项目对建设城镇和改善人民生活很有价值。台北到宜兰的隧道没终于建设完成，以后再也没有人能欺骗他们。过去拿通过证，换车牌，
> 日本，台湾，菲律宾，美国加州才是地震带。这是台湾九二一大地震的资料吗？
> 你知道为什么很少人能在世界级比赛中得到过三届冠军，这年龄在体育界算是老人了，那些全是年轻气盛时的事。况且我的对国防科学，政治更有研究。
> "当然是在打了，那样你才能活得充实。"
>
> 我至今仍是百战百胜，他们不过是拿着我和小孩玩耍的的录像伪造加工后大造文章，戏子误国，骗子横行，亦可见民心早已变了，他们都不希望中国战胜，这群人就是这种东西，不必为他们浪费精神，这群东西还骗我，说那些小孩是我的子女，叫我故意让他们过关，后来查明真相，他们不过是利用我对儿童的溺爱，达到个人目的，和过去利童工，童兵的人的居心一样，我们现在才发现这项运动对某群人居然有如此巨大的意义，这群人心理有病。
> "那丰哥有机会望你重震国辉，你现在也年轻啊！你这样有点虚度年华。"
> 你认为航天部与美国合作发展卫星互联网，卫星手机和无线互联网怎样？现在卫星互联网业务已在美国民航和航运普及。廖宇丰。
On 9月22日, 下午4時56分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> After the short liberation war of NanJing in 1949, the communists
> ended the three years long Chinese Civil War within months and
> declared final victory on Oct 1, 1949.
>
> 人民日報
> 1997年2月19日,偉大的馬克思主義者,無產階級革命家、政治家、軍事家、外交家,中國共產黨、中國人民解放軍、中華人民共和國的主要領導人之一,
> 中國社會主義改革 ... 1945年9月至11月同劉伯承一起領導了上黨戰役、邯鄲戰役。 1947年夏他們率軍南渡黃河,挺進大別山地區,由此揭開
>
> 閱讀更多 >>
mrliu918
> 勿忘国耻,甲午战争的总指挥李鸿章是怎么样断送台湾和当年亚洲第一大舰队，北洋水师，中华民族的命运因一个人的错误决策从此改变。
> "实践是检验真理的唯一标准。""百多人的敢死队，十五国空手道黑带和区域冠军，一流的剑道高手，十把日本武士刀当场把鸡头砍断，并请在场观礼宾吃烤鸡，阴险恶毒，对抗他们的竟只有一条皮鞋和被刀锋削成碎片的外衣，有了这种经历后你一定能学地勇者无胃，仁者无敌的精神。"
> "只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作为财博的资本。"
> "老许说日本因死了一名准将军和一句大校，不肯轻易了事；美国亦因多人受伤，正向本国施加压力。"引自小邓：
> "我认为发动第三次大战吧！打死日本人！"
>
>
> 你看过林青霞的电影"中国女兵"和"四行仓库"？林青霞与国军的关系不错，林青霞的海外情报很有参考价值。
> 我终于明白林青霞电影"火云传奇"里六王爷的话。正因为火云邪神上一代战无不胜，下一代亦战绩辉煌，所向无敌，才招惹麻烦。杨家虽是忠臣，却从未战胜，数十年间丢城弃土，屡败屡战。火云邪神的干儿子竟仅仅一年就收得数十年间的失地，平定夷人，只是没人看到他在帐篷里对夷人干过什么，说过什么。更没人知道六王爷秘密研究对付夷人的大规模杀伤性武器是什么，这一切都在现实生活中情报来源，至于六王爷与美国的666的关系不言而谕。
>
> 到美國后我擊敗过苏联奥运冠军，泰森,
> 日本相扑冠軍等世界各国百多名体育界和军中高手，空手打败十名手持刺刀的伊拉克共和卫队精英与教练，可惜马来西亚长荣酒店附近的举重机械重只有二佰公斤，连这最低举标准都不达到全是骗子，名符其实的百战百胜。
>
> 阿里和泰森一生人不过出战几十场，我一生出战过百次，超越人体极限，在最短时间内击败过最多世界级高手,
> 徒手殺虎屠熊, 创造了自己的世界纪录。
>
> 你到过台北的101大楼？不知道给他们骗了那么多年人有何感想？老蒋想控制全世界，连儿子也全球经纬线为名，却偏偏事与违愿，我看为人民多做实事最实在。长春王总的项目对建设城镇和改善人民生活很有价值。台北到宜兰的隧道没终于建设完成，以后再也没有人能欺骗他们。过去拿通过证，换车牌，
> 日本，台湾，菲律宾，美国加州才是地震带。这是台湾九二一大地震的资料吗？
> 你知道为什么很少人能在世界级比赛中得到过三届冠军，这年龄在体育界算是老人了，那些全是年轻气盛时的事。况且我的对国防科学，政治更有研究。
> "当然是在打了，那样你才能活得充实。"
>
> 我至今仍是百战百胜，他们不过是拿着我和小孩玩耍的的录像伪造加工后大造文章，戏子误国，骗子横行，亦可见民心早已变了，他们都不希望中国战胜，这群人就是这种东西，不必为他们浪费精神，这群东西还骗我，说那些小孩是我的子女，叫我故意让他们过关，后来查明真相，他们不过是利用我对儿童的溺爱，达到个人目的，和过去利童工，童兵的人的居心一样，我们现在才发现这项运动对某群人居然有如此巨大的意义，这群人心理有病。
> "那丰哥有机会望你重震国辉，你现在也年轻啊！你这样有点虚度年华。"
> 你认为航天部与美国合作发展卫星互联网，卫星手机和无线互联网怎样？现在卫星互联网业务已在美国民航和航运普及。廖宇丰。
>
On 9月22日, 下午4時56分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> ended the three years long Chinese Civil War within months and
> declared final victory on Oct 1, 1949.
>
> 人民日報
> 1997年2月19日,偉大的馬克思主義者,無產階級革命家、政治家、軍事家、外交家,中國共產黨、中國人民解放軍、中華人民共和國的主要領導人之一,
> 中國社會主義改革 ... 1945年9月至11月同劉伯承一起領導了上黨戰役、邯鄲戰役。 1947年夏他們率軍南渡黃河,挺進大別山地區,由此揭開
>
> 閱讀更多 >>
mrliu918
機暗算, 盜用他人功勞成果, 發動內亂, 只有李家和梁家在天成大廈提出過安排他人打老虎一事, 兩家手下和影迷因多次用毒害人早已出了名, 腦子里
全是誰搞一夫多妻, 優生, 爭女, 分女,搶衣服的壞主意, 電影青峰俠,唐山大兄,少林寺, 黃飛鴻里就這內容, 干的事情對國家毫無用處, 和他
們一起很容易被誤導利用.
玄武門之變將親兄弟戰友騙到毫無防之地, 殺兄弒父, 天性反骨, 欺世盜名, 禽獸不如, 部下和支持者多物以類聚, 同流合污, 欺善怕惡, 毒害
和陷害過很多人, 和有俠義之名的子弟朋友一起必為所害.
In fact, Leung and Lee rely on the black slaves so much that they
forgot
military tradition of their own people and know little about the
Western.
I doubt Leung and Lee are capble of defeating anyone without the
support of
the Black slaves. Leung offered concession and girls to others because
they can't
stand up to the test. This is the price of slavery.
Role of Leung and racial antagonism in the 1990 incident
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
been
offering girls to many customers in different part of the world for
more than 50 years.
It is clear that Leung treat these girls as political assets and use
them as a leverage
for her agenda.
Correction or updates:
Lee was a top trianer of the US marine and participated in the
military
exercise. However, Lee was wounded by Iraqi out of chaos and almost
killed by the ten
Iraqi Republican Guards with bayonets in the 1990 incident.
Another US marine was wounded by either a group of wolves or wild dogs
from
Africa, I recused him in the 1990 incident. Fortunately, he used the
best heavy
armour available at the time and he passed out most likely because of
stress.
I did not recall whether his last name is Lee or not.
I don't remember his relationship with the Bruce Lee family.
Law enforcement agency should refer to the police reports and medical
reports in the 1990 incident for more detail.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Base on the medical reports of the 1990 incidents, no one contracted
mad cow disease or rabies from the animals as a result of combating
the predators.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_cow_disease
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E7%8B%80%E8%85%A6%E7%97%85
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85&variant=zh-tw
> ended the three years long Chinese Civil War within months and
> declared final victory on Oct 1, 1949.
>
> 人民日報
> 1997年2月19日,偉大的馬克思主義者,無產階級革命家、政治家、軍事家、外交家,中國共產黨、中國人民解放軍、中華人民共和國的主要領導人之一,
> 中國社會主義改革 ... 1945年9月至11月同劉伯承一起領導了上黨戰役、邯鄲戰役。 1947年夏他們率軍南渡黃河,挺進大別山地區,由此揭開
>
> 閱讀更多 >>
mrliu918
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Major_Construction_Projects
http://blog.163.com/hymmm2006@126/blog/static/25990270200881782018357/
"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for
your country"..........Kennedy
毛泽东时代的成果和台灣的十大建設
丰碑自在人心，请看事实吧：
1 1956年宝成铁路建成通车。
宝成铁路全长668.36公里，北起陇海铁路的宝鸡，南至四川成都。贯通我国西北、西南。辛亥革命后，北洋军阀和1936年至1948年国民党政府也多
次勘测过，均因工程艰巨地形复杂而未能实现。
建国后，中央政府从1950年开始设计，1952年7月动工，56年全线接轨。铁路工人和技术人员克服了重重困难，开挖300多座隧道，架设900多座
桥梁，完成土石方工程60000立方米。终于使难于上青天的蜀道变通途。
2 1956年7月长春第一汽车制造厂建成。
毛主席亲自题写"第一汽车制造厂奠基纪念"，1953年7月15日正式破土动工，到1956年7月13日即建成。并试制成功我国第一批国产解放牌汽车，
结束了我国不能制造汽车的历史。
3 新型喷气式飞机试制成功。
1956年9月8日下午4时，我国喷气式飞机制造成功，国家举行验收签字仪式。1957年12月24日，我国多用安二飞机制造成功。
1958年，我国又自行设计制造"初教六"。
1959年，我国超音速歼击机试制成功，我国航空工业由修理至制造，由活塞式发动飞机到喷气式机，只用了八年时间。
4 北京电子管厂建成。
1956年10月15日，我国第一座现代化电子管厂正式开工生产，具有世界先进水平，为我国电子工业发展打下了坚实基础。
5武钢建厂投产。
武钢位于湖北省武汉市，1957年4月3日正式开工，第一期工程1961年建成投入生产。在1958年大跃进精神鼓舞下，于1958年7月15日正式开
工建炼钢厂。两期工程合并，1960年全部投入生产。 我国钢产量在现基础上增加三分之一。
6 1957年9月武汉长江大桥建成 。
武汉长江大桥把武汉三镇连成了一体。1955年7月20日 破土动工，1957年9月25日建成。10月15日通车。大桥总长1670.4米，正桥主墩
8个，水中基础均在钢笼架外插打钢板桩围堰 ，在其中下沉管柱封座后抽水施工，用混凝土9.5万立方米，2.14万吨钢梁。
7 1957年9月北京天文馆建成。
1955年秋动土兴建，1957年9月29日完工，天文馆开幕。该天文馆能与20座世界上最好的天文馆媲美。
8 1957年10月玉门油矿建成 。
1956年下半年完成玉门油矿的总体设计，采用人工注水和加大油层压力等先进技术，原油产量明显提高。1957年10月8日，我国第一个天然石油基地建
成。试制成功的石油产量已增加到32个，已成为一座大型石油联合企业。
9 提前完成发展国民经济第一个五年计划。
1957年底，我国工业产值超过一五计划预定指标的17.3%，比1952年增长132.5%，全国工业总产值平均每年增长18%，农业总产值平均每年
增长4。5%。
钢产量达到524万吨，煤1.28亿吨。基建投资完成492亿元。共有450个限额以上工厂建成。粮年产量达到3700亿斤，棉花年产量3280万
但。
交通运输业，建筑业，商业也都得到了发展。我国的基础工业实力大大增强，文化教育，科学技术，医药卫生也有很大发展，逐步走上了繁荣富强的社会主义社
会。
10 1958年3月，在中央成都工作会议上，毛泽东提出"鼓足干劲、力争上游、多快好省的建设社会主义总路线"。其基本点是调动一切积极因素，正确处
理人民内部矛盾，巩固和发展社会主义的全民所有制和集体所有制，巩固无产阶级专政。在继续完成经济战线，政治战线和思想战线的社会主义革命的同时，逐步
实现技术革命和文化革命。在保证重工业优先发展的条件下，轻工业和农业同时并举。在集中领导、全面规划，分工协作条件下，中央工业和地方工业同时并举，
大型企业和中小型企业同时并举。
Ten Major Construction Projects
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Ten Major Construction Projects (traditional Chinese: 十大建設) were
national infrastructure projects during the 1970's in Taiwan. The
government believed the state lacked key utilities such as highways,
seaports, airports, and power plants. Moreover, Taiwan was
experiencing significant effects from the 1973 oil crisis. Therefore,
to upgrade the industry and the development of the country, the
government planned to take on ten massive building projects. They were
proposed by the Premier Chiang Ching-kuo, beginning in 1974, with a
planned completion by 1979. There were six transportation projects,
three industrial projects, and one power-plant construction project,
which ultimately cost over NT$300 billion in total.
[edit] The Ten Projects
National Highway No. 1 (Taiwan): from Keelung City to Kaohsiung City,
with a branch to Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
Electrification of Western Line railway
North-Link Line railway
Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
Taichung Port
Su-ao Port
China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC) Shipyard, Kaohsiung
China Steel Factory
Oil refinery and industrial park
Nuclear power plant
[edit] See also
十大建設
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
此條目或章節的中立性有爭議。內容、語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩。（2007年12月21日）
加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。
在編輯之前請務必察看討論頁。
本文講述的是台灣的十大建設。關於香港的十大建設，詳見「十大建設 (香港)」。
中沙大橋屬於中山高速公路的一個環節，象徵十大建設期間沙烏地阿拉伯對台援助的情況
十大建設是指中華民國臺灣在1970年代時所進行的一系列國家級基礎建設工程。當時的政府有鑑於當時許多公共基本建設，如道路、港埠、機場、發電廠等尚
且處於匱乏欠缺的狀態，再加上1973年10月第一次石油危機發生，受到全球經濟不景氣的影響，所以為了提升跟深化總體經濟發展而開始規劃進行10個大
型建設工程。由當時任行政院長的蔣經國所提出，建設自1974年起，至1979年底次第完成，共動用新台幣3,000餘億元。在十大建設中，有六項是交
通運輸建設，三項是重工業建設，一項為能源項目建設。
毛泽东计划经济时代的丰硕成果
达峰
（1956年－1976年我国社会主义建设事业取得的伟大成就）
公布我国在毛泽东时代社会主义建设事业取得伟大成就的文章，已有很多，在网上流传。但都不及这篇具体、全面。我之所以选1956年－1976年，是因为
1956年我国完成了在所有制方面的社会主义改造，正式地走上了社会主义的大道。1976年以后，在中国发生的情况就不必多说了。
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art. Admission requirment for military academy in every
> country
> is different.
>
>
>
>
> > Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> > Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> > All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> > martial art.
>
mrliu918
Rating of Generals in world history
The Generals and battles that changed the course of history.
朝鲜战争
冷戰的一部分
顺时针方向从上到下：美军卡车越过38线；执行任务的美军F-86战斗机；爆发仁川战役的仁川港；战后回国受到民众欢迎的中国志愿军士兵；美國海軍陸
戰
隊在仁川港登陸
日期： 1950年－现在
地点： 朝鮮半島
結果： 停火协议签署，南北朝鲜維持分裂状态
起因： 北韓向南韓发动突然進攻
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
聯合國
南韓
澳洲
比利時
加拿大
哥倫比亞
埃塞俄比亞
法國
希臘
盧森堡
荷蘭
紐西蘭
菲律賓
南非
泰國
土耳其
英國
美國
醫療人員援助：
丹麥
意大利
挪威
瑞典
越南戰爭
冷戰的一部分
被攻擊的南越村莊
日期： 1959年 - 1975年
地点： 東南亞中南半島
結果： 北越胜利，占领南越。
起因： 北越向南進攻
領土變更： 南越滅亡，北越統一越南。
參戰方
反共主義:
南越
美國
南韓
泰國
澳洲
菲律賓
紐西蘭 共產主義:
北越
越共
中华人民共和国
红色高棉
蘇聯
北韓
老挝人民军
指揮官
阮文紹
吳廷琰
羅伯特·麥克納馬拉
威廉·威斯特摩蘭 胡志明
黎筍
武元甲
文進勇
兵力
約520,000（1968年） 約1,200,000（1968年）
傷亡
南越
陣亡: 230,000
受傷: 300,000
美國
陣亡: 58,209
受傷: 153,303
南韓
陣亡: 5,000
受傷: 11,000
澳洲
陣亡: 512
受傷: 2,400*
新西蘭
陣亡: 37
受傷: 187
北越/越共
陣亡: 1,100,000
受傷: 不詳
中華人民共和國
陣亡: 1,100
受傷: 4,200
平民死亡 (全越南): 900,000–4,000,000
越南戰爭
Vietnam War
U.S. Huey UH-1D helicopters near Cu Chi, Vietnam, 1966
Date 1959[1] – April 30, 1975
Location Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Result North Vietnamese victory.
Communist takeover of South Vietnam and Laos.
Khmer Rouge takeover in Cambodia.
Territorial
changes Unification of North and South Vietnam
Belligerents
anti-Communist forces
South Vietnam
United States
South Korea
Australia
Philippines
New Zealand
Khmer Republic
Thailand
Kingdom of Laos
Communist forces
North Vietnam
Viet Cong
Support From
Khmer Rouge
Pathet Lao
People's Republic of China
Soviet Union
North Korea
Commanders
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
Lam Quang Thi
Nguyen Cao Ky
Ngô Đình Diệm
Ngo Quang Truong
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Robert McNamara
William Westmoreland
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Creighton Abrams
Frederick Weyand
Elmo Zumwalt
John Paul Vann
Robin Olds
Park Chung Hee
Thanom Kittikachorn
Harold Holt
Keith Holyoake
Ferdinand Marcos Hồ Chí Minh
Lê Duẩn
Trường Chinh
Nguyễn Chí Thanh
Võ Nguyên Giáp
Phạm Hùng
Văn Tiến Dũng
Trần Văn Trà
Lê Ðức Thọ
Đồng Sỹ Nguyên
Lê Đức Anh
Tran Do
Nguyen Van Toan
Hoang Minh Thao
Nguyen Minh Chau
Tran The Mon
Chu Phong Doi
Truong Muc
Vo Minh Triet
Zhou En Lai
Leonid Brezhnev
Nikita Khruschev
Strength
~1,200,000 (1968)
South Vietnam: ~650,000
United States: 553,000 (1968)[2]
South Korea, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines: ~61,800[3]
Australia: 49,968 (1962-1973)[4] ~520,000 (1968)
North Vietnam: ~340,000
PRC: 170,000 (1969)
Soviet Union: 3,000
North Korea: 300
Casualties and losses
South Vietnam dead: 220,357;[5] wounded: 1,170,000
US dead: 58,159;[5] 2,000 missing; wounded: 303,635[6]
South Korea dead: 4,407;[5] wounded: 11,000
Thailand dead: 1,351[5]
Philippines dead: 1,000[5]
Australia dead: 520;[5] wounded: 2,400*
New Zealand dead: 37; wounded: 187
Total dead: 285,831
Total wounded: ~1,490,000
North Vietnam & NLF dead/missing: 1,176,000;[5]
wounded: 600,000+[7]
P.R. China dead: 1,446; wounded: 4,200
Soviet Union dead: unknown, less than two dozen USSR military deaths
acknowledged.
Total dead: ~1,177,446
Total wounded: ~604,000+
South Vietnamese civilian dead: 1,581,000*[5]
Cambodian civilian dead: ~700,000*
Laotian civilian dead: ~50,000*
* = approximations, see Casualties below
For more information on casualties see Vietnam War casualties
[show]v • d • eIndochina Wars
1st – Vietnam – Cambodian-Vietnamese - Sino-Vietnamese
[show]v • d • eVietnam War
Korean War
Part of the Cold War
Clockwise, from top: American trucks crossing the 38th parallel, F-86
Sabre flying over Korea, the port in Incheon where the Battle of
Inchon commenced, Chinese soldiers being welcomed back after the war,
and USMC 2ndLt Baldomero Lopez climbing the seawall in Inchon.
Date June 25, 1950 - present.
Full-scale fighting until an armistice on July 27, 1953
Location Korean Peninsula
Result Cease-fire; North Korean invasion repelled; establishment of
Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ); a few territorial changes along the
38th parallel, but essentially uti possidetis.
Belligerents
United Nations:
Republic of Korea
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Colombia
Ethiopia
France
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Philippines
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Naval Support and Military Servicing/Repairs:
Japan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Medical staff:
Denmark
Italy
Norway
India
Sweden
North Korea and Allies:
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
People's Republic of China
Soviet Union
Commanders
Syngman Rhee
Chung Il-kwon
Paik Sun-yup
Douglas MacArthur
Matthew Ridgway
Mark Wayne Clark
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Kim Il-sung
Choi Yong-kun
Kim Chaek
Mao Zedong
Peng Dehuai
Joseph Stalin
Georgy Malenkov
Strength
590,911
480,000
63,000[1]
26,791[2]
17,000
7,430[3]
5,455[4]
3,972
3,421[5]
1,389
1,294
1,271
1,263
1,068
900
826
44
Total: 941,356–1,139,518
260,000
780,000
26,000
Total: 1,066,000
Note: All figures may vary according to source. This measures peak
strength as sizes changed during the war.
Casualties and losses
South Korea:
58,127 combat deaths
175,743 wounded
80,000 MIA or POW[6]
United States:
36,516 dead (including 2,830 non-combat)
92,134 wounded
8,176 MIA
7,245 POW[7]
United Kingdom:
1,109 dead[8]
2,674 wounded
1,060 MIA or POW[9]
Turkey:
721 dead[10]
2,111 wounded
168 MIA
216 POW
Canada
516 dead[11]
1,042 wounded
Australia
339 dead[12]
1,200 wounded
France:
300 KIA or MIA[13]
Philippines:
112 KIA[3]
South Africa
28 KIA and 8 MIA[14]
Total: Over 474,000
North Korea:
215,000 dead,
303,000 wounded,
120,000 MIA or POW[9]
China
(Chinese estimate):
114,000 killed in combat
34,000 non-combat deaths
380,000 wounded
21,400 POW[15]
(U.S. estimate):[9]
400,000+ dead
486,000 wounded
21,000 POW
Soviet Union:
315 dead
Total: 1,190,000-1,577,000+
Civilians killed/wounded (total Koreans) = 2 Million (Est.)[16]
[show]v • d • eKorean War
Quotation from Wikipedia:
Battle of Moscow
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II
December, 1941. Soviet troops in winter gear supported by tanks take
on the Germans in the counter-attack.
Date October 2, 1941 – January 7, 1942
Location Moscow region, Russia
Result Strategic Soviet victory
Combatants
Germany Soviet Union
Commanders
Fedor von Bock,
Heinz Guderian,
Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring (Luftwaffe) Georgy Zhukov,
Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy
Strength
As of October 1:
1,000,000 men,
1,700 tanks,
14,000 guns,
Initial Aircraft: 549 serviceable[1][2][3]At time of Counter
offensive: 599[4] As of October 1:
1,250,000 men,
1,000 tanks,
7,600 guns,
Initial Aircraft: 936 (545 servicable)[5] At time of Counter
offensive: 1,376[6]
Casualties and losses
248,000–400,000(see §7) 650,000–1,280,000(see §7)
Battle of Nanking
Jump to: navigation, search
Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests
for
expansion. (January 2007)
Battle of Nanjing
Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Map showing the routes of the Japanese army's approach to Nanjing
Date December 1937
Location Nanjing and surrounding areas
Result Japanese Victory, Fall of Nanjing, Nanjing Massacre
Combatants
China, National Revolutionary Army;Soviet Air Force volunteers[1]
Japan, Central China Theater Army
Commanders
Tang Shengzhi Matsui Iwane
Strength
70,000-80,000 men [2] 8 divisions
Casualties and losses
~50,000 military personnel, ~300,000 civilians 6000 [3]
Jingkang Incident
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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)
Jingkang Incident
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 靖康事變, 靖康之變
Simplified Chinese 靖康事变, 靖康之变
Pinyin jìng kāng shì biàn, jìng kāng zhī biàn
Humiliation of Jingkang
Traditional Chinese 靖康之恥
Simplified Chinese 靖康之耻
Pinyin jìng kàng zhī chǐ
The Jingkang Incident or the Humiliation of Jingkang took place in
1127 when invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin Dynasty besieged and
sacked Bianliang (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song Dynasty. The Jin
forces abducted Emperor Qinzong, his father Emperor Emeritus Huizong,
along with many members of the imperial court.
This ended the era known as the Northern Song Dynasty, when the Song
Dynasty controlled most of China. The rest of the imperial family was
forced to flee and establish a new government, now known as the
Southern Song, at Lin'an, which was to become their capital. This
incident is so named because this was the major incident during the
Jingkang Incident
Part of the Song-Jin Wars
Map of Kaifeng
Date September, 1125 to March, 1127
Location Kaifeng, Henan
Result Jin victory
Territorial
changes All the territories north of Huai River ceded to Jin
Belligerents
Northern Song Dynasty Jin Dynasty
Commanders
Emperor Qinzong Emperor Taizong of Jin
Strength
First Siege: 200,000
Second Siege: 70,000 First Siege: 100,000
Second Siege: 150,000
Casualties and losses
The entire royal family abducted, enslaved. Devastating destruction
to
government and civilians. Unknown
First Sino-Japanese War
First Sino-Japanese War, major battles and troop movements
Date 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895
Location Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan, Yellow Sea
Result Japanese victory and a significant loss of prestige for the
Qing
Territorial
changes Qing China loses the influence of the Korean peninsula to the
Empire of Japan.
Qing Dynasty China cedes Taiwan, Pescadores, and Liaodong Peninsula
to
Empire of Japan
Belligerents
Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan
Commanders
Li Hongzhang
Ting Ju ch'ang Yamagata Aritomo
Ito Sukeyuki
Strength
630,000 men
Beiyang Army
Beiyang Navy 240,000 men
Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Navy
Casualties and losses
35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead,
3,973 wounded
[show]v • d • eFirst Sino-Japanese
中日甲午戰爭
{{{partof}}}的一部分
甲午战争形势图
日期： 1894年8月1日 - 1895年4月17日
地点： 朝鮮半島、中國東北
結果： 日本勝利
起因：
領土變更： 日本控制朝鮮半島
中國割讓台灣、澎湖及遼東半島給日本
參戰方
大清帝國 大日本帝國
指揮官
李鴻章
丁汝昌 明治天皇
山縣有朋
兵力
630,000
北洋軍
北洋艦隊 240,000
日本軍
日本海軍
傷亡
35,000人死亡或受傷 13,823人死亡
3,973受傷
渡江戰役是三大戰役後，由於國軍精銳幾乎折損殆盡，蔣中正下野，李宗仁代理總統職位，並與共軍和談。而蔣中正則率領國軍在長江擺出的陣線對上共軍的
入
侵，但共軍將國軍苦心經營三個月的長江防線徹底摧毀，南京中華民國政府被共軍占領，並且國軍在江浙地區僅剩上海一城。
渡江戰役
國共內戰的一部分
{{{image}}}
{{{caption}}}
地點： 華東，長江中下游一帶
結果： 中國共產黨渡過長江，佔領南京政府，中華民國政府長江防線潰敗，失去華東。
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
中國國民黨
剿匪總司令部 中國共產黨
第二、第三野戰軍和第四野戰軍一部
指揮官
湯恩伯
白崇禧 劉伯承
鄧小平
陳毅
粟裕
兵力
700,000 1,000,000
傷亡
430,000 60,000
國共內戰
靖康之變，又稱靖康之難、靖康之禍、靖康之恥是指1126年金國攻陷北宋首都汴京，致使宋朝失去中國傳統政治中心——華北的事件。由於事年發生於宋欽
宗
靖康年間而得名。
莫斯科保衛戰
第二次世界大戰蘇德戰爭的一部分
1941年12月,穿著冬季服裝之蘇聯紅軍在坦克的支援下向德軍展開反攻
日期： 1941年10月2日-1942年1月7日
地點： 莫斯科西部及北部外圍
結果： 蘇聯勝利
起因： {{{casus}}}
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
德國 蘇聯
指揮官
費多爾·馮·博克
海因茨·古德里安 格奧爾吉·朱可夫
亞歷山大·華西列夫斯基
兵力
~1,500,000 ~1,500,000
傷亡
250,000 700,000
東方戰線
唐智生和南京保衛戰
南京保卫战的计划不是死守,有蒋下令即可撤退这个活口 。但实际执行时却变成了死守。 大概唐只记得自己的豪言壮语了。...数个当年经历过南京保卫
战
的国民党将士的回忆录中都有评述。...
> Quotation from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> 史達林格勒戰役
> 第二次世界大戰的一部分
> 1942年在史達林格勒戰役中的蘇聯士兵
> 日期： 1942年8月21日 - 1943年2月2日
> 地點： 蘇聯史達林格勒
> 結果： 蘇聯勝利
> 起因： {{{casus}}}
> 領土變更： {{{territory}}}
> 參戰方
> 納粹德國
> 羅馬尼亞
> 義大利
> 匈牙利 蘇聯
> 指揮官
> 阿道夫·希特勒
> 弗里德里希·保盧斯
> 埃里希·馮·曼施坦因
> 赫爾曼·霍特
> 彼得·杜米特雷斯庫
> 康斯坦丁·康斯坦丁內斯庫
> 伊塔洛·加里巴爾迪
> 古斯塔夫·亞尼 約瑟夫·史達林
> 瓦西里·崔可夫
> 亞歷山大·華西列夫斯基
> 朱可夫
> 謝苗·康斯坦丁諾維奇·鐵木辛哥
> 康斯坦丁·羅科索夫斯基
> 羅季翁·雅科夫列維奇·馬利諾夫斯基
> 安德烈·葉廖緬科
> 兵力
> 500,000（第六集團軍） 1,700,000
> 傷亡
> 約850,000人
> 約200,000人被俘
> 5000多人存活
> 列寧格勒圍城戰
> 第二次世界大戰的一部分
> 描繪列寧格勒被圍困的油畫，藏於莫斯科偉大衛國戰爭博物館內
> 日期： 1941年9月8日－1944年1月27日
> 地点： 蘇聯列寧格勒
> 結果： 蘇聯勝利
> 起因：
> 領土變更：
> 參戰方
> 德國
> 西班牙 蘇聯
> 指揮官
> 威廉·里特·馮·勒布
> 格奧爾格·馮·庫勒
> 恩斯特·布施
> 埃里希·赫普納
> 奥古斯丁·蒙諾斯·簡尼斯 克里門特·伏羅希洛夫
> 格奧爾基·朱可夫
> 兵力
> 725,000 930,000
> 傷亡
> 不詳 紅軍:
> 332,059 戰死
> 24,324 非戰鬥死亡
> 111,142 失蹤
> 16,470 平民
> 一百萬平民餓死
> 沖繩島戰役
> 第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭的一部分
> 美國海軍陸戰隊在沖繩島登陸
> 日期： 1945年4月1日 - 6月21日
> 地點： 日本沖繩島
> 結果： 盟軍勝利
> 起因： {{{casus}}}
> 領土變更： {{{territory}}}
> 參戰方
> 美國
> 英國
> 加拿大
> 紐西蘭,
> 澳洲 大日本帝國
> 指揮官
> 西蒙·博利瓦·巴克納 †
> 約瑟夫·史迪威
> 雷蒙德·阿姆斯·斯普魯恩斯
> 羅伊·蓋格 牛島滿 †
> 長勇 †
> 兵力
> 548,000人,
> 1, 300艘軍艦,
> 2,108架軍機 100,000人,
> 16艘軍艦,
> 27輛坦克,
> 927門火炮,
> 8,080架軍機
> 傷亡
> 12,513人陣亡或失蹤
> 38,916 受傷
> 33,096 非戰鬥受傷
> 372輛坦克
> 763架軍機
> 79艘軍艦沉沒或報廢 66,000人陣亡或失蹤
> 17,000 受傷
> 7,455被俘
> 16艘軍艦沉沒或報廢
> 7,830架軍機被撃落
> 140,000名居民死亡或陣亡或失蹤
> Battle of Stalingrad
> Jump to: navigation, search
> Part of
Quotation from Wikpidea
豬灣事件
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
菲德爾·卡斯特羅豬灣事件（豬玀灣事件）是1961年4月17日在中央情報局的協助下逃亡美國的古巴人向菲德爾·卡斯特羅領導的古巴革命政府在古巴西
南
海岸豬玀灣（科奇諾斯灣，Bahia de los Cochinos）發動的一次失敗的入侵。豬灣事件標誌着美國反古巴行動的第一個高峰。
在聯合國安全理事會針對美國的這次進攻是否合法的討論中，古巴指責美國非法進攻的提議被美國否決。
對美國來說這次未成功的進攻不但是一次軍事上的失敗，而且也是一次政治上的失誤。國內外對這次進攻的批評非常強烈，剛剛入任90天的約翰·甘迺迪政府
為
此大失信譽，相反的卡斯特羅政權和古巴革命被鞏固。由於古巴（有理地）擔心美國再次進攻，因此古巴開始與蘇聯靠近，這個靠近不斷升級最終導致了
1962
年的古巴導彈危機。
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Part of Cold War
Date April 17 – 19, 1961
Location Bay of Pigs, southern Cuba
Result Decisive Cuban Government victory
Belligerents
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
Soviet Union Cuban exiles trained by the United States
United States Air Force
Commanders
Fidel Castro
José Ramón Fernández
Ernesto "Che" Guevara
Francisco Ciutat de Miguel John F. Kennedy
Grayston Lynch
Pepe San Roman
Erneido Oliva
Strength
15,000 1,200 Cuban exiles
2 CIA agents
Casualties and losses
176 killed[1] (Regular Army)
4,000- 5,000 killed, missing, or wounded [2][3]
(Militias and civilians) 115 killed
1,189
淝水之戰
[編輯首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
淝水之戰
的一部分
日期：
383年11月
地點：
中國淝水
結果：
晉朝大獲全勝
起因：
領土變更：
參戰方
前秦
東晉
指揮官
苻堅 (前秦皇帝); 苻融
謝玄; 謝安
兵力
870,000
80,000
傷亡
770,000
5000
淝水之戰，又稱肥水之戰，發生於公元383年，當時中國北方的前秦欲滅南方的東晉，並於淝水（現今安徽省壽縣的東南方）交戰，最終東晉僅以八萬軍力大
勝
八十餘萬前秦軍[1]。
[編輯] 影響
[編輯] 戰後的中國
中國南北分立的局面繼續維持。東晉乘勝北伐，收回黃河以南故土，但不久，因丞相謝安去世和前線主帥謝玄退隱而轉為守勢。前秦元氣大傷，苻堅於公元
385
年被羌族姚萇所殺，各族紛紛獨立，中國北方重新陷入分裂混亂的局面，先後成立了十國。直到439年北魏重新統一北方。而東晉則延續了數十年，直至公
元
420年被劉裕篡位，改國號為宋；中國的南北朝時代開始。一直持續到公元589年，才被隋文帝統一。
赤壁之戰
[ç·¨è¼‾首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
赤壁之戰
三國戰役的一部分
赤壁市赤壁山上的「赤壁」二個大字。
日期：
208年七月—208年十一月
地點：
烏林（今湖北蒲圻西北）
結果：
孫權，劉備盟軍勝利
起因：
{{{casus}}}
領土變更：
{{{territory}}}
參戰方
曹操
孫權，劉備
指揮官
曹操
周瑜、程普，
劉備
兵力
約230,000
50,000
傷亡
約120000
不詳
赤壁之戰
長坂之戰–烏林之戰–江陵之戰
赤壁之戰是中國歷史上著名的以弱勝強的戰爭之一。208年（漢獻帝建安十三年）曹操率軍南下荊州，劉琮束手，後再乘勢討伐孫權。孫權和劉備組成聯軍，
由
周瑜指揮，在長江赤壁（今湖北赤壁市西北，一說今嘉魚東北）一帶大破曹軍，從此奠定了三國鼎立格局。赤壁之戰是第一次在長江流域進行的大規模江河作
戰，
也是孫、曹、劉三家都派出主力參加的唯一的戰事。
[編輯] 影響
赤壁戰前曹操的優勢是非常大的：第一，曹操「奉天子以令不臣」（反對曹操的人稱之為「挾天子以令諸侯」，諸侯自然在政治正確性上難以爭鋒；第二，曹操
以
新勝之軍南下，其氣自盛，第三，曹操兵力數倍於孫、劉兩家。既然曹操具有如此的優勢，孫劉聯軍的戰績更以輝煌。此戰，孫劉軍揚水戰之長，巧施火攻，可
以
算是中國歷史上果斷、以少勝多的的著名戰例。赤壁戰後，曹操退回北方，再未有機會如此大規模南下荊州。曹操集團也失去了在短時間內統一全國的可能
性。
周瑜等與曹仁隔江對峙，遣甘寧襲取夷陵（今湖北宜昌），曹仁率部進圍甘寧，周瑜率軍救援，大破曹仁軍。劉備回師夏口，欲溯漢江迂迴曹仁後方。次年，曹
仁
被迫撤退。孫權繼續與劉備聯盟，以抗拒曹操。劉備進攻荊州南部，包括武陵（郡治在今湖南常德）、長沙、桂陽（郡治在今湖南郴縣）、零陵（今湖南永州）
四
郡投降。後來又奪得劉璋的益州。孫權據有江東，形成了魏、蜀、吳三國鼎立的割據局面。
鉅鹿之戰
秦末戰爭的一部分
鉅鹿之戰形勢圖
日期：
前207年
地點：
巨鹿
結果：
楚軍獲勝
起因：
{{{casus}}}
領土變更：
{{{territory}}}
參戰方
楚軍
秦軍
指揮官
項羽
章邯
兵力
20萬
鉅鹿之戰是秦朝末年前207年至前206年，秦軍與起義軍項羽部隊在鉅鹿（古縣名，在現在河北平鄉西南）展開的一場決戰，最後項羽獲勝。這是秦末戰爭
中
消滅秦軍主力的一次決定性戰役，也是歷史上著名的以少勝多的戰役之一。
目錄[隱藏]
1 過程
1.1 攻秦救趙，先入關中者為王
1.2 怒殺宋義，執掌帥印
1.3 破釜沉舟，以一當十
1.4 作壁上觀，諸侯歸順
2 參考文獻
3 參看條目
[編輯] 過程
彭城之戰
[ç·¨è¼‾首段]維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
彭城之戰在漢高帝二年（前205年）四月發生，是楚漢戰爭其中一場大戰，項羽以三萬精兵在彭城（今江蘇省徐州市）一帶擊潰漢軍數十萬人，是中國歷史上
以
少勝多的著名戰例。
漢高帝元年二月，項羽出兵齊地（今山東大部）攻打田榮，二年四月，楚軍膠著於城陽（今山東荷澤東北），在洛陽的劉邦見機不可失，集合漢軍與五諸侯兵
共
56萬人東向攻佔彭城，中途有彭越帶領三萬人加入漢軍。此役漢軍大勝，劉邦在「收其貨寶美人，日置酒高會」，竟疏於防衛。項羽得知彭城失陷，立即率領
精
銳3萬，由魯（今山東曲阜）一路南下，越過胡陵（今山東魚台東南），到彭地西郊的蕭縣（今安徽蕭縣西北），第二天早晨乘其不備發動進攻，至中午大破
漢
軍，將漢軍壓迫於谷、泗、睢水地區，漢軍潰敗，被殲十餘萬人。項羽收復彭城，又緊追不捨，至睢水上（今安徽淮北市西），漢軍被淹死十餘萬人，「睢水為
之
不流」。楚軍擄去劉邦的父親太公、母親劉媼和夫人呂雉。劉邦受困彭城西側，短兵器已可刺及
，他用舊情使楚將丁公放行，此時西北方向突然颳起大風，一時天昏地暗，劉邦同子劉盈、女魯元公主等數十騎突圍出奔下邑（今安徽碭山）。此役漢軍元氣
大
傷，劉邦的諸侯紛紛背漢投楚，劉邦只好收集殘部，退守滎陽（今河南滎陽東北古滎鎮）。
[編輯] 外部連結
彭城之戰
Battle of Fei River
Date
November 383 AD
Location
Fei River, China
Result
Overwhelming Jin victory.
Belligerents
Former Qin Dynasty
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Commanders
Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin); Fu Rong
Xie Shi; Xie Xuan
Strength
270,000 Di force;200,000Xianbei force;600,000 peasant; [1]
80,000 ?
Casualties and losses
70-80% losses[citation needed]
75-90% losses
The Battle of Fei River or “Feishui” (traditional Chinese: 淝水之戰;
simplified Chinese: 淝水之战; pinyin: Féishŭi zhī zhàn) was a battle in
383, where Fu Jiān (T.: 苻堅) of the Former Qin was decisively defeated
by the numerically inferior army of Eastern Jin.[2] (The location of
the battle, the Fei River, no longer exists, but is believed to have
flowed through modern Lu'an, Anhui, near the Huai River).[3] The
battle is considered to be one of the most significant battles in the
history of China.[4] The aftermath of the battle includes the Former
Qin empire falling into massive civil war and its eventual
destruction, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and other regimes
south of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang).[4]
Battle of Julu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of the Chu-Han contention
Date
207 BC
Location
Julu, Hebei
Result
Decisive Chu victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Chu
Qin Dynasty
Commanders
Xiang Yu, Ying Bu
Zhang Han, Wang Li
Strength
30,000+ Chu troops
80,000+ troops from other rebel principalities nearby, but might not
have participated in the fighting
300,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown, but relatively much smaller
100,000 were killed in battle
200,000 who surrendered were later buried alive
[hide]
Chu-Han contention
Julu – Jingxing – Wei River – Gaixia
The Battle of Julu (巨鹿之戰 or 鉅鹿之戰) was fought in Julu (now in Xingtai,
Hebei, China) in 207 BC primarily between Qin forces led by Zhang
Han,
and Chu rebels led by Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu emerged victorious,
defeating
a large Qin army with a small number of soldiers. This battle laid
the
foundation for the military decline of Qin, as the major Qin forces
were eliminated here.
Battle of Red Cliffs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
(film).
Battle of Red Cliffs
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms
Engravings on a cliff-side mark one widely-accepted site of Chìbì,
near modern Chibi City, Hubei. The engravings are at least a thousand
years old.
Date
Northern Winter 208
Location
Debated. Referred to as Chibi (Red Cliffs), on the southern bank of
the Yangtze River
Result
Decisive Sun Quan and Liu Bei victory
Belligerents
Sun Quan (Sun Chuan),
Liu Bei (Liu Pei)
Cao Cao (Ts'ao Ts'ao)
Commanders
Zhou Yu (Chou Yü),
Cheng Pu,
Liu Bei
Cao Cao
Strength
50,000
220,000–240,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Unknown, though described as significant
[hide]
v • d • eThree Kingdoms
Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Xiangyang – Yan Province – Sun
Ce – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban
–
Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Yi Province – Hefei – Ruxukou – Mt. Dingjun
–
Fancheng – Jing Province – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Northern
Expeditions – Shiting – Jiang's Expeditions – Fall of Shu – Fall of
Wu
The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi,
(traditional Chinese: 赤壁之戰; pinyin: chìbì zhī zhàn) was a decisive
battle immediately prior to the period of the Three Kingdoms in China
in the northern winter of 208 CE between the allied forces of the
southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and the numerically superior
forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan
successfully frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of
the Yangtze River and reunite the territory of the Eastern Han
Dynasty. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu
Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze (de Crespigny
2004:273), and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the
later creation of the two southern kingdoms of Shu Han (蜀) and
Eastern
Wu (吳). For these reasons, it is considered a decisive battle in
Chinese history.
Descriptions of the battle differ widely on details; in fact, even
the
location of battle is still fiercely debated (de Crespigny 2004:256
78n). Although its precise location remains uncertain, the majority
of
academic conjectures place it on the south bank of the Yangtze River
at some location southwest of present-day Wuhan and northeast of
Baqiu
(modern Yueyang city in Hunan province). The most detailed account of
the battle comes from the biography of Zhou Yu in the 3rd-century
historical text Records of Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Zhi). An
exaggerated
and romanticised account is also a central event in Romance of the
Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese
literature.
Contents[hide]
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art. Admission requirment for military academy in every
> country
> is different.
>
>
>
>
> > Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> > Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> > All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> > martial art.
>
mrliu918
Request of Assistance for emergency and Missing person report
Identity theft and illegal interception of communication by
international gang
I had an emergency, Other than trying to remove hair from my
right leg,
a boxing fan steal my US ID and large sum of cash in US currency while
I was sleeping.
I have contacted the local police long time ago; however, there are
not any responses so far.
After the car accident and concussion, I can't remember many thing in
the past
and I need family members to assist me in the process of recovery. My
family members in N.America
should have all the neccessary documents and my DNA record.
My cell phone is (886 or ) (86)-15817076479 and 852-93460474.
My email address is mrli...@yahoo.com.hk and drago...@excite.com
By the way, I did contribute greatly to the release of American
hostages
during the Gulf War. Since the Iraqi government did not know I knocked
out
the top trainers of Republican guards and respected my role in the
anti-war movement,
I was able to help American citizens in the moment of crisis in the
past.
My finger print was everywhere during the gulf war. The tactics they
employed
against me now is simple blackmail. They spy on me for long term and
poisoned me
many times in the past so that I forgot my contribution.
I never use any benefit of the US government and Canadian
government
even I entitle to it. I always contribute and seldom ask for benefit
and welfare.
It is my character and personality. I talked to the consulate
employee, they
believe my relatives and friends in North America should file missing
person
report if phone interception and identity thief are very serious. Due
to corruption
in government, state department and the president should be informed
about the 1990 incidents.
A lot of movies such as the wong fei hong series after 1990 are
thief of
intellectual properties. If you can contact my relatives in North
America and the
government dept responsible for this matter, you will be greatly
appreciated.
Forward my email to the president and the state dept.
In summary, you adopt following actions to assist me.
1. Inform my relatives and government departments (US and Canadian
embassy, State department, President Bush, FBI, congressman) of my
current situation.
2. Inform my relatives and consulates to provide temporary financial
assistance and travel expense for family unification in N. America.
3. Forward my email to government agencies in North America.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Past address in CA
5757 Shemiran St
La Verne, CA 91750, USA
--- 2008年9月26日 星期五，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Police reports and medical reports in the 1990 incident
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaCo...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.fe...@cnn.com,
media.op...@olympic.org, drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my,
moscow....@hn.vnn.vn, russian...@mindspring.com,
rusp...@mweb.co.za, rusem...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): jfli...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 9 26 星期五 下午 6:31
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents, no one
contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a result of combating the
predators.
Both police reports and medical reports proved that
the predators died mostly because of bone fracture.
Many fans of Lee and Leung did lie about their roles in the 1990
incident.
Unfortunately, fans of the martial act community also consist of mob
and violent gangsters.
Covering up theft and crimes of the past for the idol could be the
motivation of these criminals and cheaters.
After all, going to the ring and war is dangerous; making a movie is
safe and easy.
The gang also misuse communication system and CCTV technology.
They boardcast private message to gang members so that no one can
track down the communication line; plus making it more difficult to
wipe out the
entire gang and to held the key person legally responsible.
I believe that some of their fans poisoned on me in the past and
intentionally
delay my trip to N.America for the purpose of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年9月19日 星期五，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Role of Leung and racial antagonism in the 1990 incident
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaCo...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.fe...@cnn.com,
media.op...@olympic.org, drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my,
moscow....@hn.vnn.vn, russian...@mindspring.com,
rusp...@mweb.co.za, rusem...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): jfli...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 9 19 星期五 下午 6:03
Correction or updates:
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:Role of Bruce Lee in the 1990 incident
Date:Thu, 18 Sep 2008 10:11:17
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
To: <Ask...@usdoj.gov>, <ZaCo...@Anc.Org>,a...@ago.state.ma.us
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, <cnn.fe...@cnn.com>,
<media.op...@olympic.org>, <drago...@excite.com>,
<b.l...@sify.com>, <b...@bic.boxing.com>,
<AmCitB...@state.gov>, <in...@wbcboxing.com>,
<zho...@state.gov>, <she...@state.gov>, <ca...@state.gov>,
<wan...@state.gov>, <rue...@tm.net.my>,
<moscow....@hn.vnn.vn>, <russian...@mindspring.com>,
<rusp...@mweb.co.za>, <rusem...@parsonline.net>,
<rus...@rogers.com>
CC: <jfli...@yahoo.com>
The President of USA, the Lion and member of DOJ Answer to public
concern
whether Lee set up others to do the job for him.
Burce Lee is a famous kung fu actor. If Lee is capable of killing any
predators with barehanded, I am sure that he would have recorded it
and made a
movie out of it. Lee probably would have invited thousands of witness
and fight
the tiger in front of millions of audience. It is an important
achievement for
kung fu star and athlete, but not for engineer or politican. Liang and
Lee's
family most likely set up someone else to do the job so that they have
an excuse
for more children and wife. When it does not work out, it is possible
that
Lee's fan did everything vicious including using poison to steal merit
or
work of others. Personally, I did not recall any documentary about
Bruce Lee
fighting a tiger. I don't care whether Lee killed a tiger in the past.
I
don't believe anyone should to be put at risk for unnecssary reasons.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年9月9日 星期二，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: There are not any
confirm report of black tiger on earth 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov,
ZaCo...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us" <a...@ago.state.ma.us>,
cnn.fe...@cnn.com, media.op...@olympic.org,
drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov,
wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my, moscow....@hn.vnn.vn,
russian...@mindspring.com, rusp...@mweb.co.za,
rusem...@parsonline.net,
rus...@rogers.com 副本(CC): jfli...@yahoo.com 日期: 2008 9 9 星期二
下午 6:02
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
There are not any confirm report of black tiger on earth and I doubt
its existence. I doubt either Bruce Lee or his children ever killed
any
tiger in the past. I doubt Lee ( aka Li ) is capable of killing even a
dog.
However, fan and family members of Li ( aka Lee) did express concern
about the
killing of tiger with barehanhed at TienChen Building around 1980 and
1990.
If you have any question conerning the correlation among Bengal
tiger, Malayan tiger, Siberian tiger, and the Tigris river in Iraq,
you
should contact the board of trustee or the person entrusted to handle
the
matter. There are police reports, medical reports, and even DNA record
for all
the victims and participants including the predators.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Other information concerning the 1990 incident
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tigers, bear and
other
predators with barehanded in the 1990 incident. Both young (aka yang)
and Lee
( aka Li ) never shown up in the 1990 incident. The allegation of
animal abuse
is not substantial. Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#Physical_characteristics.2C_taxonomy_and_evolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
--- 2008年9月5日 星期五，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Li and Liang set up
someone else to do the job for them. 收件人: "kf...@yahoo.com"
<kf...@yahoo.com> 副本(CC): "drago...@excite.com"
<drago...@excite.com>, "jfli...@yahoo.com"
<jfli...@yahoo.com> 日期: 2008 9 5 星期五 下午 10:34 Farooq
I doubt Burce Lee is capable of killing a dog or a tiger. Burce Lee's
family
is crazy about Kung Fu.
Farooq, talked to your friends in the Islamic countries and find out
Liang's role in Gulf War. I was told that Liang ( aka Leung ) was an
foreign
advisor of the Iraqi government during Gulf War. Some Iraqi blame
Liang's
incompetence for their loss and suffering. Try to verify above
information for
me?
Your prompt response will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
> > RE: Taiwanese role in the 1990 incidents
> > Around 1990, phone calls and documents from Taiwan started a
debate
on > > the causes of communist victory in Mainland China. American
weaponry, > > incompetent generals and leadership, government
corruption,
betrayal > > of alliance, training doctrine and physical fitness of
soldiers, or > > any other factors contributing to the defeat of KMT
government in > > Mainland China became an important leverage for
political rivals to > > undermine one another. It is clear that Taiwan
want American to defeat > > the communists for them. There is no way
for
Taiwan to reclaim > > Mainland China by herself. In fact, Taiwan
cannot
sustain political > > stability and status quote without western
support.
Taiwan want > > American to attack the Communist from the Pacific and
tried everything > > possible to changed Washinton policy.
> > Sincerely
> > Yu Fung Liu
> > Lee's movies are mostly lie and propaganda. Misusing alliance
> > compassion is their way of eliminating contenders or anyone better
> > than them. Lee's family do not concern about national interest and
the > > victory of people. They are interested in dictatorship more
than
the > > glory of national victory. Lee's family are incompetent
generals and they have > > been losing most of the battles in modern
history. Lee's family lost two > > most famous battles in the first
sino-Japanese war and the communist > > liberation war of NanJing. As
a
result, the countries they fought for was
>> eventually invaded and collapsed.
> > Liang's family never participated in any successful and major
military > > campaign in modern history. The most famous person in
Liang
family > > fled to Japan after a failed political coup during the Qing
dynasty.
> > Sincerely
> > Yu Fung Liu
Answer to public concern about the size of special force and the army
divison
responsible for killing more than 30000 Iraqi Republican guards within
days.
Answer to public concern whether the special force in Gulf War is a
oneman
show and only true in propaganda.
In the past 15 years, I have been receiving phone calls and other
means of
harassment particularly from Middle East Region concerning whether the
special
force unit in Gulf War is a one man show and only true in propaganda.
The
stalkers and spy oftens concern about the number of special force
units capable
of doing the job and the identity of those served in the special force
units.
They also concern about members of special force involving in killing
the tigers
and other predators. They are interested in Information about the
technology of
US bullet proof vest used by the special force.
My answer regarding this questions in past 15 years is consistent.
They should
stop harassing me and contact the US army directly.
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of
the past. This is how the West train their boxers and soldiers in the
past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Answer to public concern about technology of US bullet proof vest and
the
killing of tiger in the 1990 incident.
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tiger with
barehanded in
the 1990 incident.
I was a consultant on the diplomatic list at the time. I do not
believe it
would ever happened, but I did it to save other participants.
It started with an accident.
If you could forward my message to the concern party with the
satellite
phone, you will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 8月29日, 下午4時57分, mrliu918 <dragonst ... @excite.com>
wrote:
- 隱藏被引用文字 -
- 顯示被引用文字 -
> Answer to public concern about whether Lee set up someone else to
do >
the job for him
> In 1988, I did receive a phone concerning whether Bruce Lee ever >
killed a tiger with barehanded in the past. The old women over the >
phone
did not provide evidences regarding Lee's past battle with > tiger,
but
she was interested in looking for someone capable of doing > the job.
> Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
> On 8月29日, 下午4時44分, mrliu918 <dragonst ... @excite.com>
wrote: > > Answer to public concern about involvement of other well
known
> > person:
> > In 1988, I did receive a phone concerning whether Bruce Lee ever
> > killed a tiger with barehanded in the past. The old women over the
> > phone did not provide evidences regarding Lee's past battle with
> > tiger, but she was interested in looking for someone capable of doing
> > the job.
> > Sincerely
> > Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年8月21日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk>
寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Other motivations of
crimes regarding identity theft in the past 50 years 收件人: Ask ...
@usdoj.gov, ZaComm ... @Anc.Org, "a ... @ago.state.ma.us" <a ...
@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb ... @cnn.com, media.operati ...
@olympic.org,
dragonst ... @excite.com, b.li ... @sify.com, b ... @bic.boxing.com,
AmCitBeij
... @state.gov, i ... @wbcboxing.com, zho ... @state.gov, she ...
@state.gov, ca
... @state.gov, wan ... @state.gov, ruem ... @tm.net.my,
moscow.viet ...
@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba ... @mindspring.com, ruspo ... @mweb.co.za,
rusembi ...
@parsonline.net, rus ... @rogers.com 副本(CC): jfliu ... @yahoo.com 日期:
2008 8 21 星期四 下午 3:50
Correction:
There are also reports that they steal the children of athletes and
set them
up for underground boxing match. In some cases the eyes of the
children were
mutilated to make sure that they lose in the underground match only to
cover up
identity theft and other crimes in the past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu --- 2008年8月19日 星期二，LIU MR <mrliu ...
@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Possible motivations
of crimes regarding identity theft and 1990 incident 收件人: Ask ...
@usdoj.gov, ZaComm ... @Anc.Org, "a ... @ago.state.ma.us" <a ...
@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb ... @cnn.com, media.operati ...
@olympic.org,
dragonst ... @excite.com, b.li ... @sify.com, b ... @bic.boxing.com,
AmCitBeij
... @state.gov, i ... @wbcboxing.com, zho ... @state.gov, she ...
@state.gov, ca
... @state.gov, wan ... @state.gov, ruem ... @tm.net.my,
moscow.viet ...
@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba ... @mindspring.com, ruspo ... @mweb.co.za,
rusembi ...
@parsonline.net, rus ... @rogers.com 副本(CC): drgaonst ... @excite.com,
jfliu
... @yahoo.com 日期: 2008 8 19 星期二 下午 4:56
Opened letter to DOD and the American people
Taiwanese government also set up many false consulates for the
purpose of
deception and stealing in the name of fighting communist subversion.
Many native
Taiwanese and American fall victim to the scheme. As a result, the
victims were
exploited, and even in some cases poisoned and kidnapped. The truth is
that they
received communist education and propaganda from the Taiwanese
government at
their young age. The Taiwanese government turns their own people into
prey and
performs the ritual of human sacrifice because of their incompetence
and failure
on the war against communism. The Taiwanese government does not
deserve victory.
The gross violation of human right in Taiwan should be stopped.
The Taiwanese is unable to defend themselves against communists and
desperately seek foreign intervention. They use marriage with
foreigners as
leverage against communist military power. The Taiwanese government
did express
concerns about the use of Weapon of Mass destruction by the Communist
power in
future war.
In 1992, an American boxer, young was suspected of being drug and
abduct to
Taiwan. His family members in USA preached for help and called it
blackmail.
Phone call from Taiwan insisted that Young had a new family and it is
only a
change of heart. The Taiwanese claim that young enjoy the lifestyles
in Taiwan
and have too many wives to handle. There are no conclusions in the
matter.
Although the political objective of the gang still cannot be
determine, it is
clear that an organized gang with government and media background has
targeted
some boxers for their troublesome personal lifestyles. The organized
gang took
full advantages of the physical and mental condition of the athletes.
It is also about Cold War and racial domination. The military want to
breed
strong and intelligent soldiers. It is somewhat efficient, but very
inhumane.
The program draws serious criticism and challenge since the very
beginning. No
wonder they are stealing one another and did everything vicious to
eliminate
potential contenders. It turns many into animals.
Some of those failing to meet the minimum standard take to the
extreme.
There are many reports that they stole the children of athletes and
set them up
for underground boxing match. Many of these fans have no respect for
the law and
due process. Drug, gang warfare, harassment, and other illegal means
of
retaliation often lead them to vicious cycles mutual destruction,
social unrest,
economic disparity and political instabilities.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
The Roman gladiator was an important part of Western military
tradition of
the past. This is how the West train their boxers and soldiers in the
past.
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mrliu918
檢視個人資料
更多選項 9月12日, 下午6時54分
新聞群組： talk.politics.mideast
寄件者： mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com>
日期： Fri, 12 Sep 2008 03:54:19 -0700 (PDT)
當地時間： 2008年9月12日(星期五) 下午6時54分
主旨： Roman gladiator: Is the West strong only because of weaponry?
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Quotation from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(2000_film )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games
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mrliu918
檢視個人資料
更多選項 9月12日, 下午6時56分
新聞群組： talk.politics.mideast
寄件者： mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com>
日期： Fri, 12 Sep 2008 03:56:12 -0700 (PDT)
當地時間： 2008年9月12日(星期五) 下午6時56分
主旨： Re: Roman gladiator: Is the West strong only because of
weaponry?
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On 9月12日, 下午6時54分, mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co...
You can
support Wikipedia by making a tax-deductible donation. Gladiator From
Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see
Gladiator
(disambiguation).
The Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna) prob. 2nd c. AD: A thraex
and
murmillo, a hoplomachus and murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to
the
referee), and a matched pair.Gladiators (Latin: gladiatōrēs,
"swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword," from gladius,
"sword") were professional fighters in ancient Rome who fought against
each other, wild animals, and condemned criminals, sometimes to the
death, for
the entertainment of spectators. These fights took place in arenas in
many
cities from the Roman Republic period through the Roman Empire.
Contents [hide] 1 History of gladiatorial combats 1.1 Origins 2 Peak
2.1
Amphitheatres 2.2 The games 3 Decline 4 Life as a gladiator 4.1
Origins 4.2
Training 4.3 Typical combat 4.4 Life expectancy of a gladiator 4.5
Slave revolts
5 Roman attitudes 5.1 Towards gladiators 5.2 Retiarius Tunicatus 6
Female
gladiators 7 Emperors as gladiators 8 Misconceptions 9 Gladiators in
films and
television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External
links
[edit] History of gladiatorial combats
[edit] Origins The origin of the gladiatorial games is not known for
certain.
There are two theories: that the Romans adopted gladiatorial fights
from the
Etruscans, and that the games came from Campania and Lucania. The
evidence for
the theory of Etruscan origin is a passage by the Greek writer
Nicolaus of
Damascus in the second half of the first century BCE describing the
origins as
Etruscan, an account by Isidore of Seville during the 600s relating
the Latin
word for gladiator manager, lanista, to the Etruscan word for
"executioner", and also likeness of the Roman god of hell, Charon, who
accompanied the executed bodies as they exited the arena, to the
Etruscan god of
death, also named Charon. The theory that the games developed from a
Campanian
and Lucanian tradition is supported by frescoes dating to the fourth
century BCE
depicting funeral games in which pair of gladiators fought to the
death to commemorate the death of an important individual. However,
the
Campanians could also have adapted this tradition from the Greeks who
could have
introduced funeral games with human sacrifices to the area in the
eighth century
BCE. Regardless of the origin, the Romans adopted the tradition of
funeral games
to display important people's status and power.
The earliest known gladiatorial games were held in 310 BC by the
Campanians
(Livy 9.40.17). These games re-enacted the Campanians' military
success over
the Samnites.
The first recorded Roman gladiatorial combats took place in Rome in
264 BC, at
the start of the First Punic War against Carthage. Decimus Junius
Brutus Albinus
staged it in honour of his dead father Brutus Pera. It was held
between three
pairs of slaves chosen from among 22 prisoners of war, and held in the
cattle
market (Forum Boarium). The ceremony was called a munus or “duty paid
to a
dead ancestor by his descendants, with the intention of keeping alive
his
memory” (Baker, Gladiator 10). Roman aristocrats soon took up the
practice as
an alternative to the earlier custom of sacrificing prisoners on the
graves of
warriors, with events being held for notable people and repeated every
one to
five years after the person’s death.
These games became popular throughout the Empire and were especially
popular
in Greece. So popular that there are many records of people in towns
where
prominent citizens died virtually extorting promises of gladiatorial
games from
the survivors. The aristocracy also began to compete in having the
best games so
that whereas the sons of Brutus Pera offered three matches, a century
later,
Titus Flamininus offered 74 matches lasting three days for his
father's
funeral and by the passing of yet another century Julius Caesar
promised 320
matches for his daughter, Julia. As a result the emperors eventually
had to
regulate how much could be spent on gladiatorial performances to
prevent members
of the elite from bankrupting themselves.
Gradually, as the connection to funerals faded in the late second
century BC,
the funeral games gradually transformed into public performances.
Julius Caesar
eventually owned so many gladiators that the Senate, fearing the use
such a
"private army" could be put to, passed a law limiting private citizens
to owning no more than 640 gladiators.[1] The moment when a true split
from the
funeral backdrop occurred was after the assassination of Julius Caesar
in 44 BC.
Bad omens plagued the city and the games were seen as a method to
please the
gods and save Rome. During the first century A.D., giving games even
became a
requirement of some public offices.
Over time the games had became integrated ever more into the Imperial
cult
through games financed by the state or by the Emperors as a means to
get public
approval, and especially so in the provincial towns. After Caesars'
death a
clear distinction between games organized by public officials (ludi)
and those
held by private citizens (munera) was set. Although it was still
possible for
private citizens to organise their own gladiatorial games, Augustus
decreed that
they could use no more than 120 gladiators and the days on which such
private
games could be organised were limited: from December 2 to December 8,
during the
Saturnalia from December 17 to December 23 (the Winter solstice), and
between
March 19 and March 23 for the Spring celebration of Quinquatria.
[edit] Peak
[edit] Amphitheatres
Roman arena at Arles, inside view.The popularity of the games
resulted in the
construction of proper venues and transformation of others (such as
the Roman
Forum) into spaces for the spectacles.
Gladiator fights took place in these amphitheatres during the
afternoon of a
full day event. The amphitheaters built were made of wood and were
usually
neither structurally sound, often being prone to collapse,[2] nor did
they
survive the fires of Rome. The first permanent amphitheater in Rome
dates to
around 30 BC. Not until AD 70 and Vespasian's reign did plans for a
purpose
built stone venue for the games develop. The Colosseum (Amphitheatrum
Flavium)
was unveiled in AD 80.
The Stone Pine, a conifer native to the Iberian Peninsula was often
planted
near the local amphitheatre in foreign countries. The aromatic
pinecones were
traditionally burnt in bowls (tazze = cups) to mask the smell of the
arena. The
word “arena” means sand, a reference to the thick layer of sand on the
floor
for the purpose of soaking up the blood.
The spectator seating in amphitheatres was originally "disorderly and
indiscriminate" until Augustus was upset at the insult to a senator,
to
whom no one offered a seat at a crowded games in Puteoli.
"In consequence of this the senate decreed that, whenever any public
show
was given anywhere, the first row of seats should be reserved for
senators; and
at Rome he would not allow the envoys of the free and allied nations
to sit in
the orchestra, since he was informed that even freedmen were sometimes
appointed. He separated the soldiery from the people. He assigned
special seats
to the married men of the commons, to boys under age their own section
and the
adjoining one to their preceptors; and he decreed that no one wearing
a dark
cloak should sit in the middle of the house. He would not allow women
to view
even the gladiators except from the upper seats, though it had been
the custom
for men and women to sit together at such shows. Only the Vestal
virgins were
assigned a place to themselves, opposite the praetor's tribunal"
(Suetonius Lives of the Twelve Caesars Augustus, XLIV).
[edit] The games
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. A photograph of the best known Roman
era
amphitheatre taken in the early evening. Gladiatorial combats were the
main
event and usually held around this time of day.The games were
carefully and
precisely planned by an organizer (editor) on behalf of the emperor.
The
combinations of animals and gladiator types were meticulously planned,
such that
the show would be most appealing to the audience. Gladiators would be
publicly
displayed in the Roman forum to large crowds one to two days prior to
the actual
event. Programmes containing the gladiatorial and personal history of
the
fighters were passed out. Banquets for the gladiators were also held
the evening
before the games and many attended these as well. Even the criminals
(noxii)
listed to fight were at times permitted to attend.
When the day of the event came, gladiator fights were preceded by
animal-on-animal fights, animal hunts (venationes), and public
executions of
condemned criminals (damnati) during lunchtime. As it was considered
bad taste
to watch the executions, the upper classes would usually leave and
return after
lunch. The Emperor Claudius was often criticised because he usually
stayed in
the stadium to watch the executions. The damnati were sometimes
required to
fight battle recreations or in paired gladiatorial combats against
each. The
winner then fought a new opponent and so on until only one was left
alive.
Usually this "winner" was then himself put to death but he could be
spared if he showed sufficient bravery. Under Nero, it became the
practice to
perform plays adapted from myths in which people died and assigning
the role of
a character who would die to a condemned man. The audience would then
watch
the play, and the actual killing of the condemned man in the same
manner as
the fictional character.[3] Before the afternoon fights began, a
procession
(pompa) was led into the arena containing the organizer, his
servants, ...
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mrliu918
檢視個人資料
更多選項 9月12日, 下午6時57分
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寄件者： mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com>
日期： Fri, 12 Sep 2008 03:57:01 -0700 (PDT)
當地時間： 2008年9月12日(星期五) 下午6時57分
主旨： Re: Roman gladiator: Is the West strong only because of
weaponry?
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On 9月12日, 下午6時54分, mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co...
Find
out more about navigating Wikipedia and finding information. Colosseum
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other
uses, see
Colosseum (disambiguation).
Colosseum
The Colosseum Location Regione III Isis et Serapis Built in 70-80 AD
Built
by/for Vespasian, Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre
Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally the Flavian
Amphitheatre
(Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo),
is an
elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the
largest
ever built in the Roman Empire. It is one of the greatest works of
Roman
architecture and Roman engineering.
Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction
started
between 70 and 72 AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in
80 AD
under Titus, with further modifications being made during Domitian's
reign
(81–96).[1] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both
Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).
Originally capable of seating around 50,000 spectators, the Colosseum
was used
for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. It remained in use
for nearly
500 years with the last recorded games being held there as late as the
6th
century. As well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other
public
spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts,
executions,
re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical
mythology. The
building eventually ceased to be used for entertainment in the early
medieval
era. It was later reused for such varied purposes as housing,
workshops,
quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry and a Christian
shrine.
Although in the 21st century it is in a ruined condition due to
damage caused
by earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum has long been seen as
an iconic
symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of modern Rome's most popular
tourist
attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic
Church, as
each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross"
procession to the amphitheatre.[2]
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-
cent euro
coin.
Contents [hide] 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Ancient 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Modern
3
Physical description 3.1 Exterior 3.2 Interior seating 3.3 Arena and
hypogeum
3.4 Supporting buildings 4 Use 4.1 Today 5 Christians and the
Colosseum 6 Flora
7 Popular culture 8 Colosseum Panorama 9 References 10 External links
[edit] Name The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum
Flavium,
often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed
by
emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name.[3] This name
is still
used frequently in modern English, but it is generally unknown. In
antiquity,
Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name
Amphitheatrum
Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[4][5] This name
was not
exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the
Colosseum, also
constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern
Pozzuoli).[6]
The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a
colossal statue
of Nero nearby.[1] This statue was later remodeled by Nero's
successors into
the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the
appropriate
solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the
heads of
succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained
standing well
into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to
be seen
as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.
In the 8th century, the Venerable Bede (c. 672–735) wrote a famous
epigram
celebrating the symbolic significance of the statue: Quandiu stabit
coliseus,
stabit et Roma; quando cadit coliseus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet
Roma, cadet
et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the
Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").
[7]
This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the
Colossus
(as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage).
However,
at the time that Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied
to the
statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian
amphitheatre.
The Colossus did eventually fall, probably being pulled down to reuse
its
bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" (a neuter noun) had been
coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely
forgotten and
only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby
Temple of
Venus and Roma.[8]
The name was further corrupted to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In
Italy,
the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance
languages have
come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo
(Spanish) and
o Coliseu (Portuguese).
[edit] History
[edit] Ancient
A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with the Colosseum at
the upper
right cornerConstruction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the
Emperor
Vespasian[1] in around 70–72. The site chosen was a flat area on the
floor of
a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills,
through which a
canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely
inhabited. It
was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which
Nero seized
much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose
Domus
Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake
surrounded by
pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct
was
extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus
of Nero
was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[8]
The area was transformed under Vespasian and his successors. Although
the
Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The
lake was
filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian
Amphitheatre.
Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed
nearby within
the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed
inscription
found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new
amphitheatre to
be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to
refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following
their
victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70. The Colosseum can be thus
interpreted
as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of
celebrating great
victories.[8] Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site
of
Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to
the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his
own use. In
contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the
outskirts of a
city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect,
placing it
both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.
The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of
Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building
inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[1] Dio Cassius recounts that
over 9,000
wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the
amphitheatre. The
building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the
newly-designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a
series of
underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a
gallery to
the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by
lightning,
according to Dio Cassius[9]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels
of the
amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and
underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An
inscription records
the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II
and
Valentinian III (reigned 425–450), possibly to repair damage caused by
a major
earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena
continued to be
used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights
last
mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523.[8]
[edit] Medieval
Map of medieval Rome depicting the ColosseumThe Colosseum underwent
several
radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th
century a
small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre,
though this
apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the
building
as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous
vaulted spaces
in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and
workshops, and
are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century.
Around 1200
the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it,
apparently using
it as a castle.
Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake
in 1349,
causing the outer south side to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone
was reused
to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in
Rome. A
religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the
mid-14th
century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th
century. The
interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which
was reused
elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make
quicklime.[8] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were
pried or
hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar
the
building today.
[edit] Modern
Interior of the Colosseum, Rome. Thomas Cole, 1832. Note the ...
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mrliu918
檢視個人資料
更多選項 9月12日, 下午6時58分
新聞群組： talk.politics.mideast
寄件者： mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com>
日期： Fri, 12 Sep 2008 03:58:24 -0700 (PDT)
當地時間： 2008年9月12日(星期五) 下午6時58分
主旨： Re: Roman gladiator: Is the West strong only because of
weaponry?
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On 9月12日, 下午6時54分, mrliu918 <mrliu ... @gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co...
Your
continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Ancient Olympic Games From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search
Ruins of the training grounds at OlympiaThe Ancient Olympic Games,
originally
referred to as simply the Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί
Αγώνες; Olympiakoi Agones) were a series of athletic competitions held
between various city-states of Ancient Greece. They began in 776 BC in
Olympia,
Greece, and were celebrated until 393 AD[1] The prizes were olive
wreaths, palm
branches and woollen ribbons.
Contents [hide] 1 Legendary origin 2 History 3 Olympic truce 4 Events
5 Famous
athletes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links
Legendary origin The origins of the Ancient Olympic Games are
unknown, but
several legends and myths have survived. One of these involved Pelops,
king of
Olympia and eponymous hero of the Peloponnesus, to whom offerings were
made
during the games. The Christian Clement of Alexandria asserted, "[The]
Olympian games are nothing else than the funeral sacrifices of
Pelops."[2]
That myth tells of how Pelops' overcame the King and won the hand of
his
daughter Hippodamia with the help of Poseidon, his old lover, a myth
linked to
the later fall of the house of Atreus and the sufferings of Oedipus.
A myth tells of the hero Hercules, or Herakles, who won a race at
Olympia and
then decreed that the race should be re-enacted every four years,
while another
claims that Zeus initiated the festival after his defeat of the Titan
Cronus.
Yet another tells of King Iphitos of Elis, who consulted the Pythia
Oracle at
Delphi – to try and save his people from war in the 9th century BC.
The
prophetess advised him to organize games in honour of the gods. The
Spartan
adversary of Iphitos then decided to stop fighting during these games,
which
were called Olympic, after the sanctuary of Olympia where they were
held. Had
they been named after Mount Olympus, the mountain on which the Greek
gods were
said to live, they would have been called Olympian games rather than
Olympic.
The favorite story is that Heracles celebrated cleaning the Augean
Stables by
building Olympia with help from Athena.
Whatever their origin, the games were held to be one of the two
central
rituals in Ancient Greece, the other being the Eleusinian Mysteries.
[3]
History The Games first started in Olympia, Greece, in a sanctuary
site for
the Greek gods near the towns of Elis and Pisa (both in Elis on the
peninsula of
Peloponnesos). The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a 12 metre high
statue in
ivory and gold of Zeus, the father of the Greek gods, sculpted by
Phidias. This
statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World.
The Olympic Games were held in four year intervals, and later the
Greek method
of counting the years even referred to these Games, using the term
Olympiad for
the period between two Games. The historian Ephorus who lived in the
4th century
BC is believed to have invented the use of Olympiads to count years,
much as we
today use AD and BC. Previously every Greek state used its own dating
system,
something that continued for local events, which led to confusion when
trying to
determine dates. "Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in
the
third year of the 113th Olympiad, which must be the eclipse of 316 BC.
This
gives us a date of (mid-summer) 786 BC for the first year of the first
Olympiad".[4] Nevertheless, there is disagreement among scholars
whether
the games truly began at this time or not.[5]
The "Exedra" reserved for the judges at Olympia on the north
embankment of the stadiumThe only competition held then was, according
to the
Greek traveller Pausanias, the stadion race, a race over about 190
metres,
measured after the feet of Hercules. The word stadium is derived from
this foot
race.
The early Olympics were also held to be the place where the Greek
tradition of
athletic nudity was first introduced in 720 BC, either by the Spartans
or by the
Megarian Orsippus.
Several groups fought over control of the sanctuary, and hence the
Games, for
prestige and political advantage. Pausanias writes that in 668 BC,
Pheidon of
Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary
from the
town of Elis, which he did and then personally controlled the Games
for that
year. The next year Elis regained control.
The Athenian writer Xenophon in 364 BC gives a contemporary record of
an Elean
attack during the Pentathlon final of the Games themselves, as the
Pisans were
again in control. The Eleans pushed the defenders almost to the altar
before
retreating due to missiles being thrown at them from the porticos.
During that
night the defending Arcadians constructed defensive palisades, and the
next
morning on seeing the strength of the defence the Eleans retreated.
Related to the Elis/Pisa conflict, is the Heraea Games, the first
sanctioned
competition for women, held in Olympic Stadium. It originally
consisted of foot
races only, as did the men's competition. Some texts, including
Pausanias's Description of Greece, c. AD 175, state that Hippodameia
gathered a group known as the "Sixteen Women" and made them
administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for her marriage
to Pelops.
Other texts indicate that the "Sixteen Women" were peace-makers from
Pisa and Elis and, because of their political competence, became
administrators
of the Heraea Games.
The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games, four separate
games held
at two- or four-year intervals but arranged so that there was at least
one set
of games every year. The Olympic Games were more important and more
prestigious
than the Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games.
Finally, the Olympic Games were suppressed by either Theodosius I in
AD 393 or
his grandson Theodosius II in AD 435,[6] as part of the campaign to
impose
Christianity as a state religion. The site of Olympia remained until
an
earthquake destroyed it in the 6th century AD.
Olympic truce During the Olympic Games a truce or ekecheiria was
observed.
Three runners known as spondophoroi were sent from Elis to the various
participant cities at each set of games to announce the beginning of
the truce.
During this period armies were forbidden from entering Olympia, wars
were
suspended and legal disputes and the use of the death penalty were
forbidden.
The truce was primarily designed to allow athletes and visitors to
travel safely
to the games, and was for the most part observed, although Thucydides
wrote of a
situation where the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games
and fined
200,000 drachmas for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period
of the
ekechiria, claiming that the truce had not yet taken hold. [7]
Events
Athletes running the hoplitodromosUnlike the Modern Olympic Games,
only free
men who spoke Greek were allowed to participate in the Ancient Games.
They were
to some extent "international", though, in the sense that they
included athletes from the various Greek city- states. Additionally,
participants eventually came from Greek colonies as well, extending
the range of
the games to far shores of the Mediterranean and of the Black Sea.
In order to be in the games one had to qualify and the athlete had to
have
one's name written down in the lists. It seems that only young people
were
allowed to participate, as the Greek writer Plutarch relates that one
young man
was rejected for seeming too mature, and only after his lover
interceded with
the king of Sparta, who presumably vouched for his youth, was he
permitted to
participate. Before being able to participate, every participant had
to take an
oath in front of the statue of Zeus saying that he had been in
training for 10
months.
The Olympic games originally contained one event: the stadion (or
"stade") race, a short sprint measuring between 180 and 240 metres, or
the length of the stadium. The actual length of the race is unknown,
since
tracks found at archeological sites, as well as literary evidence,
provide
conflicting answers. Runners had to pass five stakes that divided the
lanes: one
stake at the start, another at the finish, and three stakes in-
between.
A section of the stone starting line at Olympia, which has a groove
for each
footThe diaulos, or 2-stade race, was introduced in 724 BC, during the
14th
Olympic games. The race was a single lap of the stadium, approximately
400
metres, and scholars debate whether or not the runners had individual
"turning" posts for the return leg of the race, or whether all the
runners approached a common post, turned, and then raced back to the
starting
line.
A third foot race, the dolichos, was introduced in 720 BC. Separate
accounts
of the race present conflicting evidence as to the actual length of
the
dolichos. However, the average stated length of the race was
approximately 18-24
laps, or about three miles (5 km). The event was run similarly to
modern
marathons- the runners would begin and end their event in the stadium
proper,
but the race course would wind its way through the Olympic grounds.
The course
would often flank important shrines and statues in the sanctuary,
passing by the
Nike statue by the temple of Zeus before returning to the stadium.
The last running event added to the Olympic program was the
hoplitodromos, or
"Hoplite race," introduced in 520 BC and traditionally run as the last
race of the day. The runners would run either a single or double
diaulos
(approximately 400 or 800 yards) in full or partial armour, carrying a
shield
and additionally equipped either with greaves or a helmet.[8][9] As
the armour
weighed between 50 and 60 lb (27 kg), the hoplitodromos emulated the
speed and
stamina needed for warfare. Due to ...
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On 9月19日, 下午5時48分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art.
>
> Last Year's Rank: 5$19,490,625 ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tiger with
barehanded in the 1990 incident.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
RE: The 1990 incidents and Taiwan/Guangzhou assassination
attempts
Only the winners and their people deserve the glory of victory
The myth of undefeated black champions and black domination in boxing
was over at LA around 1990 To whom it may concerns:
I should be an observer, not a participant in the Guangzhou
exercise. I never participated in any exercise or movie. They
identified and mobilized thousands to kidnap the wrong person. They
lie to me in order to cover up the crime.
Part of the purpose of the military exercise around 1990 was
intended to evaluate the combat skill of infantry and special force in
trench warfare and urban warfare. Trench warfare and urban warfare
still claimed massive casualties in the Iraq-Iran War. Iraq chose to
use chemical weapon and Iran sent child soldiers to the front line.
The video recording of the 1990 incident was never intended for
propaganda during war at the beginning. However, new strategy and
tactics for urban warfare were developed after serious research on the
military exercise and the 1990 incident.
Around 1990, many Olympic champions and the ten republican guards
visited Los Angeles on diplomatic mission for military exercise. They
wounded a US marine, Lee in a conflict out of misunderstanding and
chaos. In order to stop them from causing more harm with bayonets, I
engaged them unarmed and knocked out all of them. The 1990
incidents injured many famous athletes including Japanese Sumo
Champions, Mike Tyson, the ten Republican Guards and USSR Olympic
Boxing Champions. The tiger, bear and other predators were killed with
barehanded because of special circumstance in the 1990 incident. Both
young (aka yang) and Lee ( aka Li ) never shown up in the 1990
incident. Neither Li (Lee) nor Young (Yang) defeated the ten
Republican Guards and USSR champions. I should be the only one
engaging the USSR champions around 1990. The allegation of animal
abuse is not substantial.
Since "the lion" arranged the meeting with the USSR champions and
took care of the legal issues of the 1990 incident, "the lion" did
have legal authority to access and to use the video recording of the
1990 incident. "The lion" and President Bush decided to use the video
recording for propaganda in the Gulf War.
Operation Desert Storm (aka Firestorm) was a turning point in
American history and the history war. It is the first American victory
since the disastrous defeat in Vietnam and Korea. The once proud
Republican Guards of Islamic Army and the self-proclaimed children of
Muhammad Ali surrendered in mass without putting up a fair fight. The
courage for repelling Christian crusaders in thousands of years and
the fanaticism for suicide attacks were obliterated in Operation
Desert Storm (aka Firestorm). It also has the lowest casualties of war
since Korea War and Vietnam War.
Frankly, I could have terminated their life in the name of self-
defense; however, I knocked out the ten samurai and others without
causing permanent injure to them in the most humane way. Fortunately,
all the children and participants were safe at the end. The
misunderstanding should have been settled and resolved in 1990. Many
world boxing champions and Mike Tyson were poured with liquor after
they were knocked out in a fair game; therefore, the car accidents in
North America were not coincidence; they were assassination
attempts.
In addition, many people used a modified version of the boxing
recording for personal gain without the authorization of boxers and to
steal from the WBC. They could be suspects of the assassination
attempts. The boxing recordings were used as propaganda to achieve
political agenda and military objectives during wartime. The boxers
and any participants became targets of hatred and political
assassination.
I never tried to burn down my house in California, but they poisoned
me many times in the past. The car accidents and poisoning cases are
well planed assassination
attempts.
Around 2000, a boxing fan illegally breaks in my house and tried to
injure my right arm when I was sleeping. The boxing fans of Mike Tyson
also tried to injure my right arm and remove hair from my leg after
they poisoned me to unconsciousness. I won't be able to provide too
much detail concerning the conflict and misunderstanding in the
Guangzhou exercise after the car accident caused concussion.
Although Young and Li were not rated top 50 in boxing and never
defeated Mike Tyson in the ring, no one should put any life at risk
only for a WBC belt. I reserve the right to adopt legal action against
any illegal broadcasting concerning my past activities. Mike Tyson's
fans should learn about Tyson's defeat in the 90.
The Taiwanese government proved their incompetence in the Chinese
Civil War and offered bad advice to the American military resulted in
massive casualties in Korean War and Vietnam War. To blame their own
failure and incompetence on fighting communism, the Taiwanese
government desperately hunts for communist subversion and manipulated
public opinion of the West. The Taiwanese government misuses American
compassion and the anti-war movement to their advantage only to steal
from the veterans of war. I doubt the Taiwanese government has
anything to contribute to the victory of Gulf War other than
corruption, women, prostitutes and spy. The Gulf War was a turning
point in American history after many years of miserable memory of the
disastrous defeat in Vietnam and Korea. Everyone in Taiwan should
use the same kind of ID revealing the nationality and residence of the
person. Illegal use of drug caused too much damage and it is the wrong
way to fight communism.
I regret what have happened to all the victims in the exercise;
however I did my best to rescue all the children and participants at
the moment of crisis. I insisted the president and the American
congress should know the truth of everything happened around
1990.
I will be available for testimony and challenge in congress if
necessary. Sincerely Yu Fung Liu RE: Information concerning causes
of conflicts and suspects of crimes: Medal of freedom and knocking
out the USSR boxing champions
Fw: I saved all the American hostages during the Gulf War and risk my
life for your children in front of thousands of
witness
Spy network, LA riots and identity theft of medal of freedom
recipients for Gulf War and Cold War
Identity theft of Olympic champions and WBC champions
Other evidences of crimes concerning Mike Tyson at LA around
1990
Only the winners and their nations deserve the glory of victory：I
defeated the Japanese sumo champions around 1990.
The myth of undefeated black champions and black domination in boxing
was over at LA around 1990 During the Gulf War, many American
hostages were charged with spying by the Iraqi government and they
could be sentenced to death! They were most likely to become the human
shield of military target. Unfortunately, none of them have diplomatic
immunity. I was a consultant of the negotiation team and I did
contribute to the release of American hostages in Gulf War. Since the
Iraqi government did not know that I knocked out the top trainers of
the Republican guards and respected my role in the anti-war movement,
I was able to help American citizens in the moment of crisis in the
past. My finger print was everywhere during the Gulf War. The tactics
they employed against me now is simple blackmail. They spy on me for
long term and poisoned me many times in the past so that I forgot my
contribution to the American people.
The 1990 incident shared some similarities of the Taiwan/Guangzhou
assassination attempts. During the engagement, hundreds of death squad
and paramilitary, samurais and kendo experts, karate black belt and
martial arts professionals from more than 15 nations are participated
in the attack. "The lions" and board of trustee may use the video
recording of Taiwan/Guangzhou assassinations attempts for any legal
purposes including education, training, criminal investigation,
broadcasting, entertainment and so on. In order to solve this case as
soon as possible. This is another confirmation to authorize "the lion"
and board of trustee to legally access and use all the video recording
and evidences in the Taiwan/Guangzhou assassinations attempts. By the
way, I risk my life to save your children in front of more than ten
thousand witness. My hands were almost cutaway by samurai swords. I
was very disappointed how this case was handled. I am sure no one will
risk their life anymore if this case does not handle properly.
Around 1990, the sumo champions visited Los Angels on diplomatic
mission and a dispute broke out. Both sides agreed to enter sumo
wrestling and weigh lifting competition to settle the disagreement. I
weight about 165lbs and the Japanese sumo champions weight from
250-300lbs. Their weight lifting record often broke world record,
however I defeated the Japanese sumo champions and all the disputes
hence resolved.
Neither Lee ( aka Li ) or Young ( aka Yang ) shown up at LA around
1990. Sumo is a Japanese national sport. Challenge and participation
of Sumo by foreign nationals and other races are strictly forbidden.
The Sumo champions claimed that no one defeated Japanese Sumo
champions in the past.
1. The Republican Guards knocked out Lee, a top trainer of US marine
within five minutes.
2. They lied. They claimed they never step out of Taiwan and Asia for
their entire life. How can they meet the USSR boxing champions and
Mike Tyson at LA around 1990? They had some friends in the
entertainment business and specialized in fabrication. 3. Many world
boxing champions and Mike Tyson were poured with liquor after they
were knocked out in a fair game that intended to settle disputes.
4. The 1990 gentlemen agreement guarantee whatever happened to Mike
Tyson after the arm wrestling unavailable to public for a reasonable
period of time or until Mike Tyson won his third heavy weight boxing
championship title.
5. All contenders of the 1990 incident completed blood test by doctor
of the Olympic Game to prevent illegal use of drug, poisoning and
identity theft before they enter the competition. Passport information
and finger print were also collected during the process to prevent
identity theft. There are hundreds of contenders from all over the
world in the 1990 incident and many Olympic champions were knocked out
in the fair game. All the identity thieves posing as Olympic champions
were also knocked out in a fair game and get caught at the scene at
the same time. Many identity thieves were transferred to the police
department or FBI at LA on the same day. I am the only one person
meeting the USSR boxing champions, Mike Tyson, and Japanese sumo
champions at LA around 1990.
I recommend the law enforcement agency to review following evidences
carefully since identity theft has been a serious problem for more
than 40 years. Many identity thieves posed as Olympic champions and
WBC champions to steal from the Olympic committee and WBC. Foreign
power and spy network are involved with the case to achieve their
political agenda. 1. 911 recording with Mike Tyson (His phone call was
forwarded to 911 by concern party at LA around 1990) 2. Finger prints
of all the victims and suspects. 3. Evidences from CCTV. 4. Driver
license information of all the victims and suspects. 5. The phone
conversion forwarded to 911 and 911 conversation from Malaysia and the
rest of the world after year 2000 are results of long term poisoning
and well planed retaliation effort against the 1990 incident by
international spy network and foreign governments.
Mike Tyson was sent to the floor three times in a single game by me
at La Verne around 1990. The body guards with Mike Tyson were knocked
out altogether by me alone in their attempt to take advantage of the
contender with superiority in number. Many of the video broadcasting
on youtube concerning the defeat of Mike Tyson are likely originated
from the same source. The black boxing champion was defeated by Non-
African descent and the myth of undefeated black champions in boxing
was over around 1990. I understand that many of you have been trying
to undermine the white race by supporting black domination in boxing.
However, cheats and denial is the wrong way to fight racism.
The international organized gang was also responsible for planting a
bomb at my house and kidnapping many donkeys in Los Angeles around
1990. Li was accused of raping a donkey in Guangzhou. It is clear that
both kidnapping and raping the donkeys are wrong. A lot of movies such
as the Wong fei hong series after 1990 are theft of intellectual
properties.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 9月26日, 下午7時01分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Opened letter to the DOJ of USA
>
> Request of Assistance for emergency and Missing person report
> Identity theft and illegal interception of communication by
> international gang
>
> I had an emergency, Other than trying to remove hair from my
> right leg,
> a boxing fan steal my US ID and large sum of cash in US currency while
> I was sleeping.
> I have contacted the local police long time ago; however, there are
> not any responses so far.
> After the car accident and concussion, I can't remember many thing in
> the past
> and I need family members to assist me in the process of recovery. My
> family members in N.America
> should have all the neccessary documents and my DNA record.
> My cell phone is (886 or ) (86)-15817076479 and 852-93460474.
> My email address is mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk and dragonst...@excite.com
> --- 2008年9月26日 星期五，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: Police reports and medical reports in the 1990 incident
> 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
> media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
> moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
> ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
> 副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com
> --- 2008年9月19日 星期五，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: Role of Leung and racial antagonism in the 1990 incident
> 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
> media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
> moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
> ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
> 副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com
> From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> To: <Ask...@usdoj.gov>, <ZaComm...@Anc.Org>,a...@ago.state.ma.us
>
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, <cnn.feedb...@cnn.com>,
> <media.operati...@olympic.org>, <dragonst...@excite.com>,
> <b.li...@sify.com>, <b...@bic.boxing.com>,
> <AmCitBeij...@state.gov>, <i...@wbcboxing.com>,
> <zho...@state.gov>, <she...@state.gov>, <ca...@state.gov>,
> <wan...@state.gov>, <ruem...@tm.net.my>,
> <moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn>, <russianemba...@mindspring.com>,
> <ruspo...@mweb.co.za>, <rusembi...@parsonline.net>,
> <rus...@rogers.com>
> CC: <jfliu...@yahoo.com>
> --- 2008年9月9日 星期二，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: There are not any
> confirm report of black tiger on earth 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov,
> ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us" <a...@ago.state.ma.us>,
> cnn.feedb...@cnn.com, media.operati...@olympic.org,
> dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov,
> wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my, moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn,
> russianemba...@mindspring.com, ruspo...@mweb.co.za,
> rusembi...@parsonline.net,
> rus...@rogers.com 副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com 日期: 2008 9 9 星期二
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#Physical_characteristics.2C_taxono...
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
>
> --- 2008年9月5日 星期五，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Li and Liang set up
> someone else to do the job
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 >>- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
mrliu918
I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
based on information from Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuai
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85&variant=zh-tw
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B&variant=zh-tw
http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Yuan ShuaiYuan Shuai (元帥) was a Chinese military rank that corresponds
to a marshal in other nations. It is given to distinguished generals
during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of
Da Yuan Shuai (大元帥), which corresponds to a Generalissimo), also
existed.
Contents [hide]
1 Song Dynasty
2 Republic of China
3 People's Republic of China
4 External links
[edit] People's Republic of China
The rank was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's
Liberation Army in 1955. However, along with all other military ranks
of the PLA, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. The
recipients of the rank are:
Zhu De
Peng Dehuai
Lin Biao
Liu Bocheng
He Long
Chen Yi
Luo Ronghuan
Xu Xiangqian
Nie Rongzhen
Ye Jianying
中華人民共和國元帥（通稱開國元帥）依序為朱德、彭德懷、林彪、劉伯承、賀龍、陳毅、羅榮桓、徐向前、聶榮臻及葉劍英十人。
中華人民共和國建立後於1955年授予元帥軍銜給在土地革命、抗日戰爭、解放戰爭中作出巨大貢獻的十位中共軍事領導人。
每位元帥授勛均為一級八一勳章、一級獨立自由勳章、一級解放勳章。
國軍五大主力
編號 軍長
新一軍 孫立人、潘裕昆
新六軍 廖耀湘
第五軍 杜聿明、
整編七十四師 張靈甫
整編十一師 胡璉、楊伯濤
War Casualties
Background
Many men and women have died defending this nation on the field of
battle or "on duty" under the colors of our Flag. We have listed below
casualties of war through the years to illustrate the significance of
the sacrifice of many for our country. These statistics are humbling
in the face of the significance of their sacrifice.
*United States War Casualties1,2
WAR NUMBER SERVING WOUNDED
BATTLE DEATHS
Revolutionary War 217,0003
6,188 4,435
War of 1812 286,730
4,505 2,260
Mexican War 78,718
4,152 1,733
Civil War (Both Sides) 3,213,363
354,805 191,963
Spanish American War 306,760
1,662 385
World War I 4,734,991
204,002 53,402
World War II 16,112,566
671,846 291,557
Korean Conflict 5,720,000
103,284 33,741
Vietnam Conflict 8,744,000
153,303 47,424
Persian Gulf War 2,225,000
467 147
*The above numbers have qualifying conditions associated with them.
See references 1 and 2 below for details if needed.
Additional Web Sites
http://www.remember.gov :Ensuring the Nation remembers our Fallen.
Credits
1 Department of Defense, http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf
2 LibrarySpot. StartSpot Mediaworks, Inc. Evanston, IL
http://www.libraryspot.com/listwars.htm
3 Average of estimates provided in "1" above
> forced to flee ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/06/china/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Richard Nixon meets with Mao Zedong in 1972.The 1972 Nixon visit to
China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the
United States and the People's Republic of China. It also marked the
first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC. From February 21 to
February 28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing,
Hangzhou and Shanghai.
Contents [hide]
1 Meeting
2 Media and Culture
3 References
4 Further reading
5 See also
6 External links
[edit] Meeting
1972年尼克松访华
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
汉漢▼▲为了阅读方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。转换内容：
大陆：尼克松；台灣：尼克森；香港：尼克遜； 当前用字模式下显示为→尼克松
顯示↓關閉↑附加说明（對转换结果有疑问時）
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由于技術所限，字詞轉換有时会不稳定，在刚增加标题转换时，由于缓存原因標題不一定马上显示转换后的正确结果。你可以尝试单击这里进行强制刷
新。1972年2月21日至28日，美国总统尼克松对中国北京，杭州和上海进行了访问。
目录 [隐藏]
1 会面
2 在传媒和文化的这次会见
3 参考资料
4 另見
[编辑] 会面
这是美国总统历史上第一次访问中国。当时两国之间还没有建立外交关系。访问结束前，两国政府发表了上海公报。
公报表示两国致力于发展全面正常的外交关系。美国承认台湾海峡两岸都是中国人这一概念。美国方面确认一个中国政策和台湾是中国的一部分。美国政府重申对
中国人自己同意和平解决台湾问题的兴趣。公报的表述使得两国政府可以将台湾的政治地位和外交关系等“阻碍两国关系正常化的问题”[1] 暂时搁置起来，
还包括双方开放贸易以及其他方面的接触。
此后，美国继续与中华民国政府保持正式外交关系，直到1979年和中华民国断交，和中华人民共和国全面建交，北京的美国联络办公室升级为大使馆。
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Concluding his nine-day trip to China in July 1998, President Clinton
called it "a remarkably successful attempt to continue to build our
partnership for the future."
The U.S. president walked a tightrope of diplomacy during the trip,
attempting to strengthen political and economic ties with Beijing even
as he called attention to perceived shortcomings in the areas of human
rights and democratic freedoms.
While some critics are unlikely to be impressed with the visit to
China, Clinton's aides say he was right to go, and they predict the
visit will eventually pay huge dividends for both the United States
and China.
On 9月28日, 下午3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
mrliu918
> >
> “实践是检验真理的唯一标准。”“百多人的敢死队，十五国空手道黑带和区域冠军，一流的剑道高手，十把日本武士刀当场把鸡头砍断，并请在场观礼宾吃烤鸡，阴险恶毒，对抗他们的竟只有一条皮鞋和被刀锋削成碎片的外衣，有了这种经历后你一定能学地勇者无胃，仁者无敌的精神。”
> >
> “只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作为财博的资本。”
> >
> “老许说日本因死了一名准将军和一句大校，不肯轻易了事；美国亦因多人受伤，正向本国施加压力。”引自小邓：
> >
> “我认为发动第三次大战吧！打死日本人！”
> >
> >
> >
> 你看过林青霞的电影“中国女兵”和“四行仓库”？林青霞与国军的关系不错，林青霞的海外情报很有参考价值。
> >
> 我终于明白林青霞电影“火云传奇”里六王爷的话。正因为火云邪神上一代战无不胜，下一代亦战绩辉煌，所向无敌，才招惹麻烦。杨家虽是忠臣，却从未战胜，数十年间丢城弃土，屡败屡战。火云邪神的干儿子竟仅仅一年就收得数十年间的失地，平定夷人，只是没人看到他在帐篷里对夷人干过什么，说过什么。更没人知道六王爷秘密研究对付夷人的大规模杀伤性武器是什么，这一切都在现实生活中情报来源，至于六王爷与美国的666的关系不言而谕。
> >
> > 到美國后我擊敗过苏联奥运冠军，泰森,
> >
> 日本相扑冠軍等世界各国百多名体育界和军中高手，空手打败十名手持刺刀的伊拉克共和卫队精英与教练，可惜马来西亚长荣酒店附近的举重机械重只有二佰公斤，连这最低举标准都不达到全是骗子，名符其实的百战百胜。
> >
> >
> 阿里和泰森一生人不过出战几十场，我一生出战过百次，超越人体极限，在最短时间内击败过最多世界级高手,
> > 徒手殺虎屠熊, 创造了自己的世界纪录。
> >
> >
> 你到过台北的101大楼？不知道给他们骗了那么多年人有何感想？老蒋想控制全世界，连儿子也全球经纬线为名，却偏偏事与违愿，我看为人民多做实事最实在。长春王总的项目对建设城镇和改善人民生活很有价值。台北到宜兰的隧道没终于建设完成，以后再也没有人能欺骗他们。过去拿通过证，换车牌，
> >
> 日本，台湾，菲律宾，美国加州才是地震带。这是台湾九二一大地震的资料吗？
> >
> 你知道为什么很少人能在世界级比赛中得到过三届冠军，这年龄在体育界算是老人了，那些全是年轻气盛时的事。况且我的对国防科学，政治更有研究。
> >
> “当然是在打了，那样你才能活得充实。”
> >
> >
> 我至今仍是百战百胜，他们不过是拿着我和小孩玩耍的的录像伪造加工后大造文章，戏子误国，骗子横行，亦可见民心早已变了，他们都不希望中国战胜，这群人就是这种东西，不必为他们浪费精神，这群东西还骗我，说那些小孩是我的子女，叫我故意让他们过关，后来查明真相，他们不过是利用我对儿童的溺爱，达到个人目的，和过去利童工，童兵的人的居心一样，我们现在才发现这项运动对某群人居然有如此巨大的意义，这群人心理有病。
> >
> “那丰哥有机会望你重震国辉，你现在也年轻啊！你这样有点虚度年华。”
> >
> 你认为航天部与美国合作发展卫星互联网，卫星手机和无线互联网怎样？现在卫星互联网业务已在美国民航和航运普及。廖宇丰
> Result North Vietnamese victory.
> Communist takeover of SouthVietnamand Laos.
> South Korea, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines: ~61,800[3]
> Australia: 49,968 (1962-1973)[4] ~520,000 (1968)
> Soviet Union: 3,000
> North Korea: 300
> Casualties and losses
> South Korea dead: 4,407;[5] wounded: 11,000
> Thailand dead: 1,351[5]
> Philippines dead: 1,000[5]
> Australia dead: 520;[5] wounded: 2,400*
> New Zealand dead: 37; wounded: 187
> Total dead: 285,831
> Total wounded: ~1,490,000
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Hong Kong.
Sometimes it looks very similar to martial act and you can't tell the
difference in movie.
World-Wide House (traditional Chinese: 環球大廈) is an office building in
Central, Hong Kong. It is located between Connaught Road Central,
Pedder Street and Des Voeux Road Central.
環球大廈
環球大廈分為商場及辦公室
擠滿菲律賓女傭的環球商場相關的維基共享資源：
環球大廈 環球大廈（World Wide House）位於香港中環德輔道中19號，樓高27層，是一棟辦公大廈，內有律師樓、會計師事務所、上市公
司總部（如：美聯物業）、專業會計師公會香港分會、香港地產建設商會等等。
Quotation
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asp
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=BX
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=TK
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-Wide_House
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_(performing_art)
SPORTS ON THE OLYMPIC PROGRAMME Discover the sports and disciplines on
the programme of the next Olympic Games.
Table Tennis
Olympic sport
since 1988
Summer sports:
Aquatics
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Canoe / kayak
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Gymnastics
Handball
Hockey
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Softball
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling Winter sports:
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Curling
Ice Hockey
Luge
Skating
Skiing
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雜技 Playlists
雜技 YouTube
雜技 "Video Response"
雜技 "Language Preference"
雜技 "Janice Wei"
雜技 flag
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雜技 "Text Comments"
雜技 "File Name"
雜技 "free account"
雜技 "Cirque du Soleil"
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雜技 尖沙咀
雜技 Badongo
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Play Video雜技表演, good!
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雜技.mp3
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雜技 - 維基百科,自由的百科全書
傳統行走江湖賣藝的表演,常是雜技、武術、魔術、馬戲(馴獸)等表演形式的綜合體。 今天的雜技表演也常常和魔術、馬戲表演一起進行。 ... 英文
中,物件操控雜技「juggling」一詞是由中古英文的「jogelen」而來,即以戲法娛樂觀眾;而那又源自法文的「jongleur」、古法文的
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è¡"è˜-é"œæŠ€
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Circus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Circus (performing art))
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Circus (disambiguation).
Circus related terms
Four similar terms are often confused
Circus is a production or show.
Circus arts are the performance forms that relate to the circus (the
arts of the circus).
Circus acts are physical compositions which are performed in the
circus.
Circus skills are the techniques used to create and choreograph the
acts.
The Big Top of Billy Smart's Circus Cambridge 2004.A circus is most
commonly a traveling company of performers that may include acrobats,
clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts, hoopers, tightrope walkers,
jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists. The word also
describes the performance that they give, which is usually a series of
acts that are choreographed to music. A circus is held in an oval or
circular arena with tiered seating around its edge; in the case of
traveling circuses this location is most often a large tent called the
big top.
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
1878年廣告—地球上最偉大的表演（The Greatest Show on Earth）馬戲，一般指包括有特技、受訓過的動物、小丑、魔術及其
他雜技的表演，以娛樂觀眾為目的。英文裡，馬戲團叫「Circus」，源自拉丁文「圓圈」，指圓形露天競技場。
桓寬《鹽鐵論》有「馬戲斗虎」的記載。唐代馬戲表演「透劍門伎」，表演者乘小馬，奔騰跳躍，飄忽而過。1871年玲玲馬戲團（Ringling
Bros.and Barnum & Bailey）成立，1919年成立莫斯科大馬戲團，擁有超過4,000名表演者及1,000名工作人
員，1956年到美國首演。加上1977年成立的大蘋果馬戲團（Big Apple Circus），號稱世界三大馬戲團。中國齊齊哈爾馬戲團始建於
1952年，是中國著名的馬戲表演團體。1982年加拿大魁北克人創建太陽馬戲團（Cirque Du Soleil），經過二十餘年的經營，成為世界
規模最大的馬戲團。
馬戲團訓練動物的方式相當殘忍，大象經常被馴獸師在臉上、眼部、鼻子上用皮鞭抽打，甚至留下傷痕；許多動物因不堪虐待而發瘋，最後下場往往是被射殺；有
的動物會撞鐵籠自殺，了結殘生，甚至可能破籠而出，連帶人命也造成威脅。作家莎拉·格魯恩《大象的眼淚》（Water for Elephants）一
書中提到：雅各小時候在「二流瘋狂馬戲團裡，和一群餵不飽、餵餿掉食物或被虐待的動物、到處給人巴掌的經理、表演的畸形人流離失所的住在一起」。
Juggling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Juggling of five balls, B.C., Canada
A street performer juggling torches in Devizes, WiltshireJuggling is a
physical human skill involving the movement of objects, usually
through the air, for entertainment (see object manipulation). The most
recognizable form of juggling is toss juggling, where the juggler
throws objects through the air. Jugglers often refer to the objects
they juggle as props. The most common props are balls, beanbags,
rings, clubs, and bouncing balls. Some performers use dramatic objects
such as chainsaws, knives and fire torches. The term juggling can also
refer to other prop-based circus skills such as diabolo, devil sticks,
poi, cigar box manipulation, fire-dancing, contact juggling, hooping
and hat manipulation.
The word juggling derives from the Middle English jogelen to entertain
by performing tricks, in turn from the French jongleur and the Old
French jogler. There is also the Late Latin form joculare of Latin
joculari, meaning to jest.[1] "Juggling" has come to mean,
colloquially, any activity which requires a constant refocusing of
one's attention from an overall goal to multiple subsidiary tasks, for
example "Juggling Work and Family", the title of a PBS documentary,
[1] [2] This colloquial meaning is similar to the non-computer use of
the word
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On 9月28日, 下午3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuai
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...
http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
>
mrliu918
I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10
list based on information from boxrec.
Since boxrec did not include all bouts and fight record of the boxers,
ratings of the boxing champions is an important reference only.
Quotation:
Names of western martial act:
boxing 拳擊
Fencing 擊劍
Gladiators 角斗士
Wrestling 角力
Names of Japanese and Korean martial act:
Judo柔道
Taekwondo跆拳道
kendo 剣道
Karate or karate-do 空手道
Other martial act
Jeet Kune Do 截拳道
Names of Chinese martial act
Tai chi chuan 太極拳
Nanquan 南拳
太極拳論
楊氏太極拳
熊氏太極拳
陳氏太極拳
鄭子太極拳
趙堡太極拳
吴氏太极拳
武氏太極拳
孙氏太极拳
吳家輪椅太極
四十二式太极拳
內家拳
福音太極
董氏快拳
太极剑
中國武術
中國武術門派
南拳
太極
武當派
《王征南墓誌銘》
"Upon the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as
being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
Singapore)."
Quotation
http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight&status=E&SUBMIT=Go
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanquan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai chi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_wrestling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling
http://www.olympic.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)
World all heavyweight ratings
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
name W - L - D last 6 career stance residence
1 Muhammad Ali 56 (37) - 5 (1) - 0
1960-1981 orthodox Louisville, Kentucky, United States
2 Joe Louis 65 (51) - 3 (2) - 0
1934-1951 orthodox Detroit, Michigan, United States
3 Jack Johnson 73 (40) - 13 (7) - 9
1897-1938 orthodox Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
4 Floyd Patterson 55 (40) - 8 (5) - 1
1952-1972 orthodox Brooklyn, New York, United States
5 Larry Holmes 69 (44) - 6 (1) - 0
1973-2002 orthodox Easton, Pennsylvania, United States
6 Harry Wills 81 (51) - 10 (5) - 4
1911-1932 orthodox New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
7 Joe Frazier 32 (27) - 4 (3) - 1
1965-1981 orthodox Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
8 Sam Langford 203 (130) - 47 (9) - 45
1902-1926 orthodox Boston, Massachusetts, United States
9 Ezzard Charles 90 (51) - 25 (7) - 1
1940-1959 orthodox Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
10 Rocky Marciano 49 (43) - 0 (0) - 0
1947-1955 orthodox Brockton, Massachusetts, United States
11 Sonny Liston 50 (39) - 4 (3) - 0
1953-1970 orthodox Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
12 George Foreman 76 (68) - 5 (1) - 0
1969-1997 orthodox Houston, Texas, United States
13 Mike Tyson 50 (44) - 6 (5) - 0
1985-2005 orthodox Phoenix, Arizona, United States
14 Lennox Lewis 41 (32) - 2 (2) - 1
1989-2003 orthodox London, United Kingdom
15 Max Schmeling 56 (40) - 10 (5) - 4
1924-1948 orthodox Brandenburg, Germany
16 Jimmy Bivins 86 (31) - 25 (5) - 1
1940-1955 orthodox Cleveland, Ohio, United States
17 Jack Sharkey 38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
1924-1936 orthodox Boston, Massachusetts, United States
18 James J Jeffries 18 (15) - 1 (1) - 2
1896-1910 orthodox San Francisco, California, United States
19 Sam McVea 65 (47) - 16 (5) - 10
1902-1921 orthodox Oxnard, California, United States
20 Riddick Bowe 42 (33) - 1 (0) - 0
1989-2005 orthodox Fort Washington, Maryland, United States
page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
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WEB RESULTSNames for Japanes
... many Japanese prefer to write in the western style, the personal
name first and ... Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
Honda, Ii, Tanuma, ...
www2.kanawa.com/japan/names.html - Cached
20000-NAMES.COM: Male Names / K, Page 1 of 3. Etymologies of names ...
List of male names beginning the with letter K ... KATO: African
Luganda name meaning "second born of twins." KATSU: Japanese name
meaning "victory. ...
www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm - 92k - Cached
Masao Kato
... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
Company. Japanese name ...
www.spock.com/Masao-Kato - Cached
Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
reveal his name and face. ...
www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html - 75k - Cached
MH Essay—Kidong Kang
Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
for Japanese. ...
www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html - Cached
PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
more wonderful ...
www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game - 52k - Cached
10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...
www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html - Cached
bio
Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
Nakamura Toshimaru and ...
www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html - Cached
NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...
www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25 - 59k - Cached
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WEB RESULTSChieko Kato - Japan Association of Translators / 日本翻訳者協会
Last name. Kato. First name. Chieko. Middle initial. Suffix. Name in
Japanese. 加藤 千恵子 ... Target language(s) Japanese English. Powered by
Beast © 2006 Josh ...
members.jat.org/users/ckato - Cached
Behind the Name: Search Results
the etymology and history of surnames. Login Register. Search. Search
Results. Kato. Usage: Japanese ... Kató. Usage: Hungarian. Derived
from a pet form of the ...
surnames.behindthename.com/php/search.php?terms=kato - Cached
Saburo Kato Biography
Tomekichi Kato, an outstanding master and second-generation proprietor
of the ... Labels provided the Japanese name, botanical name, age, and
owner of each bonsai. ...
www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/JYNBioSK.html - Cached
Tokyo Vegetarian Guide: Shopping Guide
A guide including vegetarian friendly restaurant information in tokyo
and recommended readings for vegetarians and vegans by a Japanese
journalist Hiroko Kato.
www.vegietokyo.com/info4vegie/shopping.html - Cached
Kato Toyohisa -- Japanese Mino Potter, Shin Gallery in Tokyo
SHIN GALLERY in Tokyo - Exhibition of Mino Potter Kato Toyohisa ...
the name of. the artist you. are interested in. Visit the. Yufuku
Gallery. for many more ...
www.yufuku.net/e/shin/html/kato-toyohisa.html - Cached
The Art of Mac: Aya Kato
... Japanese modern art that is colorful and full of life on its
surface, ... of Murakami's numerous shows coining the name, and taking
his "art" to the bag ...
www.macdirectory.com/newmd/mac/pages/macculture/ArtofMac/index.html -
Cached
English Names Translated into Japanese Kanji for Gifts, Tattoos and
More
... English names into Japanese Kanji symbols, providing customers
with an artistic translation of their own name. Seattle, ... Name.com
President Kato Manabu. ...
www.prweb.com/releases/2005/4/prweb234413.htm - Cached
Japanese finger-based fun — Tokyo Times
Kato Taka offers a helping hand of sorts... Name (required) E-mail
(required but never shown) Website. Japanese Friends. Tokyo Times
Friends ...
www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/?p=2121 - 91k - Cached
Japanese Woodblock Prints at Barclay Gallery
Buying and selling Japanese Woodblock Prints and paintings, Japanese
wood block ... Click on the name or image for more information, or use
the search feature to ...
www.barclaygallery.com/woodblock.html - Cached
Samples of Japanese Calligraphy Paintings by Eri Kato
Samples of work by Japanese Calligraphy Artist Eri Kato ... JAPANESE
CALLIGRAPHY - Karen ...
www.shododesigns.com/karen.htm - Cached
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On 9月29日, 下午3時19分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Enjoy the ballet dance and circus show at World-Wide House, Central
> Hong Kong.
> Sometimes it looks very similar to martial act and you can't tell the
> difference in movie.
>
> World-Wide House (traditional Chinese: 環球大廈) is an office building in
> Central, Hong Kong. It is located between Connaught Road Central,
> Pedder Street and Des Voeux Road Central.
> 環球大廈
> 環球大廈分為商場及辦公室
> 擠滿菲律賓女傭的環球商場相關的維基共享資源：
> 環球大廈 環球大廈（World Wide House）位於香港中環德輔道中19號，樓高27層，是一棟辦公大廈，內有律師樓、會計師事務所、上市公
> 司總部（如：美聯物業）、專業會計師公會香港分會、香港地產建設商會等等。
>
> Quotation
>
mrliu918
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Du Yuming (py) or Tu Yü-ming (wg) (æ?è?#191;æ??) (November 28, 1903-
May 7, ... during the Burma Campaign under Lieutenant General Joseph
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Web ResultsThe Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
Castor Class, U.S. General Stores Issue Ships. Castroville.
Casualties ..... Liao Chen. Liao Yao-tsiang. Liberty Ships. Light
Carriers (CVL) ...
pwencycl.kgbudge.com/ - 231k - Similar pages
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(Liao Yao- tsiang). (Sun Li-jen). I. I. 64th Regiment. 112th Regiment.
65th Regiment ...
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On 9月28日, 下午3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuaihttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...
> 2 LibrarySpot. StartSpot Mediaworks, Inc. Evanston, ILhttp://www.libraryspot.com/listwars.htm
mrliu918
Li ( aka Lee ) and Liang ( aka Leung ) are Taiwanese. Lee is a
politician in Taiwan and Leung has friends in the film industry.
梁*是台灣人, 因無能為國家民族立功失寵, 几代人都屢戰屢敗, 幾乎從未戰勝,
想出演戲, 一女多嫁, 聯姻,和親等方法, 希望通過讓他人追求和爭奪他女儿,
或在電影里扮演知名人仕, 以此提高名氣, 招兵買馬, 擴張私人力量, 靠女人謀功績富貴.
他怎能與在戰場上出生入死的廖耀湘, 在革命年代和孫中山一起為民奮鬥的廖仲凱,
在最短時間內橫掃世界各國代表, 殺虎屠熊, 百戰百勝的廖宇相比.
你知道各國軍隊中有多少這種兵將.
色偶天成
> meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm- 92k - Cached
> Masao Kato
> ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato- Cached
> Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html- 75k - Cached
> MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html- Cached
> PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game- 52k - Cached
> 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html- Cached
> bio
> Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html- Cached
> NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25- 59k - Cached
> < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> owner of each bonsai. ...www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/JYNBioSK.html- Cached
> Tokyo Vegetarian Guide: Shopping Guide
> A guide including vegetarian friendly restaurant information in tokyo
> and recommended readings for vegetarians and vegans by a Japanese
> journalist Hiroko Kato.www.vegietokyo.com/info4vegie/shopping.html- Cached
> Kato Toyohisa -- Japanese Mino Potter, Shin Gallery in Tokyo
> SHIN GALLERY in Tokyo - Exhibition of Mino Potter Kato Toyohisa ...
> the name of. the artist you. are interested in. Visit the. Yufuku
> Gallery. for ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
restore justice in the 1990 incident. It does not suggest alliance and
endorsement of the Lee's family.
Burce Lee is a famous kung fu actor. If Lee is capable of killing any
predators with barehanded, I am sure that he would have recorded it
and made a
movie out of it. Lee probably would have invited thousands of witness
and fight
the tiger in front of millions of audience. It is an important
achievement for
kung fu star and athlete, but not for engineer or politican. Liang and
Lee's
family most likely set up someone else to do the job so that they have
an excuse
for more children and wife. When it does not work out, it is possible
that
Lee's fan did everything vicious including using poison to steal merit
or
work of others. Personally, I did not recall any documentary about
Bruce Lee
fighting a tiger. I don't care whether Lee killed a tiger in the past.
I
don't believe anyone should to be put at risk for unnecssary reasons.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Role of Leung in the 1990 incident
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
been
offering girls to many customers in different part of the world for
more than 50 years. It is clear that Leung treat these girls as
political assets
and use them as a leverage for her agenda.
Correction or updates:
Lee was a top trianer of the US marine and participated in the
military
exercise. However, Lee was wounded by Iraqi out of chaos and almost
killed by the ten
Iraqi Republican Guards with bayonets in the 1990 incident.
Another US marine with last name Lee was wounded by either a group of
wolves or wild dogs from
Africa, I recused him in the 1990 incident. Fortunately, he used the
best heavy
armour available at the time and he passed out most likely because of
stress.
I did not recall whether his last name is Lee or not. I don't remember
his relationship with the Bruce Lee family.
I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian ground and the need to
restore justice in the 1990 incident. It does not suggest alliance and
endorsement of the Lee's family.
Law enforcement agency should refer to the police reports and medical
reports in the 1990 incident for more detail.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
> >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight...)
> > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k - Cached
> > Masao Kato
> > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html-75k - Cached
> > MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> > are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> > petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> > plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> > Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> > ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> > Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> > more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game-52k - Cached
> > 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> > In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> > 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-Cached
> > bio
> > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> > composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> > Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html-Cached
> > NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> > Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> > products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25-59k - Cached
mrliu918
I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason
and the need to restore justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents,
no one contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a
result of combating the predators. Both police reports
and medical reports proved that the predators died mostly
because of bone fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung
did lie about their roles in the 1990 incident. Unfortunately,
fans of the martial act community also consist of mob and
violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past
could be the motivation of these criminals and cheaters.
The gang also misuse communication system and CCTV technology.
They boardcast private message to gang members so that
no one can track down the communication line; plus making
it more difficult to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key
person legally responsible. I believe that some of their fans
poisoned on me in the past and intentionally delay my trip to
N.America for the purpose of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
been
offering girls to many customers in different part of the world for
more than 50 years. It is clear that Leung treat these girls as
political assets
and use them as a leverage for her agenda.
Correction or updates:
Lee was a top trianer of the US marine and participated in the
military
exercise. However, Lee was wounded by Iraqi out of chaos and almost
killed by the ten Iraqi Republican Guards with bayonets in the 1990
incident.
Another US marine with last name lee was wounded by either a group of
wolves or wild dogs from
Africa, I recused him in the 1990 incident. Fortunately, he used the
best heavy
armour available at the time and he passed out most likely because of
stress.
I did not recall whether his last name is Lee or not. I don't remember
his relationship
with the Bruce Lee family.
Law enforcement agency should refer to the police reports and medical
reports
in the 1990 incident for more detail.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Burce Lee is a famous kung fu actor. If Lee is capable of killing any
predators with barehanded, I am sure that he would have recorded it
and made a
movie out of it. Lee probably would have invited thousands of witness
and fight
the tiger in front of millions of audience. It is an important
achievement for
kung fu star and athlete, but not for engineer or politican. Liang and
Lee's
family most likely set up someone else to do the job so that they have
an excuse
for more children and wife. When it does not work out, it is possible
that
Lee's fan did everything vicious including using poison to steal merit
or
work of others. Personally, I did not recall any documentary about
Bruce Lee
fighting a tiger. I don't care whether Lee killed a tiger in the past.
I
don't believe anyone should to be put at risk for unnecssary reasons.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
There are not any confirm report of black tiger on earth and I doubt
its existence. I doubt either Bruce Lee or his children ever killed
any
tiger in the past. I doubt Lee ( aka Li ) is capable of killing even a
dog.
However, fan and family members of Li ( aka Lee) did express concern
about the
killing of tiger with barehanhed at TienChen Building around 1980 and
1990.
If you have any question conerning the correlation among Bengal
tiger, Malayan tiger, Siberian tiger, and the Tigris river in Iraq,
you
should contact the board of trustee or the person entrusted to handle
the
matter. There are police reports, medical reports, and even DNA record
for all
the victims and participants including the predators.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
> meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm- 92k - Cached
> Masao Kato
> ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato- Cached
> Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html- 75k - Cached
> MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html- Cached
> PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game- 52k - Cached
> 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html- Cached
> bio
> Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html- Cached
> NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25- 59k - Cached
> < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> owner of each bonsai. ...www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/JYNBioSK.html- Cached
> Tokyo Vegetarian Guide: Shopping Guide
> A guide including vegetarian friendly restaurant information in tokyo
> and recommended readings for vegetarians and vegans by a Japanese
> journalist Hiroko Kato.www.vegietokyo.com/info4vegie/shopping.html- Cached
> Kato Toyohisa -- Japanese Mino Potter, Shin Gallery in Tokyo
> SHIN GALLERY in Tokyo - Exhibition of Mino Potter Kato Toyohisa ...
> the name of. the artist you. are interested in. Visit the. Yufuku
> Gallery. for many more ...www.yufuku.net/e/shin/html/kato-toyohisa.html- Cached
> The Art of Mac: Aya Kato
> ... Japanese modern art that is colorful and full of life on its
> surface, ... of Murakami's numerous shows coining the name, and taking
> his "art" to the bag ...www.macdirectory.com/newmd/mac/pages/macculture/ArtofMac/index.html-
> Cached
> English Names Translated into Japanese Kanji for Gifts, Tattoos and
> More
> ... English names into Japanese Kanji symbols, providing customers
> with an artistic translation of their own name. Seattle, ... Name.com
> President Kato Manabu. ...www.prweb.com/releases/2005/4/prweb234413.htm- Cached
> Japanese finger-based fun — Tokyo Times
> Kato Taka offers a helping hand of sorts... Name (required) E-mail
> (required but never shown) Website. Japanese Friends. Tokyo Times
> Friends ...www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/?p=2121- 91k - Cached
> Japanese Woodblock Prints at Barclay Gallery
> Buying and selling Japanese Woodblock Prints and paintings, Japanese
> wood block ... Click on the name or image for more information, or use
> the search feature to ...www.barclaygallery.com/woodblock.html- Cached
> Samples of Japanese Calligraphy Paintings by Eri Kato
> Samples of work by Japanese Calligraphy Artist Eri Kato ... JAPANESE
> CALLIGRAPHY - Karen ...www.shododesigns.com/karen.htm- Cached
> < Prev 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Next >
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Yahoo!© 2008 Yahoo! Privacy / Legal - Submit Your SiteSearchScanBETA
> displays McAfee alerts optimal for the Yahoo! Search user and does not
> include all McAfee SiteAdvisor red ratings.
>
> On 9月29日, 下午3時19分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > Enjoy the ballet dance and circus show at World-Wide House, Central
> > Hong Kong.
> > Sometimes it looks very similar to martial act and you can't tell the
> > difference in movie.
>
> > World-Wide House (traditional Chinese: 環球大廈) is an office building in
> > Central, Hong Kong. It is located between Connaught Road Central,
> > Pedder Street and Des Voeux Road Central.
> > 環球大廈
> > 環球大廈分為商場及辦公室
> > 擠滿菲律賓女傭的環球商場相關的維基共享資源：
> > 環球大廈 環球大廈（World Wide House）位於香港中環德輔道中19號，樓高27層，是一棟辦公大廈，內有律師樓、會計師事務所、上市公
> > 司總部（如：美聯物業）、專業會計師公會香港分會、香港地產建設商會等等。
>
> > Quotation
>
> >http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asphttp://www.olympic.org/u...)
mrliu918
and the need to restore justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents,
no one contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a
result of combating the predators. Both police reports
and medical reports proved that most predators died
mrliu918
and the need to restore justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's familyTo
whom it many concern: Based on the medical reports in the 1990
incidents,
no one contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a
result of combating the predators. Both police reports
because of bone fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung
did lie about their roles in the 1990 incident. Unfortunately,
fans of the martial act community also consist of mob and
violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past
could be the motivation of these criminals and cheaters.
The gang also misuse communication system and CCTV technology.
They boardcast private message to gang members so that
no one can track down the communication line; plus making
it more difficult to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key
person legally responsible. I believe that some of their fans
poisoned on me in the past and intentionally delay my trip to
N.America for the purpose of obstructing justice. Sincerely Yu Fung
mrliu918
I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (aka Liang) within the top
10 list.
The Hundred Regiments Offensive is the largest military operation
against Japanese imperial army by Peng Dehuai Yuan Shuai (元帥) and
communist army during World War II. Peng Dehuai is also the commander
of PLA army in the Korean War.
Hundred Regiments Offensive
Part of The Second Sino-Japanese War
Date August 20 – December 5 1940
Location North China
Result Chinese victory
Belligerents
Chinese Red Army,
National Revolutionary Army North China Area Army,
Imperial Japanese Army
Commanders
Peng Dehuai Hayao Tada
Strength
400,000 830,000
Casualties and losses
17,000[citation needed] 25,000[citation needed]
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
Battle of Pingxingguan
site of the battle.
Date evening of 24 September – Noon of 25 September 1937
Location Pingxingguan, Shanxi
Result Chinese victory
Belligerents
China, Chinese Red Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army
Commanders
Lin Biao Itagaki Seishiro
Strength
6,000 troops of the 115th Division 10,000 troops (5th Division),
however only certain supply troops and the 3rd Battalion of the 21st
Regiment were involved in the actual ambush
Casualties and losses
600+ 500-600 (ROC figure)
a large amount of weapons and supplies
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
百團大戰
中國抗日戰爭的一部分
八路軍光復娘子關，高舉國旗
日期： 1940年8月20日 - 1940年12月5日
地点： 中國華北地區
結果： 短暫破壞日軍交通運輸
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
彭德懷 多田駿
兵力
400,000 日军20余万，伪军约15万
傷亡
17,000 中共戰報為2.5萬
中國抗日戰爭
平型關戰役
{{{partof}}}的一部分
平型關戰役中18集團軍115師機槍陣地(戰後拍攝)
日期： 1937年9月20日－9月30日
地點： 中國晉東北
結果： 菇越口、鐵角嶺被日軍突破
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
- 中國國民黨
- 中國共產黨
日本帝國
滿洲國
指揮官
閻錫山
板垣征四郎
兵力
150,000（國軍）
15,000（共軍） 10,000
傷亡
500（共軍傷亡數據）
39,042（中華民國國防大學數據） 2,952（中華民國國防大學數據）
中國抗日戰爭
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
>
Markku Grönroos
Perhaps you homosexual slant bugger off from scr
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:caea6118-fb41-4016...@m45g2000hsb.googlegroups.com...
mrliu918
I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (aka Liang) within the top
The Hundred Regiments Offensive is the largest military operation
against Japanese imperial army by Peng Dehuai Yuan Shuai (元帥) and
communist army during World War II. Peng Dehuai is also the commander
of PLA army in the Korean War.
Hundred Regiments Offensive
Part of The Second Sino-Japanese War
Date August 20 – December 5 1940
Location North China
Result Chinese victory
Belligerents
Chinese Red Army,
National Revolutionary Army North China Area Army,
Imperial Japanese Army
Commanders
Peng Dehuai Hayao Tada
Strength
400,000 830,000
Casualties and losses
17,000[citation needed] 25,000[citation needed]
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
Battle of Pingxingguan
site of the battle.
Date evening of 24 September – Noon of 25 September 1937
Location Pingxingguan, Shanxi
Result Chinese victory
Belligerents
China, Chinese Red Army Japan, Imperial Japanese Army
Commanders
Lin Biao Itagaki Seishiro
Strength
6,000 troops of the 115th Division 10,000 troops (5th Division),
however only certain supply troops and the 3rd Battalion of the 21st
Regiment were involved in the actual ambush
Casualties and losses
600+ 500-600 (ROC figure)
a large amount of weapons and supplies
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
Part of the Battle of South Guangxi
Date 18 December 1939 – 11 January 1940
Location Suburbs of Nanning, Guangxi
Result Decisive Chinese victory
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan
Commanders
Du Yuming Masao Nakamura
Strength
5th corps,40,000 21st Brigade, 5th division
Casualties and losses
23,000 killed or wounded 8000 men (ROC figure)
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II
Japanese troops advancing through Kuala Lumpur.
Date 8 December 1941 – January 31, 1942
Location British Malaya
Result Japanese Victory, Japanese Occupation of Malaya, Emergence of
the MPAJA
Belligerents
Malaya Command:
Indian III Corps
8th Division
Malay Regiment
53rd Infantry Brigade
ML-KNIL Twenty-Fifth Army:
Imperial Guards
5th Division
18th Division
3rd Air Division
Commanders
Arthur Percival Tomoyuki Yamashita
Strength
140,000
158 aircraft 70,000
568 aircraft
200 tanks
Casualties and losses
5,500 killed
5,000 wounded
40,000 captured[1] 1,793 killed
3,378 wounded[2]
Battle of Singapore
Part of Pacific War (World War II)
Lt Gen. Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer, walks under a flag
of truce to negotiate the capitulation of Allied forces in Singapore,
on February 15, 1942. It was the largest surrender of British-led
forces in history.
Date January 31 – February 15, 1942
Location Singapore, Straits Settlements
Result Decisive Japanese Victory, Japanese occupation of Singapore
Belligerents
Malaya Command:
III Corps
8th Division
18th Division
Malay Regiment
Straits Settlements Volunteer Force Twenty-Fifth Army
Imperial Guards
5th Division
18th Division
3rd Air Division
Imperial Navy
Commanders
Arthur Percival #
Gordon Bennett
Lewis Heath #
M. Beckwith-Smith # Tomoyuki Yamashita
Strength
85,000 36,000
Casualties and losses
2,000 killed
5,000 wounded
50,000 captured[1] 1,713 killed
2,772 wounded[2]
[show]v • d • ePacific campaigns 1940–42
Sun Li-jen
孫立人
December 8, 1900(1900-12-08) – November 19, 1990 (aged 89)
Sun Li-jen
Nickname "Rommel of the East"
Place of birth Jinnu Town, Lujiang, Anhui
Place of death Taichung, Taiwan
Allegiance Republic of China
Years of service 1927 - 1955
Rank Lieutenant General
Commands held Tax Police Regiment
New 38th Division
200th Division
New First Corps
Republic of China Army
Battles/wars Battle of Shanghai (1937)
Battle of Kunlun Pass
Burma Theatre
Awards Order of Clouds and Banners 4th Class
KBE (UK)
Legion of Merit (U.S.)
Other work Politician
孙立人是什麼 | Weefish.com 樂天小魚
孙立人被认为是国民革命军中,具备丰富现代化作战经验和高度指挥能力的将领,并拥有崇高的国际声望,是国民革命军中与众不同的一名将军,也是國民革命軍
當中唯一從美國軍校 ... 我希望这个活埋日本兽兵的中国将军的名字能够被我们永远记住----孙立人。 1943年10月,第二次缅甸战役开
战。 ...
weefish.com/ask/孙立人 - 53k - Cached
廖耀湘
Liao Yaoxiang
Lieutenant-General
(1903 – 1968)
(廖耀湘)
(Liao Yao-hsiang)
1938 Chief of Staff 2nd Division, 11th Army
1938 Deputy General Officer Commanding 22nd New Division
1942 - 1943General Officer Commanding 22nd New Division, 5th Army,
Burma
1943 - 1944General Officer Commanding 6th New Army (X-Force), Burma
1944 - 1945General Officer Commanding 6th Army
1948 General Officer Commanding 9th Army
Joseph Warren Stilwell
March 19, 1883(1883-03-19) – October 12, 1946 (aged 63)
Gen. Joseph Warren Stilwell, U.S.A.
Nickname "Vinegar Joe," "Uncle Joe," "Old Two Shirts."
Place of birth Palatka, Florida
Place of death San Francisco, California
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service 1904-1946
Rank General
Commands held 7th Infantry Division
China Burma India Theater
Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC)
Army Ground Forces
U.S. Tenth Army
U.S. Sixth Army
Western Defense Command
Battles/wars World War I
Western Front
Battle of St. Mihiel
World War II
Awards Distinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit
Other work Chief of Staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek
Battle of Okinawa
Part of World War II, the Pacific War
Two Marines from the 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines advance on Wana Ridge
on May 18, 1945.
Date March 18, 1945- June 23, 1945
Location Okinawa, Japan
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United States
United Kingdom
British Commonwealth
Empire of Japan
Commanders
Simon B. Buckner †
Roy Geiger
Joseph Stilwell
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chester W. Nimitz
Raymond A. Spruance
Bruce Fraser
Mitsuru Ushijima †
Isamu Chō †
Hiromichi Yahara #
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seiichi Itō †
Minoru Ota †
Keizō Komura
Strength
548,000 More than 100,000
Casualties and losses
12,513 killed in action,
38,916 wounded,
33,096 non-combat losses 94,136 to 131,303 killed,
7,400 to 10,755 captured
Estimated 42,000–150,000 civilians killed
[show]v • d • eVolcano and
Ryukyu Islands campaign
In this Japanese name, the family name is Yamashita.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下 奉文, Tomoyuki Yamashita?, 8 November
1885 - 23 February 1946) was a general of the Japanese Imperial Army
during the World War II. He was most famous for conquering the British
colonies of Malaya and Singapore, earning the nickname The Tiger of
Malaya.
The battle has been referred to as the "Typhoon of Steel" in English,
and tetsu no ame ("rain of steel") or tetsu no bōfū ("violent wind of
steel") in Japanese. The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the
fighting, the intensity of gunfire involved, and sheer numbers of
Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. The
battle has one of the highest number of casualties of any World War
Two engagement: the Japanese lost over 100,000 troops, and the Allies
(mostly United States) suffered more than 50,000 casualties, with over
12,000 killed in action. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were
killed, wounded or attempted suicide. Approximately one-fourth of the
civilian population died due to the invasion.
The main objective of the operation was to seize a large island only
340 miles away from mainland Japan. After a long campaign of island
hopping, the Allies were approaching Japan, and Okinawa would serve as
a springboard for the planned invasion of the mainland islands.
Although hastily converted to a base for air operations, the atomic
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused Japan to surrender just
weeks after the end of the fighting at Okinawa and the invasion never
took place.
> Jump to: navigation, search
Jump to: navigation, search
Jump to: navigation, search
中國抗日戰爭的一部分
八路軍光復娘子關，高舉國旗
日期： 1940年8月20日 - 1940年12月5日
地点： 中國華北地區
結果： 短暫破壞日軍交通運輸
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
彭德懷 多田駿
兵力
400,000 日军20余万，伪军约15万
傷亡
17,000 中共戰報為2.5萬
中國抗日戰爭
平型關戰役
{{{partof}}}的一部分
平型關戰役中18集團軍115師機槍陣地(戰後拍攝)
日期： 1937年9月20日－9月30日
地點： 中國晉東北
結果： 菇越口、鐵角嶺被日軍突破
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
- 中國國民黨
- 中國共產黨
日本帝國
滿洲國
指揮官
閻錫山
板垣征四郎
兵力
150,000（國軍）
15,000（共軍） 10,000
傷亡
500（共軍傷亡數據）
39,042（中華民國國防大學數據） 2,952（中華民國國防大學數據）
中國抗日戰爭
{{{partof}}}的一部分
日期： 1939年12月18日－1940年1月11日
地點： 中國桂南
結果： 國民革民軍5軍確定守住崑崙關
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
杜聿明 中村正雄
傷亡
陣亡5600
負傷10000
失蹤8000 陣亡4000
被俘100餘人
中國抗日戰爭
[編輯] 馬來之虎
1942年2月15日兩週內迅速攻陷新加坡，俘虜十三萬名英國、印度與澳洲聯軍將士，是為英軍有史以來最大一次投降，故此日本傳媒稱他為「馬來之
虎」。
縱使因馬來作戰成功，山下被奉為國民英雄，為戰史上裡唯一擊敗美、英、法、荷四大歐美強國、攻佔10國領地之戰將；但是昭和天皇沒有給機會讓山下拜見，
原因被認為是二二六兵變當時山下所採取的行動。
馬來亞戰役
第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭的一部分
日軍攻佔吉隆坡
日期： 1941年12月8日 - 1942年1月31日
地點： 英屬馬來亞
結果： 日本獲勝，日本佔領馬來亞，拆起馬來亞人民抗日戰爭
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
英屬印度
澳洲
馬來屬邦 大日本帝國
指揮官
阿瑟·歐內斯特·帕西瓦爾 山下奉文
兵力
140,000人
158架飛機 70,000人
568架飛機
傷亡
5,500人陣亡
5,000人受傷
40,000人被俘[1] 1,793人陣亡
3,378人受傷[2]
太平洋戰區 1940-42
日本於1941年12月至1945年8月統治香港期間，香港人對該時期的稱呼。
冲繩島戰役是第二次世界大戰太平洋戰場中最大規模之登陸作戰[1]，此戰役發生在1945年3月底至6月，盟軍之目標是進攻日本之沖繩島。
這場戰役在英文被稱為"Typhoon of Steel"，在日文被稱為tetsu no ame ("鐵雨") 或 tetsu no bōfū
("鐵暴風")。 這些代號代表戰鬥之激烈程度、火力之密度及盟國參戰之戰艦及車輛的龐大數量。冲繩島之人口數量龐大，在日軍保衛全島的戰事中最少有
150,000人死亡。
盟國是計劃利用冲繩島作為入侵日本本土的沒落行動之跳板；不過，在1945年8月原子彈轟炸廣島市、長崎市和蘇聯對日本宣戰後，日本無條件投降及第二次
世界大戰宣告結束。
沖繩島戰役
第二次世界大戰太平洋戰爭的一部分
美國海軍陸戰隊在沖繩島登陸
日期： 1945年4月1日 - 6月21日
起因： {{{casus}}}
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
美國
英國
加拿大
硫磺島 – 沖繩島 – 天號
約瑟夫·華倫·史迪威（Joseph Warren Stilwell，1883年3月19日－1946年10月12日），美國軍人，陸軍四星上將，曾
經在二次大戰期間駐中國接近三年，任駐華美軍司令，盟軍中國戰區參謀長。後因與蔣中正關係破裂而離任。
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
>
mrliu918
comes from Taekwondo( 跆拳道) and Karate or karate-do (空手道):
You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
title
in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
weigh class.
A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
martial act they chose to practice.
Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
Burce Lee
In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
After all, it is the entertainment business.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 9月29日, 下午7時02分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason
> and the need to restore justice in the 1990 incident.
> It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family.
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents,
> no one contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a
> result of combating the predators.
Both police reports and medical reports proved that most predators
died because of bone fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung
> did lie about their roles in the 1990 incident. Unfortunately,
> fans of the martial act community also consist of mob and
> violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past
> could be the motivation of these criminals and cheaters.
> The gang also misuse communication system and CCTV technology.
> They boardcast private message to gang members so that
> no one can track down the communication line; plus making
> it more difficult to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key
> person legally responsible. I believe that some of their fans
> poisoned on me in the past and intentionally delay my trip to
> N.America for the purpose of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Role of Leung in the 1990 incident
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
Correction or updates:
Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
> > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k - Cached
> > Masao Kato
> > ... Kato Kensei
>
Markku Grönroos
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:1ee149cb-02f9-4db4...@s50g2000hsb.googlegroups.com...
Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (½ØȵÀ)
mrliu918
Mike Tyson VS Mark Young and Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young based on
information of boxrec
Quotation from boxrec
Mike Tyson VS Mark Young
Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young
1985-12-27 219 Mark Young 206¾ 8-6-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1976-04-30 230 Jimmy Young 209 17-4-2
Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 70-68 | judge: Terry
Moore 71-64 | judge: Tom Kelly 72-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=474&cat=boxer
http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=180&cat=boxer
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boxer: Mike Tyson
Global ID 474
sex male
birth date 1966-06-30
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias Iron
residence Phoenix, Arizona, United States
birth place Brooklyn, NY, USA
birth name Michael Gerard Tyson
stance orthodox
height 5′ 10″
reach 71“
US ID NV011956
won 50 (KO 44) + lost 6 (KO 5) + drawn 0 = 58
rounds boxed 217 : KO% 75.86
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
2005-06-11 233 Kevin McBride 271 32-4-1
MCI Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States L TKO 6
10
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Steve Rados 57-55 |
judge: Tammye Jenkins 57-55 | judge: Paul Artisst 55-57 ~
2004-07-30 233 Danny Williams 265 31-3-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States L
KO 4 10
~ time: 2:51 | referee: Dennis Alfred | judge: Dan McLellan | judge:
Johnny Monson | judge: Steve Ryan ~
2003-02-22 225¾ Clifford Etienne 222¾ 24-1-1
The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 0:49 | referee: Bill Clancy ~
2002-06-08 234 Lennox Lewis 249¼ 39-2-1
The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, United States L KO 8 12
~ time: 2:25 | referee: Eddie Cotton | judge: Alfred Buqwana | judge:
Anek Hongtongkam | judge: Bob Logist ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
~ IBO heavyweight title ~
2001-10-13 239¾ Brian Nielsen 259¾ 62-1-0
Parken, Copenhagen, Denmark W RTD 7 10
~ referee: Steve Smoger | judge: Marty Denkin | judge: Erkki Meronen
| judge: Daniel Van de Wiele ~
2000-10-20 222 Andrew Golota 240 36-4-0
The Palace, Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States NC NC 3 10
~ referee: Frank Garza | judge: Brad Wright | judge: Bernard Teachout
| judge: Rosemary Grable ~
Golota down in 1st. Michigan Commission changes the result from a TKO
after 2 for Tyson to an NC, due to Tyson testing positive for
marijuana after the fight.
2000-06-24 225 Lou Savarese 241¼ 39-3-0
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom W TKO 1 10x3
~ time: 0:38 | referee: John Coyle ~
2000-01-29 223½ Julius Francis 244½ 21-7-0
M.E.N. Arena, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom W TKO 2 10x3
~ time: 1:03 | referee: Roy Francis ~
Francis down twice in the 1st and three times in the 2nd.
1999-10-23 223 Orlin Norris 218 50-5-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States NC NC 1 10
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Richard Steele ~
1999-01-16 223 Francois Botha 233¾ 39-1-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W KO 5 10
~ time: 2:59 | referee: Richard Steele ~
1997-06-28 218 Evander Holyfield 218 33-3-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L DQ 3 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Jerry Roth 26-29 | judge: Chuck Giampa
26-29 | judge: Duane Ford 26-29 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Tyson disqualified for twice biting Holyfield's ears, claiming he was
retaliating to headbutting by Holyfield.
1996-11-09 222 Evander Holyfield 215 32-3-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L TKO 11 12
~ referee: Mitch Halpern | judge: Dalby Shirley 92-96 | judge:
Frederico Vollmer 93-100 | judge: Jerry Roth 92-96 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1996-09-07 219 Bruce Seldon 229 33-3-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 1 12
~ time: 1:49 | referee: Richard Steele | judge: Chuck Giampa | judge:
Bill Graham | judge: Dave Moretti ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1996-03-16 220 Frank Bruno 247 40-4-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 3 12
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Mills Lane | judge: Larry O'Connell 20-17 |
judge: Anek Hongtongkam 20-17 | judge: Jerry Roth 20-17 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
1995-12-16 219 Buster Mathis Jr. 224 20-0-0
Core States Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W KO
3 12
~ time: 2:32 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1995-08-19 220 Peter McNeeley 224 36-1-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W DQ 1 10
~ time: 1:29 | referee: Mills Lane ~
1991-06-28 216 Donovan Ruddock 238 24-2-1
Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Chuck Giampa 113-109 | judge: Art
Lurie 114-108 | judge: Dalby Shirley 114-108 ~
1991-03-18 217 Donovan Ruddock 228 24-1-1
Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 7 12
~ time: 2:22 | referee: Richard Steele | 59-53 | 59-53 | 59-53 ~
1990-12-08 217¾ Alex Stewart 218 26-1-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
10
~ time: 2:27 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1990-06-16 217 Henry Tillman 215 20-4-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 2:47 | referee: Richard Steele ~
1990-02-11 220½ James Buster Douglas 231½ 29-4-1
Tokyo Dome, Tokyo, Japan L KO 10 12
~ referee: Octavio Meyran | judge: Larry Rozadilla 82-88 | judge: Ken
Morita 87-86 | judge: Masakazu Uchida 86-86 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1989-07-21 219¼ Carl Williams 218 22-2-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
12
~ time: 1:33 | referee: Randy Neumann | judge: Richard F. Murry |
judge: Chuck Giampa | judge: Rocky Castellani ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1989-02-25 218 Frank Bruno 228 32-2-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 5 12
~ time: 2:55 | referee: Richard Steele | judge: Jerry Roth 40-35 |
judge: Omar Minton 40-34 | judge: Rodolfo Maldonado 40-34 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
Bruno penalized one point in the 1st for holding and he was also
dropped in the 1st.
1988-06-27 218¼ Michael Spinks 212¼ 31-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO 1
12
~ time: 1:31 | referee: Frank Cappuccino | judge: Eva Shain | judge:
John Stewart | judge: Rocky Castellani ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1988-03-21 216¼ Tony Tubbs 238¼ 24-1-0
Tokyo Dome, Tokyo, Japan W TKO 2 12
~ time: 2:54 | referee: Arthur Mercante | judge: Larry Rozadilla 9-10
| judge: Ken Morita 10-10 | judge: Masakazu Uchida 10-9 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1988-01-22 215¾ Larry Holmes 225¾ 48-2-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 4
12
~ time: 2:55 | referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Charley Spina 29-28 |
judge: Nicasio L. Drake 30-27 | judge: Rudy Ortega 29-28 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-10-16 216 Tyrell Biggs 228¾ 15-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 7
12
~ time: 2:59 | referee: Tony Orlando | judge: Al Wilensky 60-54 |
judge: John Stewart 60-54 | judge: Frank Brunette 60-52 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-08-01 221 Tony Tucker 221 35-0-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Julio Roldan 118-113 | judge: Phil
Newman 119-111 | judge: Bill Graham 117-112 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-05-30 218¾ Pinklon Thomas 217¾ 29-1-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 6 12
~ time: 2:00 | referee: Carlos Padilla | judge: Dalby Shirley 49-46 |
judge: Gordon Volkman 50-44 | judge: Harry Gibbs 49-46 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1987-03-07 219 James "Bonecrusher" Smith 233 19-5-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Lou Tabat 120-106 | judge: Dalby
Shirley 119-107 | judge: Jose Juan Guerra 119-107 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1986-11-22 221¼ Trevor Berbick 218½ 31-4-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 2 12
~ time: 2:35 | referee: Mills Lane | judge: Harry Gibbs 10-8 | judge:
Dave Moretti 10-9 | judge: Rudy Ortega 10-9 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
Berbick knocked down twice in round 2. After trying to rise from the
second knockdown he fell another two times.
1986-09-06 221½ Alonzo Ratliff 201 21-3-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 2 10
~ time: 1:41 ~
1986-08-17 213 Jose Ribalta 211½ 23-3-1
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 10
10
~ referee: Rudy Battle ~
Ribalta down in 2nd, 8th, and 10th.
1986-07-26 217 Marvis Frazier 210½ 16-1-0
Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 0:30 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1986-07-11 219¾ Lorenzo Boyd 198¼ 14-5-0
Stevensville Hotel, Swan Lake, New York, United States W KO 2 10
~ time: 1:43 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1986-06-28 217 William Hosea 215 12-3-0
Rensselaer P.I., Troy, New York, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 2:03 | referee: Harry Papacaralambolous ~
1986-06-13 217 Reggie Gross 218 17-4-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 1
10
~ referee: Johnny LoBianco ~
1986-05-20 215¼ Mitch Green 225 16-1-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 10
10
~ referee: Luis Rivera | 8-2 | 9-1 | 9-1 ~
1986-05-03 215 James Tillis 207¾ 31-8-0
Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York, United States W UD 10 10
~ referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Bernie Friedkin 6-4 | judge: Al Reid
6-4 | judge: Tony Moret 8-2 ~
Tillis down in 4th.
1986-03-10 220½ Steve Zouski 210 25-9-0
Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, New York, United States W KO 3 10
~ time: 2:39 | referee: Arthur Mercante ~
1986-02-16 217 Jesse Ferguson 211¾ 14-1-0
Rensselaer P.I., Troy, New York, United States W TKO 6 10
~ time: 1:19 | referee: Luis Rivera ~
Ferguson, while down in 5th, was disqualified for excessive holding.
However the official result given by the New York State Athletic
Commission is a TKO.
1986-01-24 215 Mike Jameson 236¼ 14-9-0
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 5
8
~ time: 0:46 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
Jameson down in 4th and 5th
1986-01-11 217 David Jaco 210 19-5-0
Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1
10
~ time: 2:16 ~
Jaco was down three times, triggering the three knockdown rule
1985-12-27 219 Mark Young 206¾ 8-6-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1985-12-06 215 Sammy Scaff 250 13-6-0
Felt Forum, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 1:19 | referee: Fred Ucci | judge: Bill Graham | judge:
Bernie Friedkin | judge: Eva Shain ~
1985-11-22 221 Conroy Nelson 216 15-7-2
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 2
1985-11-13 219 Eddie Richardson 212 10-2-0
Houston, Texas, United States W KO 1
~ time: 1:17 | referee: Barry Yeats ~
1985-11-01 221 Sterling Benjamin 227 4-6-1
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1
~ time: 0:54 ~
1985-10-25 217 Robert Colay 224¼ 8-5-1
Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W
KO 1 8
~ time: 0:37 | referee: Ted Pick ~
1985-10-09 215¾ Donnie Long 215¾ 15-3-0
Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
6
~ time: 1:28 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
Long down three times
1985-09-05 219½ Michael Johnson 196 11-5-0
Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W
KO 1 6
~ time: 0:39 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1985-08-15 213½ Lorenzo Canady 203½ 3-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO
1 6
~ time: 1:05 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1985-07-19 217¼ Larry Sims 217 3-16-3
Mid-Hudson Civic Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States W KO 3
6
~ time: 2:04 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1985-07-11 215¾ John Alderson 226½ 3-0-0
Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 2
6
~ referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1985-06-20 217 Ricardo Spain 184½ 1-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO
1 6
~ time: 0:39 | referee: Joe O'Neil ~
Spain down twice
1985-05-23 212 Don Halpin 212 9-18-0
Albany, New York, United States W KO 4 4
1985-04-10 214¼ Trent Singleton 198½ 1-3-0
Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1 4
1985-03-06 214 Hector Mercedes 199¾ 0-2-0
Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1 4
~ time: 1:47 | referee: Luis Rivera ~
Pro debut for Tyson
verified unverified unsanctioned
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© BoxRec : this data may be incomplete and/or inaccurate : 3.5891
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boxer: Muhammad Ali
Global ID 180
sex male
birth date 1942-01-17
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias The Greatest
residence Louisville, Kentucky, United States
birth place Louisville,Kentucky
birth name Cassius Marcellus Clay
stance orthodox
height 6′ 3″
reach 80“
won 56 (KO 37) + lost 5 (KO 1) + drawn 0 = 61
rounds boxed 550 : KO% 60.66
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1981-12-11 236¼ Trevor Berbick 218 19-2-1
Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre, Nassau, Bahamas L UD 10 10
~ referee: Zach Clayton | judge: Alonzo Butler 94-97 | judge: Jay
Edson 94-99 | judge: Clyde Gray 94-99 ~
1980-10-02 217½ Larry Holmes 211½ 35-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L RTD 10 15
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Richard Greene | judge: Chuck Minker 90-100 |
judge: Duane Ford 89-100 | judge: Richard Steele 90-100 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
1978-09-15 221 Leon Spinks 201 7-0-1
Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Lucien Joubert 10-4 | judge: Ernie Cojoe 10-4 | judge:
Herman Preis 11-4 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Attendance: 63,350.
On September 6, 1979 Ali announced his retirement, and the WBA title
was declared vacant.
1978-02-15 224¼ Leon Spinks 197¼ 6-0-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 15 15
~ referee: Davey Pearl | judge: Lou Tabat 140-145 | judge: Harold
Buck 141-144 | judge: Art Lurie 143-142 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Spinks was stripped of the WBC title as he chose to defend against
Muhammad Ali instead of Ken Norton, who was their #1 contender
1978 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1977-09-29 225 Earnie Shavers 211¼ 54-5-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 15
15
~ referee: Johnny LoBianco 9-5 | judge: Eva Shain 9-6 | judge: Tony
Castellano 9-6 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Eva Shain becomes the First Woman to Judge a World Heavyweight
Championship Fight.
1977-05-16 221¼ Alfredo Evangelista 209¼ 14-1-1
Capitol Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Harry Cecchini 71-65 | judge: Terry Moore 72-64 | judge:
Ray Klingmeyer 72-64 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-09-28 221 Ken Norton 217½ 37-3-0
Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante 8-6 | judge: Harold Lederman 8-7 | judge:
Barney Smith 8-7 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-05-24 220 Richard Dunn 206½ 33-9-0
Olympiahalle, Munich, Bayern, Germany W TKO 5 15
~ time: 2:05 | referee: Herbert Tomser ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-04-30 230 Jimmy Young 209 17-4-2
Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 70-68 | judge: Terry
Moore 71-64 | judge: Tom Kelly 72-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-02-20 226 Jean-Pierre Coopman 206 24-3-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico W KO 5 15
~ time: 2:46 | referee: Ismael Quinones Falu ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-10-01 224½ Joe Frazier 215 32-2-0
Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, National Capital Region, Philippines W
RTD 14 15
~ referee: Carlos Padilla 66-60 | judge: Larry Nadayag 66-62 | judge:
Alfredo Quiazon 67-62 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Fight known as "The Thrilla in Manila"
1975 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1975-06-30 224½ Joe Bugner 230 51-6-1
Merdeka Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia W UD 15 15
~ referee: Takeo Ugo 73-67 | judge: Ken Brady 72-65 | judge: Suthee
Prom Jara 73-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-05-16 224½ Ron Lyle 219 30-2-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 11 15
~ time: 1:08 | referee: Ferd Hernandez | judge: Bill Kipp 43-49 |
judge: Art Lurie 45-46 | judge: John Mangriciana 46-46 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-03-24 223½ Chuck Wepner 225 30-9-2
Richfield Coliseum, Richfield, Ohio, United States W TKO 15 15
~ time: 2:41 | referee: Tony Perez | judge: Jackie Keough 136-129 |
judge: Sam Taormina 138-129 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Ali down in the 9th.
1974-10-30 216½ George Foreman 220 40-0-0
Stade du 20 Mai, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Of The Congo W KO 8
15
~ time: 2:58 | referee: Zach Clayton | judge: Nourridine Adalla 70-67
| judge: James Taylor 69-66 | judge: Zach Clayton 68-66 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Scorecards in rounds: Zach Clayton 4-2-1 Ali, Nourridine Adalla 3-0-4
Ali, and James Taylor 4-1-2 Ali
1974-01-28 212 Joe Frazier 209 30-1-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 12
12
~ referee: Tony Perez 6-5 | judge: Tony Castellano 7-4 | judge: Jack
Gordon 8-4 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1973-10-20 217½ Rudi Lubbers 196 21-1-0
Senayan Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia W UD 12 12
~ referee: Enrique Jimenez | judge: Lim Ti Chan 60-45 | judge: Leon
Johannes 59-42 | judge: Carl Schneider 60-42 ~
1973-09-10 212 Ken Norton 205 30-1-0
Forum, Inglewood, California, United States W SD 12 12
~ referee: Dick Young 7-5 | judge: John Thomas 6-5 | judge: George
Latka 5-6 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1973-03-31 221 Ken Norton 210 29-1-0
Sports Arena, San Diego, California, United States L SD 12 12
~ referee: Frank Rustich 4-7 | judge: Hal Rickard 4-5 | judge: Fred
Hayes 6-5 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Ali suffered a broken jaw during this bout.
(Pictures)
1973-02-14 217¼ Joe Bugner 219 43-4-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ 57-54 | 56-53 | 57-52 ~
1972-11-21 221¼ Bob Foster 180 49-5-0
Sahara-Tahoe Hotel, Stateline, Nevada, United States W KO 8 12
~ referee: Mills Lane ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Foster was knocked down four times in the 5th, twice in the 7th, and
for the count in the 8th.
1972-09-20 218 Floyd Patterson 188½ 55-7-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 7
15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante 6-1 | judge: Jack Gordon 4-2 | judge: Tony
Castellano 3-3 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Fight stopped on cuts and swelling around Patterson's eyes
1972-07-19 217½ Alvin Lewis 223½ 26-4-0
Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland W TKO 11 12
~ time: 1:15 | referee: Lew Eskin ~
Lewis was floored in round 5
1972-06-27 216½ Jerry Quarry 198 43-5-4
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 7 12
~ time: 0:19 | referee: Mike Kaplan ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1972-05-01 217½ George Chuvalo 221 66-17-2
Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada W UD 12 12
~ referee: Dave Brown 59-51 | judge: Tommy Paonessa 60-46 | judge:
Tommy Keyes 58-51 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1972-04-01 226 Mac Foster 211¼ 28-1-0
Nihon Budokan, Tokyo, Japan W UD 15 15
~ referee: J.E. Crowder 73-65 | judge: Takeo Ugo 75-67 | judge:
Hiroyuki Tezaki 74-66 ~
1971-12-26 220 Juergen Blin 198 28-8-6
Hallenstadion Arena, Zurich, Switzerland W KO 7 12
~ time: 2:12 | referee: Seth Serta | judge: Ted Waltham ~
1971-11-17 227 Buster Mathis 256 29-2-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Chris Jordan 118-105 | judge: Ernie Taylor 118-104 |
judge: Earl Keel 119-108 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Mathis was knocked down twice in the 11th, and twice more in the 12th.
1971-07-26 220½ Jimmy Ellis 189 30-6-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W TKO 12 12
~ time: 2:10 | referee: Jay Edson | judge: Earl Keel | judge: Ernie
Taylor ~
~ vacant NABF heavyweight title ~
1971-03-08 215 Joe Frazier 205½ 26-0-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States L UD 15
15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante | judge: Artie Aidala 6-9 | judge: Bill
Recht 4-11 | judge: Arthur Mercante 6-8 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1970-12-07 212 Oscar Bonavena 204 46-6-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO
15 15
~ time: 2:03 | referee: Mark Conn | judge: Joe Eppy | judge: Jack
Bloom ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Bonavena knocked down three times in the 15th, forcing an automatic
stoppage. Scoring at the time of the stoppage: 12-2, 10-3-1, 8-5-1 all
for Ali.
1970-10-26 213½ Jerry Quarry 197½ 37-4-4
City Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, United States W TKO 3 15
~ referee: Tony Perez | judge: Lew Eskin | judge: Bill Graham ~
Fight stopped due to Quarry cut.
1967-03-22 211½ Zora Folley 202½ 74-7-4
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W KO 7
15
~ time: 1:48 | referee: Johnny LoBianco | judge: Frank Forbes |
judge: Tony Castellano ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Due to legal troubles, Ali would not fight for the next three years.
He officially retired on 1970-02-01 to allow the winner of the
upcoming Joe Frazier-Jimmy Ellis unification bout to be considered the
undisputed champion
1967-02-06 212¼ Ernie Terrell 212¼ 38-4-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Harry Kessler 148-137 | judge: Jimmy Webb 148-133 | judge:
Ernie Taylor 148-137 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1966-11-14 212¾ Cleveland Williams 210½ 65-5-1
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W TKO 3 15
~ referee: Harry Kessler ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-09-10 204¼ Karl Mildenberger 195 49-2-3
Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany W TKO 12 15
~ referee: Teddy Waltham | judge: Herr Olert | judge: Nat Fleischer ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-08-06 209½ Brian London 201½ 35-13-0
Earls Court Arena, Kensington, London, United Kingdom W KO 3 15x3
~ referee: Harry Gibbs ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-05-21 201½ Henry Cooper 188 33-11-1
Arsenal Football Stadium, Highbury, London, United Kingdom W TKO 6
15x3
~ time: 1:38 | referee: George Smith ~
World Heavyweight Title
A bad cut over Cooper's left eye forced stoppage.
1966-03-29 214½ George Chuvalo 216 34-11-2
Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada W UD 15 15
~ referee: Jackie Silvers 73-65 | judge: Tony Canzano 74-63 | judge:
Jackie Johnstone 74-62 ~
World Heavyweight Title
1965-11-22 210 Floyd Patterson 196¾ 43-4-0
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 12 15
~ time: 2:18 | referee: Harold Krause 53-46 | judge: Harold Buck
54-45 | judge: Bill Stremmell 53-43 ~
World Heavyweight Title
1965-05-25 206 Sonny Liston 215¼ 35-2-0
St. Dominic's Hall, Lewiston, Maine, United States W KO 1 15
~ time: 2:12 | referee: Jersey Joe Walcott | judge: Coley Wallace |
judge: Russ Leonard | judge: Joe Colvin ~
World Heavyweight Title
Attendance: 2,434
1964-02-25 210½ Sonny Liston 218 35-1-0
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W RTD 7 15
~ referee: Barney Felix 57-57 | judge: Bernie Lovett 56-58 | judge:
Gus Jacobson 58-56 ~
World Heavyweight Title
Liston retires on his stool citing an injured shoulder
After this fight Cassius Clay changed his name to Muhammad X and then
Muhammad Ali. ~
1964 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1963-06-18 207 Henry Cooper 185½ 27-8-1
Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, United Kingdom W TKO 5 10x3
~ time: 2:15 | referee: Tommy Little ~
Clay was knocked down in the 4th round. Cooper was stopped on cuts the
following round.
1963-03-13 202½ Doug Jones 188 21-3-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 10
10
~ referee: Joe LoScalzo 8-1 | judge: Frank Forbes 5-4 | judge: Artie
Aidala 5-4 ~
1963 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1963-01-24 205 Charley Powell 214 23-6-3
Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States W KO 3
~ time: 2:04 | referee: Ernie Sesto ~
1962-11-15 204 Archie Moore 191 184-22-11
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W TKO 4 12
~ time: 1:35 | referee: Tommy Hart ~
~ Moore was knocked down three times in the 4th. ~
1962-07-20 199 Alejandro Lavorante 208 19-3-0
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W KO 5 10
~ time: 1:48 ~
1962-05-19 196 Billy Daniels 189 16-0-0
St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 7
10
~ time: 2:21 | referee: Mark Conn ~
Daniels got cut in the second round which eventually stopped the
fight.
1962-04-23 196½ George Logan 205 22-7-1
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W TKO 4 10
~ time: 1:34 | referee: Lee Grossman ~
1962-03-28 195 Don Warner 189½ 12-6-2
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 4
~ time: 0:34 ~
1962-02-10 194½ Sonny Banks 191¼ 10-2-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 4
10
~ time: 0:26 | referee: Ruby Goldstein | judge: Frank Forbes | judge:
Joe Agnello ~
~ Clay was knocked down in the 1st round, Banks was knocked down in
the 2nd. ~
1961-11-29 193 Willi Besmanoff 205¼ 44-27-7
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
TKO 7 10
~ time: 1:55 | referee: Don Asbury ~
~ Besmanoff was knocked down twice in the 7th. ~
1961-10-07 188 Alex Miteff 210 25-10-1
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
TKO 6 10
~ time: 1:45 | referee: Don Asbury ~
1961-07-22 192½ Alonzo Johnson 189 18-7-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
UD 10 10
~ referee: Don Asbury 50-44 | judge: Warwick Edwards 48-45 | judge:
Walter Beck 48-47 ~
1961-06-26 194½ Duke Sabedong 225 15-11-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 10 10
1961-04-19 192½ LaMar Clark 181½ 44-2-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
KO 2 10
~ time: 1:27 ~
1961-02-21 190 Donnie Fleeman 184 35-11-1
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 7 8
1961-02-07 193½ Jimmy Robinson 177 1-2-0
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 8
~ time: 1:34 ~
Robinson was a last minute substitute for Willie Guelat, who failed to
appear.
1961-01-17 195 Tony Esperti 197 9-6-2
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 3 8
~ time: 1:30 ~
1960-12-27 193 Herb Siler 191 1-1-0
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 4 8
1960-10-29 192 Tunney Hunsaker 186 15-9-1
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
UD 6 6
~ referee: Paul Matchuny | judge: Sidney Baer | judge: Walter Beck ~
Pro debut for Olympic Light Heavyweight Goldmedallist Cassius Clay.
verified unverified unsanctioned
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boxer: Mark Young
Global ID 1557
sex male
birth date 1963-12-30
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias The Storm
residence Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
birth place Charlotte, NC
birth name Mark Anthony Young
stance orthodox
height 6′ 1″
reach 72“
won 14 (KO 9) + lost 37 (KO 22) + drawn 1 = 53
rounds boxed 261 : KO% 16.98
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1999-10-08 242 George Kandelaki 228 10-0-0
Tbilisi, Georgia L KO 2
1997-12-13 251 Fred Westgeest 231 11-0-0
Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L PTS 6 6
1997-08-30 239 Rene Monse 3-0-0
Berlin, Germany L PTS 6 6
1997-04-12 234¼ Wladimir Klitschko 5-0-0
Eurogress, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L RTD 2 6
~ time: 3:00 ~
1997-02-09 Cody Koch 13-0-0
Anchorage, Alaska, United States L KO 2
1996-08-08 237 Hasim Rahman 234 16-0-0
Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States L TKO 3
1996-04-06 235 Donald Gray 246 1-9-0
Fayetteville Armory, Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States W
TKO 2 6
~ referee: Bill Clancy | judge: Touche Nunn | judge: Al Smith |
judge: Mark Hooks ~
1995-05-12 229 Boone Pultz 220 20-1-0
Show Place Arena, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, United States L UD 10
10
1995-03-25 232½ Zeljko Mavrovic 219 16-0-0
Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L RTD 5 8
~ time: 3:00 ~
1994-08-26 235 Shannon Briggs 219 18-0-0
Ballys Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United
States L TKO 8
1994-07-20 231 Melton Bowen 215 31-6-0
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States L TKO 4
1994-07-14 232 Christophe Bizot 212 10-1-0
Sporting Club, Monte Carlo, Monaco L PTS 8 8
~ referee: Francis Risani ~
1994-02-26 235 Ken Smith 246 7-2-0
Bristol, Tennessee, United States L PTS 6 6
1994-02-17 235 Danell Nicholson 213 14-1-0
Rialto, Joliet, Illinois, United States L UD 10 10
~ referee: Sean Curtin | judge: William Lerch | judge: Jerry Jakubco
| judge: Mike Glienna ~
1993-11-27 227 Adilson Rodrigues 220½ 50-4-0
Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil L TKO 7 10
1993-10-02 231 Jeremy Williams 217 11-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L KO
6 10
~ time: 2:31 ~
1993-08-07 240 Buster Mathis Jr. 224 10-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L UD
10 10
1993-05-06 233 Glenn McCrory 202 29-7-1
Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L UD 10
10
1993-04-07 236 Art Tucker 20-5-1
Newark, New Jersey, United States L PTS 10 10
1992-11-14 220 Rick Honeycutt 205 4-5-2
Greenville, South Carolina, United States W UD 4 4
1992-09-25 215 Rick Honeycutt 4-5-1
Greenville, South Carolina, United States D TD 1
1992-08-22 224 Cedric Sims 0-2-0
Denver, North Carolina, United States W KO 1
1992-07-31 221 Horace Moe 221 0-0-0
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States W KO 1
1991-08-31 Reynaldo Minus 6-3-0
Nassau, Bahamas L PTS 6 6
1991-07-23 228 Lou Savarese 230 19-0-0
Monticello, New York, United States L PTS 8 8
1991-03-18 236 Greg Page 230 31-9-0
Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L TKO 3 10
~ time: 2:28 ~
Stopped on cut eye.
1990-05-25 225 Alex Stewart 228½ 24-1-0
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L TKO 5
10
~ time: 3:00 ~
1989-09-20 212 Art Card 209¾ 7-1-0
War Memorial Auditorium, Rochester, New York, United States L UD 10
10
1989-01-26 231 George Foreman 251 59-2-0
War Memorial Auditorium, Rochester, New York, United States L TKO 7
10
~ time: 1:47 ~
1988-11-10 226 Art Tucker 13-0-1
Felt Forum, New York City, New York, United States L PTS 8 8
1988-05-18 225 Derek Williams 234 10-1-0
Guild Hall, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom L KO 4
1987-07-31 226 Ron Baskin 232 0-0-0
Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 6
~ time: 0:32 ~
Single left hook does the trick for Young.
1987-06-27 220 Matthew Joseph 225 0-1-0
Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 6
~ time: 1:47 ~
1987-05-16 219 Jose Ribalta 238 25-4-1
Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States L UD 10 10
~ 91-99 | 92-98 | 93-97 ~
1986-07-19 217 Gary Mason 11-0-0
Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, United Kingdom L TKO 5
1986-06-17 214½ James Tillis 209½ 31-9-0
Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States L KO 8 10
1986-03-19 211 Terry Anderson 212½ 9-0-0
Egypt Shrine Temple, Tampa, Florida, United States L KO 3
~ time: 1:49 | referee: Brian Garry ~
1985-12-27 206¾ Mike Tyson 219 14-0-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States L TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1985-10-30 203 Mike Cohen 17-7-0
Charleston, South Carolina, United States L KO 3
1985-08-29 210 Danny Sutton 24-9-0
Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States NC NC 10
1985-06-21 Roscoe Patterson 0-0-0
North Carolina, United States W PTS 6 6
1985-06-08 209 Trent Surratt 2-5-0
Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States W TKO 1
1985-05-22 230 Joey Parker 2-1-0
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States L TKO 2
1985-04-19 Herman Fletcher 0-0-0
Forest City, North Carolina, United States W KO 2
1985-02-15 Tiger Turner 0-0-0
North Carolina, United States W PTS 8 8
1984-11-17 Ray Graham 0-0-0
Laurens, South Carolina, United States W KO 2
1984-10-30 211¾ Bert Cooper 190 1-0-0
Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L
TKO 2 4
~ time: 2:18 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1984-08-24 212 Mike Acey 207 3-0-0
Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States L KO 3
1984-05-22 Bernard Benton 188 13-1-1
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States L TKO 2
1984-03-04 Maurice Moore 3-5-0
Hickory, North Carolina, United States W PTS 4 4
1983-11-22 John Halston 0-0-0
South Carolina, United States W PTS 4 4
1983-09-24 Leonard Byars 0-1-0
North Carolina, United States W KO 2
1983-06-12 Maurice Moore 2-4-0
Hickory, North Carolina, United States L PTS 6 6
verified unverified unsanctioned
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boxer: Jimmy Young
Global ID 276
sex male
birth date 1948-11-16
death date 2005-02-20
division heavyweight
nationality United States
residence Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
stance orthodox
height 6′ 2″
won 34 (KO 11) + lost 19 (KO 2) + drawn 2 = 56
rounds boxed 449 : KO% 19.64
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1988-08-13 Frank Lux 16-27-0
Saint Joseph, Missouri, United States W TKO 10 10
1988-06-04 216½ Tim Anderson 199 21-9-0
Lee County Civic Center, Fort Myers, Florida, United States L SD 10
10
1988-04-09 Rick Kellar 15-21-2
Joplin, Missouri, United States W UD 10 10
1987-08-09 Mike Jameson 14-15-0
Ibirapuera Stadium, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil NC NC 2
Referee decreed both fighters "faking"
1987-01-07 214 Eddie Richardson 215 11-6-0
Community Center, Tucson, Arizona, United States L SD 10 10
~ judge: Robert Ferrara 95-96 | judge: Gerald Maltz 95-96 | judge:
Joe Garcia 97-94 ~
1986-10-15 Chuck Gardner 16-10-0
Hamel, Minnesota, United States L PTS 8 8
1986-03-12 216 Rocky Sekorski 214 16-4-0
Metropolitan Sports Center, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States W
MD 10 10
~ judge: Chuck Holes 97-95 | judge: George Reiter Jr. 97-94 | judge:
Denny Nelson 97-97 ~
1986-01-20 Rocky Sekorski 16-3-0
Marshall, Minnesota, United States W UD 10 10
1985-11-01 Tony Fulilangi 27-1-1
Phoenix, Arizona, United States L PTS 10 10
1984-09-22 223½ Tony Tucker 212 25-0-0
Gerald R Ford Fieldhouse, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States L UD
10 10
1983-04-10 Tony Tubbs 222 14-0-0
Hilton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States L UD 10 10
1982-08-28 Philipp Brown 20-0-2
Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States L PTS 10 10
1982-07-13 228 Pat Cuillo 190¼ 20-5-0
Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L
PTS 10 10
1982-05-02 226½ Greg Page 229½ 18-0-0
Playboy Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L UD
12 12
~ referee: Vincent Rainone 53-55 | judge: Charley Spina 53-56 |
judge: Frank Brunette 53-57 ~
~ USBA heavyweight title ~
1981-11-06 Tom Franco Thomas 24-2-0
Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States W UD 10 10
1981-09-26 218 Tom Fischer 214½ 30-6-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W PTS 10 10
1981-07-10 216½ Jeff Sims 206½ 12-1-0
Auditorium, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States W SD 10 10
~ referee: Eddie Eckert 97-95 | judge: Al Fox 96-98 | judge: Dave
Kyser 97-95 ~
1981-06-30 219 Marvin Stinson 208 12-1-3
Sands Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W UD 10
10
~ 8-2 | 7-1 | 7-2 ~
1981-04-10 Gordon Racette 25-0-0
Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada W TKO 10 10
1980-05-25 223 Gerry Cooney 224½ 22-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L TKO 4
10
~ referee: Tony Perez ~
A cut over Young's left eye, led to a stoppage at the end of the 4th
round.
1980-03-08 232½ Don Halpin 221 5-8-0
Great Gorge Resort, McAfee, New Jersey, United States W TKO 2
1979-12-04 John Louis Gardner 30-1-0
Empire Pool, Wembley, London, United Kingdom W PTS 10 10x3
1979-09-28 229 Michael Dokes 213 14-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L UD 10 10
1979-06-22 237 Wendell Bailey 13-1-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 3
10
~ time: 2:37 | referee: ~
Bailey was down once in the 3rd round.
1979-01-27 Ossie Ocasio 12-0-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico L UD 10 10
~ referee: Waldemar Schmidt 95-97 | judge: Cesar Ramos 95-97 | judge:
Ismael Quinones Falu 95-97 ~
1978-06-09 220 Ossie Ocasio 205 11-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 10 10
~ judge: Dave Moretti 47-43 | judge: Bill Kipp 45-46 | judge: Ron
Tabot 44-46 ~
1977-11-05 213 Ken Norton 215½ 39-4-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 15 15
~ referee: Carlos Padilla | judge: Jimmy Rondeau 143-147 | judge: Art
Lurie 144-142 | judge: Raymond Baldeyrou 143-147 ~
Eliminator for WBC Heavyweight Title
Shortly after this fight, Norton was awarded the WBC title as Leon
Spinks chose to defend against Muhammad Ali instead of Norton, who was
their #1 contender
1977-09-14 213 Jody Ballard 206 25-9-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 10 10
~ judge: Art Lurie 47-41 | judge: Harold Buck 47-42 | judge: Dave
Moretti 47-42 ~
1977-03-17 213 George Foreman 229 45-1-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico W UD 12 12
~ referee: Waldemar Schmidt | judge: Ismael W. Fernandez 115-114 |
judge: Cesar Ramos 116-112 | judge: Waldemar Schmidt 118-111 ~
1976-11-06 210½ Ron Lyle 215 32-4-1
Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, California, United States W UD 12
12
~ referee: Rudy Ortega 119-111 | judge: Jack Downey 117-111 | judge:
Elmer Costa 119-112 ~
1976-09-11 205 Mike Boswell 204 13-19-0
Utica Memorial Auditorium, Utica, New York, United States W TKO 4
10
~ time: 2:34 ~
1976-09-02 211 Lou Rogan 193 13-7-0
Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W TKO 2 10
1976-04-30 209 Muhammad Ali 230 50-2-0
Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States L UD 15 15
~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 68-70 | judge: Terry
Moore 64-71 | judge: Tom Kelly 65-72 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-02-20 Jose Roman 46-13-2
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico W PTS 10 10
1975-11-11 Memphis Al Jones 10-23-2
Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W TKO 2 10
~ time: 2:27 ~
1975-08-16 Bobby Lloyd 6-10-1
Catholic Youth Center, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States W KO
7
1975-02-11 Ron Lyle 218 30-1-1
International Center Arena, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States W UD 10
10
~ referee: Walter Cho 49-42 | judge: Gilbert Souza 48-43 | judge:
Wilbert Minn 50-44 ~
1974-11-26 200½ Earnie Shavers 208 46-4-0
Capitol Center, Landover, Maryland, United States D PTS 10 10
1974-07-06 Jose Luis Garcia 28-5-1
Caracas, Venezuela W PTS 10 10
1974-04-22 199¾ Les Stevens 194 17-3-0
World Sporting Club, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom W PTS 10 10x3
1974-03-04 John Jordan 14-7-3
Capital Centre Arena, Landover, Maryland, United States W PTS 6 6
1974-02-18 199½ Richard Dunn 214 26-6-0
Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom W KO 8 10x3
1973-10-22 Billy Aird 14-7-2
Grosvenor House (World Sporting Club), Mayfair, London, United
Kingdom D PTS 8 8x3
1973-08-14 203 Mike Boswell 195 13-13-0
Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W PTS 6
6
1973-04-23 205 Obie English 205 8-1-0
Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W PTS 6 6
1973-02-19 199 Earnie Shavers 209 42-2-0
Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States L TKO 3 10
~ time: 2:59 | judge: Carol Polis ~
1972-03-10 196 Randy Neuman 208 18-1-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States L PTS
10 10
1972-02-11 202 Jasper Evans 203 4-3-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W PTS 6
6
1971-10-26 196 Lou Hicks 189 10-18-0
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W PTS 8 8
1971-09-27 Andy Geiger 0-0-0
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W KO 1
~ time: 2:06 ~
1971-02-22 Roy Williams 10-2-0
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States L PTS 4 4
1970-11-24 Howard Darlington 1-10-1
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W PTS 6 6
1970-06-22 Jimmy Gilmore 5-11-0
San Diego, California, United States W PTS 4 4
1970-04-03 185 Clay Hodges 199 1-0-0
Coliseum, San Diego, California, United States L PTS 6 6
1969-12-09 Johnny Gause 2-1-0
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W PTS 6 6
1969-10-28 191 Jim Jones 190 11-1-1
Blue Horizon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States W KO 1 4
~ time: 1:02 ~
verified unverified unsanctioned
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> > >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight......)
Markku Grönroos
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Mike Tyson VS Mark Young and Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young based on
information of boxrec
Quotation from boxrec
Mike Tyson VS Mark Young
Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young
1985-12-27 219 Mark Young 206¾ 8-6-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1976-04-30 230 Jimmy Young 209 17-4-2
Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 70-68 | judge: Terry
Moore 71-64 | judge: Tom Kelly 72-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=474&cat=boxer
http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=180&cat=boxer
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boxer: Mike Tyson
Global ID 474
sex male
birth date 1966-06-30
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias Iron
residence Phoenix, Arizona, United States
birth place Brooklyn, NY, USA
birth name Michael Gerard Tyson
stance orthodox
height 5′ 10″
reach 71“
US ID NV011956
won 50 (KO 44) + lost 6 (KO 5) + drawn 0 = 58
rounds boxed 217 : KO% 75.86
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
2005-06-11 233 Kevin McBride 271 32-4-1
MCI Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States L TKO 6
10
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Steve Rados 57-55 |
judge: Tammye Jenkins 57-55 | judge: Paul Artisst 55-57 ~
2004-07-30 233 Danny Williams 265 31-3-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States L
KO 4 10
~ time: 2:51 | referee: Dennis Alfred | judge: Dan McLellan | judge:
Johnny Monson | judge: Steve Ryan ~
2003-02-22 225¾ Clifford Etienne 222¾ 24-1-1
The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 0:49 | referee: Bill Clancy ~
2002-06-08 234 Lennox Lewis 249¼ 39-2-1
The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, United States L KO 8 12
~ time: 2:25 | referee: Eddie Cotton | judge: Alfred Buqwana | judge:
Anek Hongtongkam | judge: Bob Logist ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
~ IBO heavyweight title ~
2001-10-13 239¾ Brian Nielsen 259¾ 62-1-0
Parken, Copenhagen, Denmark W RTD 7 10
~ referee: Steve Smoger | judge: Marty Denkin | judge: Erkki Meronen
| judge: Daniel Van de Wiele ~
2000-10-20 222 Andrew Golota 240 36-4-0
The Palace, Auburn Hills, Michigan, United States NC NC 3 10
~ referee: Frank Garza | judge: Brad Wright | judge: Bernard Teachout
| judge: Rosemary Grable ~
Golota down in 1st. Michigan Commission changes the result from a TKO
after 2 for Tyson to an NC, due to Tyson testing positive for
marijuana after the fight.
2000-06-24 225 Lou Savarese 241¼ 39-3-0
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom W TKO 1 10x3
~ time: 0:38 | referee: John Coyle ~
2000-01-29 223½ Julius Francis 244½ 21-7-0
M.E.N. Arena, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom W TKO 2 10x3
~ time: 1:03 | referee: Roy Francis ~
Francis down twice in the 1st and three times in the 2nd.
1999-10-23 223 Orlin Norris 218 50-5-0
MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States NC NC 1 10
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Richard Steele ~
1999-01-16 223 Francois Botha 233¾ 39-1-0
1990-12-08 217¾ Alex Stewart 218 26-1-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
10
~ time: 2:27 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1990-06-16 217 Henry Tillman 215 20-4-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 2:47 | referee: Richard Steele ~
1990-02-11 220½ James Buster Douglas 231½ 29-4-1
Tokyo Dome, Tokyo, Japan L KO 10 12
~ referee: Octavio Meyran | judge: Larry Rozadilla 82-88 | judge: Ken
Morita 87-86 | judge: Masakazu Uchida 86-86 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1989-07-21 219¼ Carl Williams 218 22-2-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
12
~ time: 1:33 | referee: Randy Neumann | judge: Richard F. Murry |
judge: Chuck Giampa | judge: Rocky Castellani ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1989-02-25 218 Frank Bruno 228 32-2-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 5 12
~ time: 2:55 | referee: Richard Steele | judge: Jerry Roth 40-35 |
judge: Omar Minton 40-34 | judge: Rodolfo Maldonado 40-34 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
Bruno penalized one point in the 1st for holding and he was also
dropped in the 1st.
1988-06-27 218¼ Michael Spinks 212¼ 31-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO 1
12
~ time: 1:31 | referee: Frank Cappuccino | judge: Eva Shain | judge:
John Stewart | judge: Rocky Castellani ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1988-03-21 216¼ Tony Tubbs 238¼ 24-1-0
Tokyo Dome, Tokyo, Japan W TKO 2 12
~ time: 2:54 | referee: Arthur Mercante | judge: Larry Rozadilla 9-10
| judge: Ken Morita 10-10 | judge: Masakazu Uchida 10-9 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1988-01-22 215¾ Larry Holmes 225¾ 48-2-0
Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 4
12
~ time: 2:55 | referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Charley Spina 29-28 |
judge: Nicasio L. Drake 30-27 | judge: Rudy Ortega 29-28 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-10-16 216 Tyrell Biggs 228¾ 15-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 7
12
~ time: 2:59 | referee: Tony Orlando | judge: Al Wilensky 60-54 |
judge: John Stewart 60-54 | judge: Frank Brunette 60-52 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-08-01 221 Tony Tucker 221 35-0-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Julio Roldan 118-113 | judge: Phil
Newman 119-111 | judge: Bill Graham 117-112 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
~ IBF heavyweight title ~
1987-05-30 218¾ Pinklon Thomas 217¾ 29-1-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 6 12
~ time: 2:00 | referee: Carlos Padilla | judge: Dalby Shirley 49-46 |
judge: Gordon Volkman 50-44 | judge: Harry Gibbs 49-46 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1987-03-07 219 James "Bonecrusher" Smith 233 19-5-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Mills Lane | judge: Lou Tabat 120-106 | judge: Dalby
Shirley 119-107 | judge: Jose Juan Guerra 119-107 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1986-11-22 221¼ Trevor Berbick 218½ 31-4-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 2 12
~ time: 2:35 | referee: Mills Lane | judge: Harry Gibbs 10-8 | judge:
Dave Moretti 10-9 | judge: Rudy Ortega 10-9 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
Berbick knocked down twice in round 2. After trying to rise from the
second knockdown he fell another two times.
1986-09-06 221½ Alonzo Ratliff 201 21-3-0
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 2 10
~ time: 1:41 ~
1986-08-17 213 Jose Ribalta 211½ 23-3-1
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 10
10
~ referee: Rudy Battle ~
Ribalta down in 2nd, 8th, and 10th.
1986-07-26 217 Marvis Frazier 210½ 16-1-0
Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 0:30 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1986-07-11 219¾ Lorenzo Boyd 198¼ 14-5-0
Stevensville Hotel, Swan Lake, New York, United States W KO 2 10
~ time: 1:43 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1986-06-28 217 William Hosea 215 12-3-0
Rensselaer P.I., Troy, New York, United States W KO 1 10
~ time: 2:03 | referee: Harry Papacaralambolous ~
1986-06-13 217 Reggie Gross 218 17-4-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 1
10
~ referee: Johnny LoBianco ~
1986-05-20 215¼ Mitch Green 225 16-1-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 10
10
~ referee: Luis Rivera | 8-2 | 9-1 | 9-1 ~
1986-05-03 215 James Tillis 207¾ 31-8-0
Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York, United States W UD 10 10
~ referee: Joe Cortez | judge: Bernie Friedkin 6-4 | judge: Al Reid
6-4 | judge: Tony Moret 8-2 ~
Tillis down in 4th.
1986-03-10 220½ Steve Zouski 210 25-9-0
Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, New York, United States W KO 3 10
~ time: 2:39 | referee: Arthur Mercante ~
1986-02-16 217 Jesse Ferguson 211¾ 14-1-0
Rensselaer P.I., Troy, New York, United States W TKO 6 10
~ time: 1:19 | referee: Luis Rivera ~
Ferguson, while down in 5th, was disqualified for excessive holding.
However the official result given by the New York State Athletic
Commission is a TKO.
1986-01-24 215 Mike Jameson 236¼ 14-9-0
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 5
8
~ time: 0:46 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
Jameson down in 4th and 5th
1986-01-11 217 David Jaco 210 19-5-0
Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1
10
~ time: 2:16 ~
Jaco was down three times, triggering the three knockdown rule
1985-12-27 219 Mark Young 206¾ 8-6-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1985-12-06 215 Sammy Scaff 250 13-6-0
Felt Forum, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
~ time: 1:19 | referee: Fred Ucci | judge: Bill Graham | judge:
Bernie Friedkin | judge: Eva Shain ~
1985-11-22 221 Conroy Nelson 216 15-7-2
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 2
1985-11-13 219 Eddie Richardson 212 10-2-0
Houston, Texas, United States W KO 1
~ time: 1:17 | referee: Barry Yeats ~
1985-11-01 221 Sterling Benjamin 227 4-6-1
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1
~ time: 0:54 ~
1985-10-25 217 Robert Colay 224¼ 8-5-1
Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W
KO 1 8
~ time: 0:37 | referee: Ted Pick ~
1985-10-09 215¾ Donnie Long 215¾ 15-3-0
Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 1
6
~ time: 1:28 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
Long down three times
1985-09-05 219½ Michael Johnson 196 11-5-0
Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W
KO 1 6
~ time: 0:39 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1985-08-15 213½ Lorenzo Canady 203½ 3-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO
1 6
~ time: 1:05 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1985-07-19 217¼ Larry Sims 217 3-16-3
Mid-Hudson Civic Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, United States W KO 3
6
~ time: 2:04 | referee: Joe Cortez ~
1985-07-11 215¾ John Alderson 226½ 3-0-0
Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W TKO 2
6
~ referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1985-06-20 217 Ricardo Spain 184½ 1-0-0
Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W KO
1 6
~ time: 0:39 | referee: Joe O'Neil ~
Spain down twice
1985-05-23 212 Don Halpin 212 9-18-0
Albany, New York, United States W KO 4 4
1985-04-10 214¼ Trent Singleton 198½ 1-3-0
Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1 4
1985-03-06 214 Hector Mercedes 199¾ 0-2-0
Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York, United States W TKO 1 4
~ time: 1:47 | referee: Luis Rivera ~
Pro debut for Tyson
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Register | 5 Star editors
boxer: Muhammad Ali
Global ID 180
sex male
birth date 1942-01-17
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias The Greatest
residence Louisville, Kentucky, United States
birth place Louisville,Kentucky
birth name Cassius Marcellus Clay
stance orthodox
height 6′ 3″
reach 80“
won 56 (KO 37) + lost 5 (KO 1) + drawn 0 = 61
rounds boxed 550 : KO% 60.66
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1981-12-11 236¼ Trevor Berbick 218 19-2-1
Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre, Nassau, Bahamas L UD 10 10
~ referee: Zach Clayton | judge: Alonzo Butler 94-97 | judge: Jay
Edson 94-99 | judge: Clyde Gray 94-99 ~
1980-10-02 217½ Larry Holmes 211½ 35-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L RTD 10 15
~ time: 3:00 | referee: Richard Greene | judge: Chuck Minker 90-100 |
judge: Duane Ford 89-100 | judge: Richard Steele 90-100 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
1978-09-15 221 Leon Spinks 201 7-0-1
Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Lucien Joubert 10-4 | judge: Ernie Cojoe 10-4 | judge:
Herman Preis 11-4 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Attendance: 63,350.
On September 6, 1979 Ali announced his retirement, and the WBA title
was declared vacant.
1978-02-15 224¼ Leon Spinks 197¼ 6-0-1
Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 15 15
~ referee: Davey Pearl | judge: Lou Tabat 140-145 | judge: Harold
Buck 141-144 | judge: Art Lurie 143-142 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Spinks was stripped of the WBC title as he chose to defend against
Muhammad Ali instead of Ken Norton, who was their #1 contender
1978 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1977-09-29 225 Earnie Shavers 211¼ 54-5-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 15
15
~ referee: Johnny LoBianco 9-5 | judge: Eva Shain 9-6 | judge: Tony
Castellano 9-6 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Eva Shain becomes the First Woman to Judge a World Heavyweight
Championship Fight.
1977-05-16 221¼ Alfredo Evangelista 209¼ 14-1-1
Capitol Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Harry Cecchini 71-65 | judge: Terry Moore 72-64 | judge:
Ray Klingmeyer 72-64 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-09-28 221 Ken Norton 217½ 37-3-0
Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante 8-6 | judge: Harold Lederman 8-7 | judge:
Barney Smith 8-7 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-05-24 220 Richard Dunn 206½ 33-9-0
Olympiahalle, Munich, Bayern, Germany W TKO 5 15
~ time: 2:05 | referee: Herbert Tomser ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-04-30 230 Jimmy Young 209 17-4-2
Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 70-68 | judge: Terry
Moore 71-64 | judge: Tom Kelly 72-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1976-02-20 226 Jean-Pierre Coopman 206 24-3-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico W KO 5 15
~ time: 2:46 | referee: Ismael Quinones Falu ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-10-01 224½ Joe Frazier 215 32-2-0
Araneta Coliseum, Quezon City, National Capital Region, Philippines W
RTD 14 15
~ referee: Carlos Padilla 66-60 | judge: Larry Nadayag 66-62 | judge:
Alfredo Quiazon 67-62 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Fight known as "The Thrilla in Manila"
1975 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1975-06-30 224½ Joe Bugner 230 51-6-1
Merdeka Stadium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia W UD 15 15
~ referee: Takeo Ugo 73-67 | judge: Ken Brady 72-65 | judge: Suthee
Prom Jara 73-65 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-05-16 224½ Ron Lyle 219 30-2-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 11 15
~ time: 1:08 | referee: Ferd Hernandez | judge: Bill Kipp 43-49 |
judge: Art Lurie 45-46 | judge: John Mangriciana 46-46 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1975-03-24 223½ Chuck Wepner 225 30-9-2
Richfield Coliseum, Richfield, Ohio, United States W TKO 15 15
~ time: 2:41 | referee: Tony Perez | judge: Jackie Keough 136-129 |
judge: Sam Taormina 138-129 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Ali down in the 9th.
1974-10-30 216½ George Foreman 220 40-0-0
Stade du 20 Mai, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Of The Congo W KO 8
15
~ time: 2:58 | referee: Zach Clayton | judge: Nourridine Adalla 70-67
| judge: James Taylor 69-66 | judge: Zach Clayton 68-66 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Scorecards in rounds: Zach Clayton 4-2-1 Ali, Nourridine Adalla 3-0-4
Ali, and James Taylor 4-1-2 Ali
1974-01-28 212 Joe Frazier 209 30-1-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 12
12
~ referee: Tony Perez 6-5 | judge: Tony Castellano 7-4 | judge: Jack
Gordon 8-4 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1973-10-20 217½ Rudi Lubbers 196 21-1-0
Senayan Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia W UD 12 12
~ referee: Enrique Jimenez | judge: Lim Ti Chan 60-45 | judge: Leon
Johannes 59-42 | judge: Carl Schneider 60-42 ~
1973-09-10 212 Ken Norton 205 30-1-0
Forum, Inglewood, California, United States W SD 12 12
~ referee: Dick Young 7-5 | judge: John Thomas 6-5 | judge: George
Latka 5-6 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1973-03-31 221 Ken Norton 210 29-1-0
Sports Arena, San Diego, California, United States L SD 12 12
~ referee: Frank Rustich 4-7 | judge: Hal Rickard 4-5 | judge: Fred
Hayes 6-5 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Ali suffered a broken jaw during this bout.
(Pictures)
1973-02-14 217¼ Joe Bugner 219 43-4-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 12 12
~ 57-54 | 56-53 | 57-52 ~
1972-11-21 221¼ Bob Foster 180 49-5-0
Sahara-Tahoe Hotel, Stateline, Nevada, United States W KO 8 12
~ referee: Mills Lane ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Foster was knocked down four times in the 5th, twice in the 7th, and
for the count in the 8th.
1972-09-20 218 Floyd Patterson 188½ 55-7-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 7
15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante 6-1 | judge: Jack Gordon 4-2 | judge: Tony
Castellano 3-3 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Fight stopped on cuts and swelling around Patterson's eyes
1972-07-19 217½ Alvin Lewis 223½ 26-4-0
Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland W TKO 11 12
~ time: 1:15 | referee: Lew Eskin ~
Lewis was floored in round 5
1972-06-27 216½ Jerry Quarry 198 43-5-4
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 7 12
~ time: 0:19 | referee: Mike Kaplan ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1972-05-01 217½ George Chuvalo 221 66-17-2
Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada W UD 12 12
~ referee: Dave Brown 59-51 | judge: Tommy Paonessa 60-46 | judge:
Tommy Keyes 58-51 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
1972-04-01 226 Mac Foster 211¼ 28-1-0
Nihon Budokan, Tokyo, Japan W UD 15 15
~ referee: J.E. Crowder 73-65 | judge: Takeo Ugo 75-67 | judge:
Hiroyuki Tezaki 74-66 ~
1971-12-26 220 Juergen Blin 198 28-8-6
Hallenstadion Arena, Zurich, Switzerland W KO 7 12
~ time: 2:12 | referee: Seth Serta | judge: Ted Waltham ~
1971-11-17 227 Buster Mathis 256 29-2-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W UD 12 12
~ referee: Chris Jordan 118-105 | judge: Ernie Taylor 118-104 |
judge: Earl Keel 119-108 ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Mathis was knocked down twice in the 11th, and twice more in the 12th.
1971-07-26 220½ Jimmy Ellis 189 30-6-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W TKO 12 12
~ time: 2:10 | referee: Jay Edson | judge: Earl Keel | judge: Ernie
Taylor ~
~ vacant NABF heavyweight title ~
1971-03-08 215 Joe Frazier 205½ 26-0-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States L UD 15
15
~ referee: Arthur Mercante | judge: Artie Aidala 6-9 | judge: Bill
Recht 4-11 | judge: Arthur Mercante 6-8 ~
~ WBC heavyweight title ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1970-12-07 212 Oscar Bonavena 204 46-6-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO
15 15
~ time: 2:03 | referee: Mark Conn | judge: Joe Eppy | judge: Jack
Bloom ~
~ NABF heavyweight title ~
Bonavena knocked down three times in the 15th, forcing an automatic
stoppage. Scoring at the time of the stoppage: 12-2, 10-3-1, 8-5-1 all
for Ali.
1970-10-26 213½ Jerry Quarry 197½ 37-4-4
City Auditorium, Atlanta, Georgia, United States W TKO 3 15
~ referee: Tony Perez | judge: Lew Eskin | judge: Bill Graham ~
Fight stopped due to Quarry cut.
1967-03-22 211½ Zora Folley 202½ 74-7-4
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W KO 7
15
~ time: 1:48 | referee: Johnny LoBianco | judge: Frank Forbes |
judge: Tony Castellano ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
Due to legal troubles, Ali would not fight for the next three years.
He officially retired on 1970-02-01 to allow the winner of the
upcoming Joe Frazier-Jimmy Ellis unification bout to be considered the
undisputed champion
1967-02-06 212¼ Ernie Terrell 212¼ 38-4-0
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W UD 15 15
~ referee: Harry Kessler 148-137 | judge: Jimmy Webb 148-133 | judge:
Ernie Taylor 148-137 ~
~ WBA heavyweight title ~
1966-11-14 212¾ Cleveland Williams 210½ 65-5-1
Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States W TKO 3 15
~ referee: Harry Kessler ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-09-10 204¼ Karl Mildenberger 195 49-2-3
Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany W TKO 12 15
~ referee: Teddy Waltham | judge: Herr Olert | judge: Nat Fleischer ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-08-06 209½ Brian London 201½ 35-13-0
Earls Court Arena, Kensington, London, United Kingdom W KO 3 15x3
~ referee: Harry Gibbs ~
World Heavyweight Title
1966-05-21 201½ Henry Cooper 188 33-11-1
Arsenal Football Stadium, Highbury, London, United Kingdom W TKO 6
15x3
~ time: 1:38 | referee: George Smith ~
World Heavyweight Title
A bad cut over Cooper's left eye forced stoppage.
1966-03-29 214½ George Chuvalo 216 34-11-2
Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada W UD 15 15
~ referee: Jackie Silvers 73-65 | judge: Tony Canzano 74-63 | judge:
Jackie Johnstone 74-62 ~
World Heavyweight Title
1965-11-22 210 Floyd Patterson 196¾ 43-4-0
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W TKO 12 15
~ time: 2:18 | referee: Harold Krause 53-46 | judge: Harold Buck
54-45 | judge: Bill Stremmell 53-43 ~
World Heavyweight Title
1965-05-25 206 Sonny Liston 215¼ 35-2-0
St. Dominic's Hall, Lewiston, Maine, United States W KO 1 15
~ time: 2:12 | referee: Jersey Joe Walcott | judge: Coley Wallace |
judge: Russ Leonard | judge: Joe Colvin ~
World Heavyweight Title
Attendance: 2,434
1964-02-25 210½ Sonny Liston 218 35-1-0
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W RTD 7 15
~ referee: Barney Felix 57-57 | judge: Bernie Lovett 56-58 | judge:
Gus Jacobson 58-56 ~
World Heavyweight Title
Liston retires on his stool citing an injured shoulder
After this fight Cassius Clay changed his name to Muhammad X and then
Muhammad Ali. ~
1964 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1963-06-18 207 Henry Cooper 185½ 27-8-1
Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, United Kingdom W TKO 5 10x3
~ time: 2:15 | referee: Tommy Little ~
Clay was knocked down in the 4th round. Cooper was stopped on cuts the
following round.
1963-03-13 202½ Doug Jones 188 21-3-1
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W UD 10
10
~ referee: Joe LoScalzo 8-1 | judge: Frank Forbes 5-4 | judge: Artie
Aidala 5-4 ~
1963 Fight of the Year - Ring Magazine
1963-01-24 205 Charley Powell 214 23-6-3
Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States W KO 3
~ time: 2:04 | referee: Ernie Sesto ~
1962-11-15 204 Archie Moore 191 184-22-11
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W TKO 4 12
~ time: 1:35 | referee: Tommy Hart ~
~ Moore was knocked down three times in the 4th. ~
1962-07-20 199 Alejandro Lavorante 208 19-3-0
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W KO 5 10
~ time: 1:48 ~
1962-05-19 196 Billy Daniels 189 16-0-0
St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 7
10
~ time: 2:21 | referee: Mark Conn ~
Daniels got cut in the second round which eventually stopped the
fight.
1962-04-23 196½ George Logan 205 22-7-1
Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, United States W TKO 4 10
~ time: 1:34 | referee: Lee Grossman ~
1962-03-28 195 Don Warner 189½ 12-6-2
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 4
~ time: 0:34 ~
1962-02-10 194½ Sonny Banks 191¼ 10-2-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 4
10
~ time: 0:26 | referee: Ruby Goldstein | judge: Frank Forbes | judge:
Joe Agnello ~
~ Clay was knocked down in the 1st round, Banks was knocked down in
the 2nd. ~
1961-11-29 193 Willi Besmanoff 205¼ 44-27-7
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
TKO 7 10
~ time: 1:55 | referee: Don Asbury ~
~ Besmanoff was knocked down twice in the 7th. ~
1961-10-07 188 Alex Miteff 210 25-10-1
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
TKO 6 10
~ time: 1:45 | referee: Don Asbury ~
1961-07-22 192½ Alonzo Johnson 189 18-7-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
UD 10 10
~ referee: Don Asbury 50-44 | judge: Warwick Edwards 48-45 | judge:
Walter Beck 48-47 ~
1961-06-26 194½ Duke Sabedong 225 15-11-1
Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 10 10
1961-04-19 192½ LaMar Clark 181½ 44-2-0
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
KO 2 10
~ time: 1:27 ~
1961-02-21 190 Donnie Fleeman 184 35-11-1
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 7 8
1961-02-07 193½ Jimmy Robinson 177 1-2-0
Convention Hall, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 8
~ time: 1:34 ~
Robinson was a last minute substitute for Willie Guelat, who failed to
appear.
1961-01-17 195 Tony Esperti 197 9-6-2
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W TKO 3 8
~ time: 1:30 ~
1960-12-27 193 Herb Siler 191 1-1-0
Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 4 8
1960-10-29 192 Tunney Hunsaker 186 15-9-1
Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky, United States W
UD 6 6
~ referee: Paul Matchuny | judge: Sidney Baer | judge: Walter Beck ~
Pro debut for Olympic Light Heavyweight Goldmedallist Cassius Clay.
verified unverified unsanctioned
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boxer: Mark Young
Global ID 1557
sex male
birth date 1963-12-30
division heavyweight
nationality United States
alias The Storm
residence Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
birth place Charlotte, NC
birth name Mark Anthony Young
stance orthodox
height 6′ 1″
reach 72“
won 14 (KO 9) + lost 37 (KO 22) + drawn 1 = 53
rounds boxed 261 : KO% 16.98
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1999-10-08 242 George Kandelaki 228 10-0-0
Tbilisi, Georgia L KO 2
1997-12-13 251 Fred Westgeest 231 11-0-0
Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L PTS 6 6
1997-08-30 239 Rene Monse 3-0-0
Berlin, Germany L PTS 6 6
1997-04-12 234¼ Wladimir Klitschko 5-0-0
Eurogress, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L RTD 2 6
~ time: 3:00 ~
1997-02-09 Cody Koch 13-0-0
Anchorage, Alaska, United States L KO 2
1996-08-08 237 Hasim Rahman 234 16-0-0
Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States L TKO 3
1996-04-06 235 Donald Gray 246 1-9-0
Fayetteville Armory, Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States W
TKO 2 6
~ referee: Bill Clancy | judge: Touche Nunn | judge: Al Smith |
judge: Mark Hooks ~
1995-05-12 229 Boone Pultz 220 20-1-0
Show Place Arena, Upper Marlboro, Maryland, United States L UD 10
10
1995-03-25 232½ Zeljko Mavrovic 219 16-0-0
Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany L RTD 5 8
~ time: 3:00 ~
1994-08-26 235 Shannon Briggs 219 18-0-0
Ballys Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United
States L TKO 8
1994-07-20 231 Melton Bowen 215 31-6-0
Raleigh, North Carolina, United States L TKO 4
1994-07-14 232 Christophe Bizot 212 10-1-0
Sporting Club, Monte Carlo, Monaco L PTS 8 8
~ referee: Francis Risani ~
1994-02-26 235 Ken Smith 246 7-2-0
Bristol, Tennessee, United States L PTS 6 6
1994-02-17 235 Danell Nicholson 213 14-1-0
Rialto, Joliet, Illinois, United States L UD 10 10
~ referee: Sean Curtin | judge: William Lerch | judge: Jerry Jakubco
| judge: Mike Glienna ~
1993-11-27 227 Adilson Rodrigues 220½ 50-4-0
1990-05-25 225 Alex Stewart 228½ 24-1-0
Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L TKO 5
10
~ time: 3:00 ~
1989-09-20 212 Art Card 209¾ 7-1-0
War Memorial Auditorium, Rochester, New York, United States L UD 10
10
1989-01-26 231 George Foreman 251 59-2-0
War Memorial Auditorium, Rochester, New York, United States L TKO 7
10
~ time: 1:47 ~
1988-11-10 226 Art Tucker 13-0-1
Felt Forum, New York City, New York, United States L PTS 8 8
1988-05-18 225 Derek Williams 234 10-1-0
Guild Hall, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom L KO 4
1987-07-31 226 Ron Baskin 232 0-0-0
Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 6
~ time: 0:32 ~
Single left hook does the trick for Young.
1987-06-27 220 Matthew Joseph 225 0-1-0
Carillon Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida, United States W KO 1 6
~ time: 1:47 ~
1987-05-16 219 Jose Ribalta 238 25-4-1
Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States L UD 10 10
~ 91-99 | 92-98 | 93-97 ~
1986-07-19 217 Gary Mason 11-0-0
Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, United Kingdom L TKO 5
1986-06-17 214½ James Tillis 209½ 31-9-0
Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States L KO 8 10
1986-03-19 211 Terry Anderson 212½ 9-0-0
Egypt Shrine Temple, Tampa, Florida, United States L KO 3
~ time: 1:49 | referee: Brian Garry ~
1985-12-27 206¾ Mike Tyson 219 14-0-0
Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States L TKO 1 10
~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
1985-10-30 203 Mike Cohen 17-7-0
Charleston, South Carolina, United States L KO 3
1985-08-29 210 Danny Sutton 24-9-0
Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States NC NC 10
1985-06-21 Roscoe Patterson 0-0-0
North Carolina, United States W PTS 6 6
1985-06-08 209 Trent Surratt 2-5-0
Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States W TKO 1
1985-05-22 230 Joey Parker 2-1-0
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States L TKO 2
1985-04-19 Herman Fletcher 0-0-0
Forest City, North Carolina, United States W KO 2
1985-02-15 Tiger Turner 0-0-0
North Carolina, United States W PTS 8 8
1984-11-17 Ray Graham 0-0-0
Laurens, South Carolina, United States W KO 2
1984-10-30 211¾ Bert Cooper 190 1-0-0
Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L
TKO 2 4
~ time: 2:18 | referee: Frank Cappuccino ~
1984-08-24 212 Mike Acey 207 3-0-0
Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States L KO 3
1984-05-22 Bernard Benton 188 13-1-1
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States L TKO 2
1984-03-04 Maurice Moore 3-5-0
Hickory, North Carolina, United States W PTS 4 4
1983-11-22 John Halston 0-0-0
South Carolina, United States W PTS 4 4
1983-09-24 Leonard Byars 0-1-0
North Carolina, United States W KO 2
1983-06-12 Maurice Moore 2-4-0
Hickory, North Carolina, United States L PTS 6 6
verified unverified unsanctioned
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boxer: Jimmy Young
Global ID 276
sex male
birth date 1948-11-16
death date 2005-02-20
division heavyweight
nationality United States
residence Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
stance orthodox
height 6′ 2″
won 34 (KO 11) + lost 19 (KO 2) + drawn 2 = 56
rounds boxed 449 : KO% 19.64
biography
bouts
Lb St Kg date print
date Lb opponent Lb W - L - D last 6 location
1988-08-13 Frank Lux 16-27-0
Saint Joseph, Missouri, United States W TKO 10 10
1988-06-04 216½ Tim Anderson 199 21-9-0
Lee County Civic Center, Fort Myers, Florida, United States L SD 10
10
1988-04-09 Rick Kellar 15-21-2
Joplin, Missouri, United States W UD 10 10
1987-08-09 Mike Jameson 14-15-0
Ibirapuera Stadium, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil NC NC 2
Referee decreed both fighters "faking"
1987-01-07 214 Eddie Richardson 215 11-6-0
Community Center, Tucson, Arizona, United States L SD 10 10
~ judge: Robert Ferrara 95-96 | judge: Gerald Maltz 95-96 | judge:
Joe Garcia 97-94 ~
1986-10-15 Chuck Gardner 16-10-0
Hamel, Minnesota, United States L PTS 8 8
1986-03-12 216 Rocky Sekorski 214 16-4-0
Metropolitan Sports Center, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States W
MD 10 10
~ judge: Chuck Holes 97-95 | judge: George Reiter Jr. 97-94 | judge:
Denny Nelson 97-97 ~
1986-01-20 Rocky Sekorski 16-3-0
Marshall, Minnesota, United States W UD 10 10
1985-11-01 Tony Fulilangi 27-1-1
Phoenix, Arizona, United States L PTS 10 10
1984-09-22 223½ Tony Tucker 212 25-0-0
Gerald R Ford Fieldhouse, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States L UD
10 10
1983-04-10 Tony Tubbs 222 14-0-0
Hilton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States L UD 10 10
1982-08-28 Philipp Brown 20-0-2
Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States L PTS 10 10
1982-07-13 228 Pat Cuillo 190¼ 20-5-0
Tropicana Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L
PTS 10 10
1982-05-02 226½ Greg Page 229½ 18-0-0
Playboy Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L UD
12 12
~ referee: Vincent Rainone 53-55 | judge: Charley Spina 53-56 |
judge: Frank Brunette 53-57 ~
~ USBA heavyweight title ~
1981-11-06 Tom Franco Thomas 24-2-0
Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States W UD 10 10
1981-09-26 218 Tom Fischer 214½ 30-6-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W PTS 10 10
1981-07-10 216½ Jeff Sims 206½ 12-1-0
Auditorium, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States W SD 10 10
~ referee: Eddie Eckert 97-95 | judge: Al Fox 96-98 | judge: Dave
Kyser 97-95 ~
1981-06-30 219 Marvin Stinson 208 12-1-3
Sands Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States W UD 10
10
~ 8-2 | 7-1 | 7-2 ~
1981-04-10 Gordon Racette 25-0-0
Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada W TKO 10 10
1980-05-25 223 Gerry Cooney 224½ 22-0-0
Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States L TKO 4
10
~ referee: Tony Perez ~
A cut over Young's left eye, led to a stoppage at the end of the 4th
round.
1980-03-08 232½ Don Halpin 221 5-8-0
Great Gorge Resort, McAfee, New Jersey, United States W TKO 2
1979-12-04 John Louis Gardner 30-1-0
Empire Pool, Wembley, London, United Kingdom W PTS 10 10x3
1979-09-28 229 Michael Dokes 213 14-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L UD 10 10
1979-06-22 237 Wendell Bailey 13-1-0
Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, United States W TKO 3
10
~ time: 2:37 | referee: ~
Bailey was down once in the 3rd round.
1979-01-27 Ossie Ocasio 12-0-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico L UD 10 10
~ referee: Waldemar Schmidt 95-97 | judge: Cesar Ramos 95-97 | judge:
Ismael Quinones Falu 95-97 ~
1978-06-09 220 Ossie Ocasio 205 11-0-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 10 10
~ judge: Dave Moretti 47-43 | judge: Bill Kipp 45-46 | judge: Ron
Tabot 44-46 ~
1977-11-05 213 Ken Norton 215½ 39-4-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States L SD 15 15
~ referee: Carlos Padilla | judge: Jimmy Rondeau 143-147 | judge: Art
Lurie 144-142 | judge: Raymond Baldeyrou 143-147 ~
Eliminator for WBC Heavyweight Title
Shortly after this fight, Norton was awarded the WBC title as Leon
Spinks chose to defend against Muhammad Ali instead of Norton, who was
their #1 contender
1977-09-14 213 Jody Ballard 206 25-9-0
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States W UD 10 10
~ judge: Art Lurie 47-41 | judge: Harold Buck 47-42 | judge: Dave
Moretti 47-42 ~
1977-03-17 213 George Foreman 229 45-1-0
Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico W UD 12 12
~ referee: Waldemar Schmidt | judge: Ismael W. Fernandez 115-114 |
judge: Cesar Ramos 116-112 | judge: Waldemar Schmidt 118-111 ~
1976-11-06 210½ Ron Lyle 215 32-4-1
1974-11-26 200½ Earnie Shavers 208 46-4-0
Capitol Center, Landover, Maryland, United States D PTS 10 10
1974-07-06 Jose Luis Garcia 28-5-1
Caracas, Venezuela W PTS 10 10
1974-04-22 199¾ Les Stevens 194 17-3-0
World Sporting Club, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom W PTS 10 10x3
1974-03-04 John Jordan 14-7-3
Capital Centre Arena, Landover, Maryland, United States W PTS 6 6
1974-02-18 199½ Richard Dunn 214 26-6-0
verified unverified unsanctioned
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On 9月30æ—¥, ä¸‹å ˆ6時19分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (æˆªæ‹³é “)
> comes from Taekwondo( è·†æ‹³é “) and Karate or karate-do (ç©ºæ‰‹é “):
>
> You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
> and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
> There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
> than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
> of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
> title
> in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
> World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
> weigh class.
>
> A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
> no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
> meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
> martial act they chose to practice.
>
> Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
> Burce Lee
>
> In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> On 9月29æ—¥, ä¸‹å ˆ7時02分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > Â I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason
> > and the need to restore justice in the 1990 incident.
> > It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family.
>
> To whom it many concern:
>
> Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents,
>
> > no one contracted mad cow disease and rabies as a
> > result of combating the predators.
>
> Both police reports and medical reports proved that most predators
> died because of bone fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung
>
> > did lie about their roles in the 1990 incident. Unfortunately,
> > fans of the martial act community also consist of mob and
> > violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past
> > could be the motivation of these criminals and cheaters.
> > The gang also misuse communication system and CCTV technology.
> > They boardcast private message to gang members so that
> > no one can track down the communication line; plus making
> > it more difficult to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key
> > person legally responsible. Â I believe that some of their fans
> > poisoned on me in the past and intentionally delay my trip to
> > N.America for the purpose of obstructing justice. Â
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> Role of Leung in the 1990 incident
>
> Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
> are evil.
>
> > However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
> > been offering girls to many customers in different part of the world for
> > more than 50 years. It is clear that Leung treat these girls as
> > political assets and use them as a leverage for her agenda.
>
> Â Correction or updates:
>
> Lee was a top trianer of the US marine and participated in the
> military> exercise. However, Lee was wounded by Iraqi out of chaos and
> almost
> > killed by the ten Iraqi Republican Guards with bayonets in the 1990
> > incident. Another US marine with last name lee was wounded by either a
> > group of wolves or wild dogs from Africa, I recused him in the 1990
> > incident.]
>
> Â Fortunately, he used the best heavy armour available at the time and
> he passed out most likely because of stress. I did not recall whether
> his last name is Lee or not. I don't remember his relationship
>
> > with the Bruce Lee family. Â Law enforcement agency should refer to the
> > police reports and medical reports in the 1990 incident for more detail.
>
> Sincerely
>
> > Yu Fung Liu
>
> Â Burce Lee is a famous kung fu actor. If Lee is capable of
>
>
>
> > killing any
> > predators with barehanded, I am sure that he would have recorded it
> > and made a
> > movie out of it. Lee probably would have invited thousands of witness
> > and fight
> > the tiger in front of millions of audience. It is an important
> > achievement for
> > kung fu star and athlete, but not for engineer or politican. Liang and
> > Lee's
> > family most likely set up someone else to do the job so that they have
> > an excuse
> > for more children and wife. When it does not work out, it is possible
> > that
> > Lee's fan did everything vicious including using poison to steal merit
> > or
> > work of others. Personally, I did not recall any documentary about
> > Bruce Lee
> > fighting a tiger. I don't care whether Lee killed a tiger in the past.
> > I
> > don't believe anyone should to be put at risk for unnecssary reasons.
>
> > Â Sincerely
>
> > Â Yu Fung Liu
> > Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
>
> > Â There are not any confirm report of black tiger on earth and I doubt
> > its existence. I doubt either Bruce Lee or his children ever killed
> > any
> > tiger in the past. I doubt Lee ( aka Li ) is capable of killing even a
> > dog.
> > However, fan and family members of Li ( aka Lee) did express concern
> > about the
> > killing of tiger with barehanhed at TienChen Building around 1980 and
> > 1990.
>
> > Â If you have any question conerning the correlation among Bengal
> > tiger, Malayan tiger, Siberian tiger, and the Tigris river in Iraq,
> > you
> > should contact the board of trustee or the person entrusted to handle
> > the
> > matter. There are police reports, medical reports, and even DNA record
> > for all
> > the victims and participants including the predators.
>
> > Â Sincerely
>
> >  Yu Fung Liu  On 9月29æ—¥, ä¸‹å ˆ4時57分, mrliu918
> > <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > > I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10
> > > list based on information from boxrec.
> > > Since boxrec did not include all bouts and fight record of the boxers,
> > > ratings of the boxing champions is an important reference only.
>
> > > Quotation:
>
> > > Names of western martial act:
>
> > > boxing 拳擊
> > > Fencing æ“ŠåŠ
> > > Gladiators  角斗士
> > > Wrestling  角力
>
> > > Names of Japanese and Korean martial act:
> > > JudoæŸ”é “
> > > Taekwondoè·†æ‹³é “
> > > kendo å‰£é “
> > > Karate or karate-do ç©ºæ‰‹é “
>
> > > Other martial act
> > > Jeet Kune Do Â æˆªæ‹³é “
>
> > > Names of Chinese martial act
>
> > > Tai chi chuan 太極拳
> > > Nanquan å —æ‹³
> > > 太極拳論
> > > æ¥Šæ° å¤ªæ¥µæ‹³
> > > ç†Šæ° å¤ªæ¥µæ‹³
> > > é™³æ° å¤ªæ¥µæ‹³
> > > é„å 太極拳
> > > è¶™å ¡å¤ªæ¥µæ‹³
> > > å ´æ° å¤ªæž æ‹³
> > > æ¦æ° 太極拳
> > > å™æ° å¤ªæž æ‹³
> > > å ³å®¶è¼ªæ¤…å¤ªæ¥µ
> > > å››å äºŒå¼ å¤ªæž æ‹³
> > > 內家拳
> > > ç¦ éŸ³å¤ªæ¥µ
> > > è‘£æ° å¿«æ‹³
> > > å¤ªæž å‰‘
> > > ä¸åœ‹æ¦è¡“
> > > ä¸åœ‹æ¦è¡“門派
> > > å —æ‹³
> > > 太極
> > > æ¦ç•¶æ´¾
> > > ã€ŠçŽ‹å¾ å —å¢“èªŒéŠ˜ã€‹
>
> > > "Upon the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as
> > > being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
> > > relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
> > > character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
> > > long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
> > > other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
> > > this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
> > > equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
> > > of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
> > > Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
> > > eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
> > > first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
> > > released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
> > > opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
> > > also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
> > > Singapore)."
>
> > > Quotation
>
> > >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight......)
>
> > > World all heavyweight ratings
> > > page: 1 Â | Â 2 Â | Â 3 Â | Â 4 Â | Â 5 Â | Â 6 Â | Â 7 Â | Â 8 Â |
> > > 9 Â | Â 10 Â | Â 11 Â Â Â >> Â Â Â [1004]
> > >  name W - L - D last 6 career stance  residence
> > > Â 1 Muhammad Ali 56 (37) - 5 (1) - 0
> > >  1960-1981 orthodox  Louisville, Kentucky, United States
> > > Â 2 Joe Louis 65 (51) - 3 (2) - 0
> > >  1934-1951 orthodox  Detroit, Michigan, United States
> > > Â 3 Jack Johnson 73 (40) - 13 (7) - 9
> > >  1897-1938 orthodox  Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
> > > Â 4 Floyd Patterson 55 (40) - 8 (5) - 1
> > >  1952-1972 orthodox  Brooklyn, New York, United States
> > > Â 5 Larry Holmes 69 (44) - 6 (1) - 0
> > >  1973-2002 orthodox  Easton, Pennsylvania, United States
> > > Â 6 Harry Wills 81 (51) - 10 (5) - 4
> > >  1911-1932 orthodox  New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
> > > Â 7 Joe Frazier 32 (27) - 4 (3) - 1
> > >  1965-1981 orthodox  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
> > > Â 8 Sam Langford 203 (130) - 47 (9) - 45
> > >  1902-1926 orthodox  Boston, Massachusetts, United States
> > > Â 9 Ezzard Charles 90 (51) - 25 (7) - 1
> > >  1940-1959 orthodox  Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
> > > Â 10 Rocky Marciano 49 (43) - 0 (0) - 0
> > >  1947-1955 orthodox  Brockton, Massachusetts, United States
> > > Â 11 Sonny Liston 50 (39) - 4 (3) - 0
> > >  1953-1970 orthodox  Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
> > > Â 12 George Foreman 76 (68) - 5 (1) - 0
> > >  1969-1997 orthodox  Houston, Texas, United States
> > > Â 13 Mike Tyson 50 (44) - 6 (5) - 0
> > >  1985-2005 orthodox  Phoenix, Arizona, United States
> > > Â 14 Lennox Lewis 41 (32) - 2 (2) - 1
> > >  1989-2003 orthodox  London, United Kingdom
> > > Â 15 Max Schmeling 56 (40) - 10 (5) - 4
> > >  1924-1948 orthodox  Brandenburg, Germany
> > > Â 16 Jimmy Bivins 86 (31) - 25 (5) - 1
> > >  1940-1955 orthodox  Cleveland, Ohio, United States
> > > Â 17 Jack Sharkey 38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
> > >  1924-1936 orthodox  Boston, Massachusetts, United States
> > > Â 18 James J Jeffries 18 (15) - 1 (1) - 2
> > >  1896-1910 orthodox  San Francisco, California, United States
> > > Â 19 Sam McVea 65 (47) - 16 (5) - 10
> > >  1902-1921 orthodox  Oxnard, California, United States
> > > Â 20 Riddick Bowe 42 (33) - 1 (0) - 0
> > >  1989-2005 orthodox  Fort Washington, Maryland, United States
> > > page: 1 Â | Â 2 Â | Â 3 Â | Â 4 Â | Â 5 Â | Â 6 Â | Â 7 Â | Â 8 Â |
> > > 9 Â
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »- éš±è— è¢«å¼•ç”¨æ–‡å— -
>
> - é¡¯ç¤ºè¢«å¼•ç”¨æ–‡å— -
mrliu918
of Japanese Cato and Burce Lee
In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle
of European master and come to his aid. Many
people found it to be offensive and used it as
a propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare
the fighting styles to tactics in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
After all, it is the entertainment business.
Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire
life to cover up his past behavior or for whatever reson,
it is his personal preference and lifesyle.
Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape,
or other permanent identification with the persons he defeated
if the consequence and responsibilities is too much for him
to bear. He deserves equal protection under the American
constitution.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 9月30日, 下午6時19分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> > >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight......)
mrliu918
Quotation from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_countries
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_NATO
Current
Main article: List of current communist states
A map showing states who currently declare themselves to be Marxist-
Leninist. China - People's Republic of China (Zhōnghuá Rénmín
Gònghéguó) (October 1, 1949 -)
Cuba - Republic of Cuba (República de Cuba) (January 1, 1959 -)
North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Choson-minjujuui-
inmin-konghwaguk) (September 9, 1948 -)
Laos - Lao People's Democratic Republic (Sathalanalat Paxathipatai
Paxaxon Lao) (December 2, 1975 -)
Vietnam - Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa
Việt Nam) (July 2, 1976 -)
[edit] Former
A map of countries who declared themselves to be socialist states
under the Marxist-Leninist definition (in the west known as,
"Communist states") at some point in their history. The map uses
present-day borders. Note that not all of these countries were Marxist-
Leninist at the same time. Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (April
27, 1978 - April 18, 1992)
People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore
Socialiste e Shqipërisë) (January 1, 1946 - April 30, 1991)
People's Republic of Angola (República Popular de Angola) (November
11, 1975 - August 27, 1992)
People's Republic of Benin (République Populaire du Bénin) (November
30, 1975 - March 1, 1990)
People's Republic of Bulgaria (Narodna Republika Balgariya)
(September 15, 1946 - December 7, 1990)
People's Republic of the Congo (République Populaire du Congo)
(January 3, 1970 - March 15, 1992)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Československá socialistická
republika) (July 11, 1960 - March 29, 1990)
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (September 10, 1987 - May
27, 1991)
Finnish Democratic Republic (Suomen Kansanvaltainen Tasavalta)
(December 1, 1939 - March 12, 1940)
German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) (October
7, 1949 - October 3, 1990)
Political Committee of National Liberation (Greece) (December 24,
1947 - August 28, 1949)
People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada (March 13, 1979 -
October 25, 1983)
People's Republic of Hungary (Magyar Népköztársaság) (August 20, 1949
- October 23, 1989)
Hungarian Soviet Republic (Magyar Tanácsköztársaság) (March 21 -
August 6, 1919)
Democratic Kampuchea (April 17, 1975 - January 7, 1979)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (January 10, 1979 - September 24,
1993)
Mongolian People's Republic (November 24, 1924 - February 12, 1992)
People's Republic of Mozambique (República Popular de Moçambique)
(June 25, 1975 - December 1, 1990)
People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) (June 28,
1945 - July 19, 1989)
Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România)
(December 30, 1947 - December 22, 1989)
Somali Democratic Republic (Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliya)
(October 20, 1970 - January 26, 1991)
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soyuz Sovetskikh
Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) (December 30, 1922 - December 26,
1991)
Tuvinian People's Republic (Tuva Arat Respublik) (August 14, 1921 -
October 11, 1944)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) (September
2, 1945 - July 2, 1976)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (Jumhūrīyah al-Yaman ad-
Dīmuqrāţīyah ash-Sha'bīyah)(November 30, 1967 - May 22, 1990)
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Socijalistička Federativna
Republika Jugoslavija, Социјалистичка Федеративна Република
Југославија,Socialistična federativna republika Jugoslavija) (November
29, 1943 - April 27, 1992)
現今共產主義國家
現今共產主義國家 國旗 國徽 國名 執政黨 存在時間 備註
越南社會主義共和國 越南共產黨 1945年-
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 朝鮮勞動黨 1948年-
中華人民共和國 中國共產黨 1949年-
寮人民民主共和國 老撾人民革命黨 1975年-
古巴共和國 古巴共產黨 1961年-
前共產主義國家
歐洲前共產主義國家 國旗 國徽 國名 執政黨 存在時間 備註
蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦 蘇聯共產黨 1922年-1991年 為聯邦制國家，還包括十五個加盟共和國，於1991年解體，重組獨立國家國協
俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國 俄國共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一，其執政黨同時為蘇聯執政黨
烏克蘭蘇維埃社會主義共和國 烏克蘭共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國 白俄羅斯共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
烏茲別克蘇維埃社會主義共和國 烏茲別克共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國 哈薩克共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
格魯吉亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國 喬治亞共產黨 1936年-1991年 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
阿塞拜疆蘇維埃社會主義共和國 阿塞拜疆共產黨 1936年-1991年 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
立陶宛蘇維埃社會主義共和國 立陶宛共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
摩爾達維亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國 摩爾達維亞共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
拉脫維亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國 拉脫維亞共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
吉爾吉斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國 吉爾吉斯共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
塔吉克蘇維埃社會主義共和國 塔吉克共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
亞美尼亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國 亞美尼亞共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
土庫曼蘇維埃社會主義共和國 土庫曼共產黨 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
愛沙尼亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國 愛沙尼亞共產黨 1936年-1991年 為蘇聯十五個加盟共和國之一
外高加索蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國 亞美尼亞共產黨
阿塞拜疆共產黨
格魯吉亞共產黨
1922年-1936年 原為蘇聯一加盟共和國，但再1936年分裂成亞美尼亞、阿塞拜疆、格魯吉亞三個蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國,分別加盟蘇聯
卡累利阿-芬蘭蘇維埃社會主義共和國 芬蘭共產黨 1940年-1956年 蘇芬戰爭時蘇聯從芬蘭占領的領土建立此蘇維埃社會主義共和國,並加盟蘇
聯，但1956年蘇聯最高蘇維埃撤銷此加盟共和國，將其併入俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國的聯邦之ㄧ,改名為卡累利阿自治共和國
捷克斯洛伐克社會主義共和國 捷克斯洛伐克共產黨 1948年-1990年(人民共和國1948-1960;社會主義共和國
1960-1990)
匈牙利人民共和國 匈牙利共產黨 1949年-1989年
羅馬尼亞社會主義共和國 羅馬尼亞共產黨 1947年-1989年(人民共和國1947-1965;社會主義共和國1965-1989)
保加利亞人民共和國 保加利亞共產黨 1946年-1990年
波蘭人民共和國 波蘭共產黨 1944年-1989年
德意志民主共和國 德國共產黨 1946年-1990年
阿爾巴尼亞社會主義人民共和國 阿爾巴尼亞共產黨 1946年-1991年(人民共和國1946-1976;社會主義共和國
1976-1991)
南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國 南斯拉夫共產黨 1945年-1992年(民主黨聯邦1945-1946;聯邦人民共和國1946-1963;社會主
義聯邦共和國1963-1992) 為聯邦制國家，1992年解體
Asian countries or territories under Western military protection or
occupation:
西方在亞洲的主要軍事勢力範圍
Japan 日本 ( 二戰亡國后一直由美國軍隊駐防 )
South Korea 大韓民國
Taiwan 台湾 ( 內戰亡國后一直由美國軍隊支持 )
Thailand 泰國
Singapore 新加坡
Philippines 菲律賓
Kuwait 科威特
Iraq 伊拉克
Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯
Main article: List of members of NATO
Map of NATO countries chronological membership. Light Blue marks new
members.NATO has added new members six times since first forming in
1949. NATO comprises twenty-six members: Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
[edit] Member states
Date Country Enlargement Notes
April 4, 1949 Belgium Founders
Canada
Denmark
France France withdrew from the integrated military command in 1966
to pursue an independent defence system. However, there are now plans
for it to rejoin sometime in 2008.[3]
Iceland Iceland, the sole member that does not have its own standing
army, joined on the condition that it would not be expected to
establish one. However, its strategic geographic position in the
Atlantic made it an invaluable member. It has a Coast Guard and has
recently provided troops trained in Norway for NATO peacekeeping.
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
18 February 1952 Greece First Greece withdrew its forces from NATO’s
military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-
Turkish tensions following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
Turkey
9 May 1955 Germany Second Joined as West Germany; Saarland reunited
with it in 1957 and the territories of Berlin and the former German
Democratic Republic reunited with it on 3 October 1990.
30 May 1982 Spain Third
12 March 1999 Czech Republic Fourth
Hungary
Poland
29 March 2004 Bulgaria Fifth
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
[edit] References
成员国
[编辑] 創始會員國（1949年）
比利时
加拿大
丹麦
法国（1966年退出指揮架構，1993年重新加入）
冰岛
意大利
卢森堡
荷兰
挪威
葡萄牙
英国
美国
[编辑] 冷戰期間加入
1952年
希腊
土耳其
1955年
西德（1990年兩德統一後以德國名義加入）
1982年
西班牙
[编辑] 冷戰結束後加入
北约歐洲擴張圖（2004年）
所有北約成員旗幟（2005年）1999年
捷克
匈牙利
波兰
2004年
爱沙尼亚
拉脱维亚
立陶宛
斯洛伐克
斯洛文尼亚
保加利亞
罗马尼亚
[编辑] 己獲邀請加入
阿尔巴尼亚
克罗地亚
[编辑] 己答允將邀請加入
马其顿
乌克兰
格鲁吉亚
前华沙公约组织成員，除前蘇聯加盟共和國外（不包括波罗的海三国），都已成为了北约的成员国。
On 9月19日, 下午5時48分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Costcomparsionof Americanwarfrom Civilwarto Gulfwar.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art.
>
> Quotation fromhttp://cbs2.com/national/Vietnam.iraq.war.2.780417.htmlhttp://www.indeed.com/salary/Security-Guard.htmlhttp://www.indeed.com/salary/body-Guard.htmlhttp://www.indeed.com/salary/athlete.htmlhttp://www.indeed.com/salary/policeman.htmlhttp://blogs.payscale.com/ask_dr_salary/2007/06/pro_athletes_an.htmlhttp://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/specials/fortunate50/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/more/specials/fortunate50/index.20.html
>
> "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
> and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> --CivilWar, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> --CivilWar, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> --WorldWarII: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> --KoreanWar: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> --VietnamWar: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> --GulfWar: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Iraqwar: $648 billion; 1 percent
mrliu918
Quotation from http://www.olympic.org
Olympic Games
Sports
Athletes
News
The Movement
Olympic Museum
Education
Olympic - Personal Trainer The Best Of US Françaiswww.olympic.org -
Site Officiel du Mouvement OlympiqueOLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERS
Fill in all fields to optimize your search.
OLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERSSEARCH RESULTS
Olympic Games Discipline Events Med. Nation Name / Team
Munich 1972 Boxing + 81kg (heavyweight) Men STEVENSON, Teofilo
Munich 1972 Boxing 51 - 54kg (bantamweight) Men MARTINEZ ROMERO,
Orlando
Munich 1972 Boxing 63.5 - 67kg (welterweight) Men CORREA VAILLANT,
Emilio
Montreal 1976 Boxing + 81kg (heavyweight) Men STEVENSON, Teofilo
Montreal 1976 Boxing - 48kg (light-flyweight) Men HERNANDEZ
PADRON, Jorge
Montreal 1976 Boxing 54 - 57kg (featherweight) Men HERRERA VERA,
Angel
Moscow 1980 Boxing + 81kg (heavyweight) Men STEVENSON, Teofilo
Moscow 1980 Boxing 51 - 54kg (bantamweight) Men HERNANDEZ, Juan
Moscow 1980 Boxing 57 - 60kg (lightweight) Men HERRERA VERA,
Angel
Moscow 1980 Boxing 63.5 - 67kg (welterweight) Men ALDAMA CABRERA,
Andres
Moscow 1980 Boxing 67 - 71kg (light-middleweight) Men MARTINEZ,
Armando
Moscow 1980 Boxing 71-75kg Men GOMEZ, Jose
Barcelona 1992 Boxing + 91kg (super heavyweight) Men BALADO
MENDEZ, Roberto
Barcelona 1992 Boxing - 48kg (light-flyweight) Men MARCELO GARCIA,
Rogelio
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 51 - 54kg (bantamweight) Men CASAMAYOR
JOHNSON, Joel
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 60 - 63.5kg (light-welterweigh Men VINENT,
Hector
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 67 - 71kg (light-middleweight) Men LEMUS
GARCIA, Juan Carlos
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 71-75kg Men HERNANDEZ ASCUY, Ariel
Barcelona 1992 Boxing 81 - 91kg (heavyweight) Men SAVON, Felix
Atlanta 1996 Boxing 48 - 51kg (flyweight) Men ROMERO, Maikro
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DISCLAIMERThe Olympic medal winner database is compiled using data
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As the information is not yet fully standardised, we recommend that
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Home | Newsletters | Documents | Multimedia gallery | RSS | Podcast |
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Site Officiel du Mouvement OlympiqueOLYMPIC MEDAL WINNERS
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Atlanta 1996 Boxing 60 - 63.5kg (light-welterweigh Men VINENT,
Hector
Atlanta 1996 Boxing 71-75kg Men HERNANDEZ, Ariel
Atlanta 1996 Boxing 81 - 91kg (heavyweight) Men SAVON, Felix
Sydney 2000 Boxing 51 - 54kg (bantamweight) Men RIGONDEAUX ORTIZ,
Guillermo
Sydney 2000 Boxing 57 - 60kg (lightweight) Men KINDELAN, Mario
Sydney 2000 Boxing 71-75kg Men GUTIERREZ, Jorge
Sydney 2000 Boxing 81 - 91kg (heavyweight) Men SAVON, Felix
Athens 2004 Boxing 48 - 51kg (flyweight) Men GAMBOA TOLEDANO,
Yuriorkis
Athens 2004 Boxing 48kg (light flywieght) Men BHARTELEMY VARELA,
Yan
Athens 2004 Boxing 51 - 54kg (bantamweight) Men RIGONDEAUX ORTIZ,
Guillermo
Athens 2004 Boxing 57 - 60kg (lightweight) Men KINDELAN MESA,
Mario Cesar
Athens 2004 Boxing 81 - 91kg (heavyweight) Men SOLIS FONTE,
Odlanier
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multi-criteria search results. For example, to find out the list of
all gold medallists in alpine skiing - downhill, select skiing for the
sport, then alpine skiing for the discipline, then downhill for the
event.
DISCLAIMERThe Olympic medal winner database is compiled using data
taken from official publications containing Olympic results produced
by the Organising Committees at the end of each edition of the Games.
As the information is not yet fully standardised, we recommend that
you search by nation, sport, Olympic Games, etc.
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On 9月30日, 下午6時19分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> > >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight......)
Topaz
The West is the White race.
The goal of America is to destroy the White race. The
multi-culture and pluralism they push is only at the expense of
Whites. No one is trying to push multi-culture in China or Japan or
anyplace but on the Whites. And they promote racial intermarriage.
If things continue as they are the White race is doomed.
And who is doing all of this? It is the USA government and the
media, in other words the Jews.
Many Whites are traitors. They support the USA government and their
own destruction. We should look for allies. And anyone who wants to
remove the Jews from power is our ally. In the past the Japanese were
our allies. Today it is the Muslims.
Osama bin Laden
September 24th statement published in Pakistan
"I have already said that we are not hostile to the United States. We
are against the system, which makes other nations slaves of the United
States, or forces them to mortgage their political and economic
freedom. This system is totally in control of the American Jews, whose
first priority is Israel, not the United States. It is simply that the
American people are themselves the slaves of the Jews and are forced
to live according to the principles and laws laid by them. So, the
punishment should reach Israel. In fact, it
is Israel, which is giving a blood bath to innocent Muslims and the
U.S. is not uttering a single word."
http://www.ihr.org/ http://www.natvan.com
mrliu918
The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the
United States, the other being the Republican Party. It is the oldest
political party in continuous operation in the United States and it is
one of oldest parties in the world.[4][5][6]
民主黨（Democratic Party）是美國當代的兩大主要政黨之一，另一個是共和黨。雖然「民主黨」這個名稱是在安德鲁·杰克逊（1829－
1837）總統任期間所採用的，但它的起源最早可以追溯至托马斯·杰斐逊於1792年創立的民主-共和黨，使它成為世界上最古老的政黨[1]。自從威廉
·詹宁斯·布莱恩在1896年掌控民主黨以來，民主黨在經濟議題上的立場開始比共和黨更為左傾。自從1932年以來，富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福將他所提
出的新政稱為「自由主義」，成為了之後民主黨的主要政策走向。民主黨以新政結合的政策主導了美國政府一直到1964年左右，民主黨也支持了1960年代
的民權運動。1960年代的越戰則在民主黨內部引發了對國外軍事干預的立場分歧，這種分歧並且一直持續至21世紀。自從1990年代以來，總統克林顿轉
變了民主黨的政策走向，民主黨的意識形態色彩逐漸淡化、並在美國政治光譜上傾向中間派立場，試圖以此吸引更多理念傾向共和黨的選民。
The Democratic Party traces its origins to the Democratic-Republican
Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other
influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792. However, the modern
Democratic party truly arose in the 1830s, with the election of Andrew
Jackson. Since the division of the Republican Party in the election of
1912, it has consistently positioned itself to the left of the
Republican Party in economic issues and libertarian on social matters.
The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt, which
has strongly influenced American liberalism, has shaped much of the
party's economic agenda since 1932. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition
usually controlled the national government until the 1970s.
Name and symbols of Democratic Party USA
The most common mascot symbol for the party is the donkey. According
to the Democratic National Committee, the party itself never
officially adopted this symbol but has made use of it.[74] They say
Andrew Jackson had been labeled a jackass by his opponents during the
intense mudslinging that occurred during the presidential race of
1828. A political cartoon depicting Jackson riding and directing a
donkey (representing the Democratic Party) was published in 1837. A
political cartoon by Thomas Nast in an 1870 edition of Harper's Weekly
revived the donkey as a symbol for the Democratic Party. Cartoonists
followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats, and the
elephant to represent the Republicans.
Although both major political parties (and many minor ones) use the
traditional American red, white, and blue colors in their marketing
and representations, since election night 2000 the color blue has
become the identified color of the Democratic Party, while the color
red has become the identified color of the Republican Party. That
night, for the first time, all major broadcast television networks
used the same color scheme for the electoral map: blue states for Al
Gore (Democratic nominee) and red states for George W. Bush
(Republican nominee). Since then, the color blue has been widely used
by the media to represent the party, much to the confusion of non-
American observers, as blue is the traditional color of the right and
red the color of the left outside of the United States (c.f. red for
the Liberals and blue for the Conservatives in Canada, or red for
Labour and blue for Conservative in the United Kingdom). Blue has also
been used by party supporters for promotional efforts (e.g ActBlue,
BuyBlue, BlueFund) and by the party itself, which in 2006 unveiled the
"Red to Blue Program" to support Democratic candidates running against
Republican incumbents in the 2006 midterm elections.
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political
parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. It is
often referred to as the Grand Old Party or the GOP. Founded in 1854
by anti-slavery expansion activists and modernizers, the Republican
Party quickly surpassed the Whig Party as the principal opposition to
the Democratic Party. It first came to power in 1860 with the election
of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency and presided over the American
Civil War and Reconstruction. Today, the party supports a conservative
platform (from an American political perspective), with further
foundations in supply-side fiscal policies, and social conservatism.
共和黨（Republican Party），又常被簡稱為GOP（Grand Old Party，大老黨），是美國當代的兩大主要政黨之一，另一個
是民主黨。1856年創黨以來，共和黨在38屆總統選戰中贏得了23屆，包括了最近10屆中的7屆；自從那時開始28位美國總統有18位都是共和黨人。
共和黨創立於1854年，結合了當時反對奴隸制度擴張的政治勢力。在現代政治中，共和黨則被視為是社會保守主義和經濟古典自由主義的政黨。現任美國總統
喬治·沃克·布希也是共和黨籍。
Name and symbols of Republican Party USA
The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political
cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7,
1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[55] In the
early 20th century, the usual symbol of the Republican Party in
Midwestern states such as Indiana and Ohio was the eagle, as opposed
to the Democratic rooster. This symbol still appears on Indiana
ballots.
After the 2000 election, the color red became associated with the GOP,
although it has not been officially adopted by the party. That
election night, for the first time, all of the major broadcast
networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won
by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red, and states won
by Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue. Although the
assignation of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal,
they have come to be widely recognized by the media and the public to
represent the respective political parties (see Political colour and
Red states and blue states for more details).
[编辑] 標誌和名稱
驢子是民主黨最普遍的標誌，雖然民主黨從來沒有正式採用過它[20]。這一標誌的由來並不明確，對此還有好幾種解釋的理論。依據第一種理論，驢子這一標
誌來自競爭激烈、雙方互揭瘡疤的1828年總統選戰，安德鲁·杰克逊的對手佈置了一齣戲劇，將傑克遜（Jackson）描繪為公驢（jackass）以
挖苦他，並將他稱為「安德魯·公驢」，然而傑克遜卻欣然的接受了這一暱稱。
雖然美國的兩大黨（以及其他小政黨）都習慣以美國國旗傳統的紅、白、藍三色作為作為它們的宣傳和代表顏色，自從2000年以來藍色已經成為民主黨的代表
顏色，而紅色則成為共和黨的代表色。2000年的選舉日也是歷史上第一次，所有主要的電視新聞頻道都在選舉結果圖示上以藍紅兩色區分民主黨和共和黨的得
票，自從那時以來藍紅的區分也被主流媒體廣泛採用了。藍色也被民主黨的支持者和民主黨本身所採用，在2006年期中選舉裡也將選舉計畫命名為「紅變藍計
畫」。
[編輯] 標誌和名稱
共和黨的吉祥物和象徵則是象，托馬斯·納斯特（Thomas Nast）在1874年11月7日於《哈潑斯》週刊上發表的政治漫畫通常被認為是這一吉祥
物的由來[23]。不過，在20世紀初期時，共和黨在中西部地區如印第安那州和俄亥俄州所使用的選舉標誌是鷹，以此與民主黨的驢相對。目前印第安那州的
共和黨部仍然使用鷹這個標誌。
雖然美國的兩大黨（以及其他小政黨）都習慣以美國國旗傳統的紅、白、藍三色作為作為它們的宣傳和代表顏色，在2000年的選舉後，紅色已經成為共和黨的
代表顏色，而藍色則成為民主黨的代表顏色。2000年的選舉日也是歷史上第一次，所有主要的電視新聞頻道都在選舉結果圖示上以藍紅兩色區分民主黨和共和
黨的得票，自從那時以來藍紅的區分也被主流媒體廣泛採用了。雖然共和黨從沒有正式採用過這個顏色，紅色已經廣泛被媒體和公眾視為是共和黨的標誌。熱情的
共和黨支持者也常以紅色來作為宣傳資料和競選商品的顏色。
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_socialist_countrieshttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_NATO
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
camouflage and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty
years. It is possible that they have been looking for scapegoat for a
long time. Those working in gang territory should be extremely caution
about identity theft.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
mrliu918
White children are cute and Leung know it. Leung has been trying to
use black against white, but she want to carry the white DNA. Many
Black still have slave mentality and inferior complex. Slave mentality
cannot lead the people and nation to the glory of victory. A slave
does not have anything to be proud of.
mrliu918
use black against white, but she want to carry the white DNA. Many
Black still have slave mentality and inferior complex. Slave mentality
cannot lead the people and nation to the glory of victory. A slave
does not have anything to be proud of.
On 9月29日, 下午5時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Li ( aka Lee ) and Liang ( aka Leung ) are Taiwanese. Lee is a
> politician in Taiwan and Leung has friends in the film industry.
> 梁*是台灣人, 因無能為國家民族立功失寵, 几代人都屢戰屢敗, 幾乎從未戰勝,
> 想出演戲, 一女多嫁, 聯姻,和親等方法, 希望通過讓他人追求和爭奪他女儿,
> 或在電影里扮演知名人仕, 以此提高名氣, 招兵買馬, 擴張私人力量, 靠女人謀功績富貴.
> 他怎能與在戰場上出生入死的廖耀湘, 在革命年代和孫中山一起為民奮鬥的廖仲凱,
> 在最短時間內橫掃世界各國代表, 殺虎屠熊, 百戰百勝的廖宇相比.
> 你知道各國軍隊中有多少這種兵將.
> 色偶天成
>
> >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight...)
> > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k - Cached
> > Masao Kato
> > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html-75k - Cached
> > MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> > are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> > petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> > plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> > Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> > ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> > Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> > more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game-52k - Cached
> > 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> > In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> > 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-Cached
> > bio
> > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> > composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> > Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html-Cached
> > NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> > Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> > products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25-59k - Cached
> > < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
>
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>
Markku Grönroos
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestiss�:ea15875c-6066-42b7...@u26g2000hsd.googlegroups.com...
White children are cute and Leung know it. Leung has been trying to
use black against white, but she want to carry the white DNA. Many
Black still have slave mentality and inferior complex. Slave mentality
cannot lead the people and nation to the glory of victory. A slave
does not have anything to be proud of.
On 10��2��, ����6�r52��, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
> camouflage and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty
> years. It is possible that they have been looking for scapegoat for a
> long time. Those working in gang territory should be extremely caution
> about identity theft.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> On 10��1��, ����3�r36��, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Answer to public concern regarding relationship
> > of Japanese Cato and Burce Lee
>
> > In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle
> > of European master and come to his aid. Many
> > people found it to be offensive and used it as
> > a propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare
> > the fighting styles to tactics in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
>
> > In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> > he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> > After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> > Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire
> > life to cover up his past behavior or for whatever reson,
> > it is his personal preference and lifesyle.
>
> > Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape,
> > or other permanent identification with the persons he defeated
> > if the consequence and responsibilities is too much for him
> > to bear. He deserves equal protection under the American
> > constitution.
>
> > Sincerely
>
> > Yu Fung Liu
>
> > On 9��30��, ����6�r19��, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> > > Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (����)
> > > comes from Taekwondo( ��È��) and Karate or karate-do (���ֵ�):
>
> > > You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
> > > and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
> > > There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
> > > than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
> > > of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
> > > title
> > > in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
> > > World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
> > > weigh class.
>
> > > A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
> > > no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
> > > meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
> > > martial act they chose to practice.
>
> > > Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
> > > Burce Lee
>
> > > In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> > > he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> > > After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> > > Sincerely
>
> > > Yu Fung Liu
>
> > > > Yu Fung Liu On 9��29��, ����4�r57��, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com>
> > > > wrote:
>
> > > > > I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top
> > > > > 10
> > > > > list based on information from boxrec.
> > > > > Since boxrec did not include all bouts and fight record of the
> > > > > boxers,
> > > > > ratings of the boxing champions is an important reference only.
>
> > > > > Quotation:
>
> > > > > Names of western martial act:
>
> > > > > boxing ��
> > > > > Fencing ��
> > > > > Gladiators �Ƕ�ʿ
> > > > > Wrestling ��f
>
> > > > > Names of Japanese and Korean martial act:
> > > > > Judo���
> > > > > Taekwondo����
> > > > > kendo ����
> > > > > Karate or karate-do ���ֵ�
>
> > > > > Other martial act
> > > > > Jeet Kune Do ����
>
> > > > > Names of Chinese martial act
>
> > > > > Tai chi chuan ̫�OÈ
> > > > > Nanquan ��È
> > > > > ̫�OÈÕ“
> > > > > ����̫�OÈ
> > > > > ����̫�OÈ
> > > > > ���̫�OÈ
> > > > > ���̫�OÈ
> > > > > �w��̫�OÈ
> > > > > ����̫��È
> > > > > ����̫�OÈ
> > > > > ����̫��È
> > > > > �Ǽ�݆��̫�O
> > > > > ��ʮ��ʽ̫��È
> > > > > �ȼ�È
> > > > > ����̫�O
> > > > > ���Ͽ�È
> > > > > ̫����
> > > > > �Ї����g
> > > > > �Ї����g�T��
> > > > > ��È
> > > > > ̫�O
> > > > > �䮔��
> > > > > ��������Ĺ�I㑡�
> ��x��� >>- �[�ر��������� -
>
> - �@ʾ���������� -
mrliu918
Ratings of Generals in world history
朱德, 彭德懷, 林彪身經百戰的元帥之路
Quotation from Wikipedia
The rank was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's
> Liberation Army in 1955. However, along with all other military ranks
> of the PLA, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. The
> recipients of the rank are:
>
> 中華人民共和國元帥（通稱開國元帥）依序為朱德、彭德懷、林彪、劉伯承、賀龍、陳毅、羅榮桓、徐向前、聶榮臻及葉劍英十人。
After the failure of the 4th encirclement campaign in the spring of
1933, Chiang Kai-shek immdiately mobilized over half a million troops
to for the next encirclement campaign. The nationalist troops
eventually totalled more than a million, most of which was consisted
of regional warlords' forces, and the largest was Guangdong warlord
Chen Jitang's force, totalled more than 300,000, (or 30% of the total
nationalist force), which was mobilized to blockade the southern
border of the Jiangxi Soviet. However, like most of the warlords who
were half heartedly drawn to the campaign, they only wanted to keep
their own power and did not actively participated in the fiercest
battles, so they only participated in blockade and guard the newly
occupied communist regions after being conquered by Chiang Kai-shek's
own troops, who did most of the fighting.
Chiang Kai-shek took the job of the commander-in-chief of the campaign
and sent up his headquarter in Nanchang. In addition to succeeding in
mobilizing many warlords' troops, Chiang also adopted his German
advisors' strategy, which involved the systematic encirclement of the
Jiangxi Soviet region with fortified blockhouses. This method proved
to be very effective. In an effort to break the blockade, the Red Army
under the orders of the three man committee consisted of Bo Gu, Zhou
Enlai and Li De (Otto Braun) besieged the forts many times but
suffered heavy casualties with little success, resulting the Jiangxi
Soviet shrunk significantly in size due to the Chinese Red Army's
disastrous manpower and material loss.
1933年10月17日，中華民國國民政府动员近100万國军，开始攻打中国共产党控制下的各个农村根据地，并以50万兵力重点进攻中央苏区。圍剿歷時
363天，直到1934年10月14日才結束。
Braun advocated that First Front Army attack the far larger and
better equipped KMT Army directly. The First Front Army's suffered
great causalities, so that CPC forces fell from 86,000, to about
25,000, within a year.
Otto Braun (Li De)
Jump to: navigation, search
Prussia, see Otto Braun.
Otto Braun (born 28 September 1900 in Ismaning, died 15 August 1974 in
Varna) was a German Comintern agent sent to China in 1934, to advise
the Communist Party of China (CPC) on military strategy during the
Chinese Civil War. Braun adopted a Chinese name, Li De(李德).
In 1934, the CPC threatened the ruling KMT, so KMT forces launched a
series of vigorous attacks on the CPC in urban areas. The CPC
initiated the Long March to escape KMT's attacks. Late in 1934, Braun,
Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu were installed as the comanders of the early
First Front Army, with authority to make all military decisions. Braun
advocated that First Front Army attack the far larger and better
equipped KMT Army directly. The First Front Army's suffered great
causalities, so that CPC forces fell from 86,000, to about 25,000,
within a year.
In 1935, the CPC met at the Zunyi Conference where Mao Zedong and Peng
Dehuai expressed their opposition to De, Gu, and their tactics. Mao
argued that the direct attacks were costing lives, and suggested that
their smaller, poorer equipped forces should run and surround the KMT.
Other military wing leaders agreed with Mao, so Braun and Bo Gu were
removed as the military commanders. Mao assumed Braun's position.
Braun stayed in China and participated in the Long March along with
the CPC.
After this conference, the Comintern was pushed aside, and "Native
Communists" took control of the CPC.
李德（Otto Braun）曾经指挥第五次反围剿
李德（Otto Braun）（1900年9月28日—1974年8月15日），又名华夫，曾用名李特罗夫。德国人，出生於慕尼黑，於孤兒院長
大。1918年第一次世界大戰時被徵召入伍，但未參加戰爭。1926年再被捕，入獄兩年後由共產黨人劫獄，逃出至莫斯科，進入伏龍芝軍事學院。1932
年，實際部隊經驗只為伍長的李德作为共产国际派遣的中国共产党的军事顾问来到中国。1934年5月成为中国共产党最高领导层三人团的成员之一（另两位是
博古和周恩来），曾经指挥第五次反围剿，期间國軍的不斷封鎖，導致紅軍被迫走上長征的逃亡路。1935年1月遵义会议中李德被剥夺领导权。中国共产党认
为李德在担任中共中央红军顾问期间，给红军和中国共产革命带来了惨重损失，而他的错误主要是坚持堡垒对堡垒的正规战，拼消耗，在战略上战术上都输给了蒋
介石的德国顾问团。李德的专断作风也引起了红军很多高级将领的不满。当然把一切过错归罪于李德一人也是不客观的。
First Encirclement Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War
Location of Jiangxi
Date November 1930 January 3, 1931
Location Jiangxi
Result Red Army victory
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
Commanders
Chiang Kai-shek
Lu Diping
Zhang Huizan Mao Zedong
Zhu De
Strength
100,000 40,000
Casualties and losses
9,000 kill, 6,000 captured ?
[hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
Second Encirclement Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War
Date April 1 - May 31, 1931
Location Jiangxi province
Result Red Army victory
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
Commanders
He Yingqin
Chiang Kai-shek Zhu De
Mao Zedong
Strength
200,000 30,000+
Casualties and losses
30,000 ?
[hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
Third Encirclement Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War
Date July 1 - September 15, 1931
Location Jiangxi
Result Red Army victory
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
Commanders
Chiang Kai-shek
He Yingqing
Chen Mingqu (陈铭枢) Mao Zedong
Zhu De
Strength
300,000 30,000+
Casualties and losses
30,000 ?
[hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
Fifth Encirclement Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War
Location of Jiangxi
Date September 25, 1933 - October 10, 1934
Location Jiangxi province
Result Nationalist Government victory; Red Army forced onto Long
March
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
Commanders
Chiang Kai-shek
Chen Jitang Wang Ming
Zhou Enlai
Bo Gu
Li De
Strength
500,000 under Chiang Kai-shek, 300,000 under Chen Jitang, 200,000 from
other warlords of Manchuria, Sichuan, Hunan, Fujian and Guangxi. 1
million total mobilized 130,000
Casualties and losses
? Over 40,000
[show]v • d • eChinese Civil War
中國共產黨第一次反圍剿戰爭
國共内戰的一部分
江西在中國的位置圖
日期： 1930年11月 - 1931年1月
地点： 江西
結果： 紅軍勝利
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
蔣中正
魯滌平
張輝瓚 毛澤東
朱德
兵力
100,000 40,000
傷亡
9,000 陣亡, 6,000 被俘 ?
國共內戰
中國共產黨第二次反圍剿戰爭
國共内戰的一部分
日期： 1931年4月1日 - 5月31日
地点： 江西南部
結果： 紅軍勝利
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
何應欽 毛澤東
朱德
兵力
200,000 30,000+
傷亡
30,000 ?
國共內戰
中國共產黨第三次反圍剿戰爭
國共內戰的一部分
日期： 1931年7月 - 9月
地點： 江西
結果： 紅軍勝利
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
蔣中正 毛澤東
朱德
兵力
300,000 30,000+
傷亡
30,000 ?
國共內戰
中国共产党第五次反围剿战争
國共內戰的一部分
江西在中國的位置圖
日期： 1933年12月25日 - 1934年10月10日
地点： 江西
結果： 中華民國勝利;工農紅軍開始長征
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
指揮官
蔣中正
陳濟棠 李德
周恩來
博古
兵力
黃埔系500,000，陳濟棠300,000，其他從東北、四川、福建、廣西的非國民黨軍閥共200,000。合共有一百萬軍隊供調動。
130,000
傷亡
? 超過40,000
國共內戰
>
> > Commanders
> > Syngman Rhee
> > Chung Il-kwon
> > Paik Sun-yup
> > Douglas MacArthur
> > Matthew Ridgway
> > Mark Wayne Clark
> > Harry S. Truman
> > Dwight D. Eisenhower
>
> > Choi Yong-kun
mrliu918
Who defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy
Land Forces? 是誰打敗了庸才李鴻章几代人都無法戰勝的對手?
Quotation from Wikipidea Imperial Japanese Navy
(IJN)
日本帝國海軍
(Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)
The ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Japan Maritime Self-
Defense Force.
Active 1869–1947
Country Empire of Japan
Allegiance Empire of Japan
Branch Combined Fleet
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces
Type Navy
Engagements First Sino-Japanese War甲午战争
Russo-Japanese War 日俄战争
World War I 第一次世界大戰
World War II 第二次世界大戰 太平洋战争
Commanders
Notable
commanders Isoroku Yamamoto
Togo Heihachiro
Hiroyasu Fushimi
and many others
Insignia
Imperial Japanese Navy The origins of the Imperial Japanese Navy
trace back to early interactions with nations on the Asian continent,
beginning in the early medieval period and reaching a peak of activity
during the 16th and 17th centuries at a time of cultural exchange with
European powers during the Age of Discovery. After two centuries of
stagnation during the country's ensuing seclusion policy under the
shoguns of the Edo period, Japan's navy was comparatively backward
when the country was forced open to trade by American intervention in
1854. This eventually led to the Meiji Restoration. Accompanying the
re-ascendance of the Emperor came a period of frantic modernization
and industrialization. The navy's history of successes, sometimes
against much more powerful foes as in the Sino-Japanese war and the
Russo-Japanese War, ended in almost complete annihilation during the
concluding days of World War II. The IJN was officially dissolved in
1947. 日本帝國海軍是日本帝國於1869年至1947年擁有的海軍。有時會被稱為聯合艦隊，亦會單用「日本海軍」或「帝國海軍」來稱呼。大日
本帝國海軍在戰後的1947年因要符合日本國憲法第9條及解決國際間的爭論而解散。大日本帝國海軍受日本海军省管理，由帝国总军令部的海军总军令部指
挥，最高统帅是日本天皇。帝国海军参加了中日甲午战争中的黄海海战、日俄战争的日本海海战、侵华战争的八一三事变和攻击登陆中国沿海城市、沿长江深入中
国腹地协助日本侵华陆军的进攻，发动了太平洋战争。1945年日本投降后被解散，新建了日本海上自卫队。目录
[隐藏]
1 日本帝國海軍創立(1869年)
1.1 英國援助
1.2 法國的影響"(法國青年海軍學校(Jeune École)" (1880年代)
2 甲午戰爭(1894年-1895年)
3 日俄戰爭(1904年-1905年)
4 走向自主的國家海軍
5 第一次世界大戰
6 兩次戰爭之間
7 第二次世界大戰
7.1 戰艦
7.2 航空母艦
7.3 海軍軍用飛機
7.4 潛水艇
7.5 特別攻擊隊
8 海上自衛隊
9 資料來源
10 相關條目
10.1 用語
11 外部鏈結
Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces
War II originated with the Special Naval Landing Forces, and
eventually consisted of the following:
The Naval Landing Force or 海軍陸戦隊 Kaigun Rikusentai: In the narrow
sense, a temporal unit consists sailors for ground battles. In the
wide sense, a general term means Navy Land Force.
Special Naval Landing Force or 海軍特別陸戦隊 Kaigun Tokubetsu Rikusentai:
the Japanese Marines
The Base Force or 根拠地隊 Konkyotitai and The Special Base Force or 特別根拠地
隊 Tokubetsu Konkyochitai provided services, primarily security, to
naval facilities
Defence units or 防備隊 Bobitai or Boei-han: detachments of 200 to 400
men.
Guard forces or 警備隊 Keibitai: detachments of 200–500 men who provide
security to Imperial Japanese Navy facilities
Air Defence units or 防空隊 Bokutai: Antiaircraft artillery units of
200-300 men equipped with 8 Anti-Aircraft guns or 24 AA machine guns.
Pioneers or ja:海軍設営隊 Kaigun Setsueitai built naval facilities,
including airstrips, on remote islands. Most of personnel are civilian
employees and unarmed.
The Naval Communications Units or 通信隊 Tsushintai of 600–1,000 men to
provide basic naval communications and also handled encryption and
decryption.
The Tokeitai Navy military police units were part of the naval
intelligence armed branch, with military police regular functions in
naval installations and occupied territories; they also worked with
the Imperial Japanese Army's Kempeitai military police, the Keishicho
civil police and Tokko secret units in security and intelligence
services.
Although both the keibitai and bobitai received amphibious assault and
beach defence training, their performance was poor or average when
they were used as assault troops.Retrieved from "http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces"Categories:
Imperial Japanese NavyViews
Article
Discussion
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About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
> > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> > Jump to: navigation, search
>
> > Yuan ShuaiYuan Shuai (元帥) was a Chinese military rank that corresponds
> > to a marshal in other nations. It is given to distinguished generals
> > during China's dynastic and republican
>
Markku Grönroos
perhaps you homosexual slant bugger off from scr
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestiss�:f2389ee8-096f-4224...@v28g2000hsv.googlegroups.com...
>I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10
> list based on information from Wikipedia.
>
> Ratings of Generals in world history
>
> 朱德, å½å¾·æ‡·, 林彪身經百戰的元帥之路
>
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> The rank was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's
>> Liberation Army in 1955. However, along with all other military ranks
>> of the PLA, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. The
>> recipients of the rank are:
>>
>> Zhu De, Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, He Long, Chen Yi, Luo
>> Ronghuan, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, Ye Jianying
>>
>> ä¸è ¯äººæ°‘å…±å’Œåœ‹å…ƒå¸¥ï¼ˆé€šç¨±é–‹åœ‹å…ƒå¸¥ï¼‰ä¾ åº ç‚ºæœ±å¾·ã€ å½å¾·æ‡·ã€ æž—å½ªã€ åŠ‰ä¼¯æ‰¿ã€ è³€é¾ ã€ é™³æ¯…ã€ ç¾…æ¦®æ¡“ã€ å¾ å ‘å‰ ã€ è ¶æ¦®è‡»å Šè‘‰åŠ è‹±å 人。
> 1933å¹´10月17日，ä¸è ¯æ°‘國國民政府动员近100万國军，开始攻打ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šæŽ§åˆ¶ä¸‹çš„å „ä¸ªå†œæ ‘ï¿½
> ï¿½æ ®åœ°ï¼Œå¹¶ä»¥50ä¸‡å…µåŠ›é‡ ç‚¹è¿›æ”»ä¸å¤®è‹ åŒºã€‚åœ å‰¿æ·æ™‚
> 363天，直到1934å¹´10月14æ—¥æ‰ çµ æ Ÿã€‚
>
>
> Braun advocated that First Front Army attack the far larger and
> better equipped KMT Army directly. The First Front Army's suffered
> great causalities, so that CPC forces fell from 86,000, to about
> 25,000, within a year.
>
> Otto Braun (Li De)
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> This article is about the Communist writer. For the Prime Minister of
> Prussia, see Otto Braun.
> Otto Braun (born 28 September 1900 in Ismaning, died 15 August 1974 in
> Varna) was a German Comintern agent sent to China in 1934, to advise
> the Communist Party of China (CPC) on military strategy during the
> Chinese Civil War. Braun adopted a Chinese name, Li De(æ Žå¾·).
>
> In 1934, the CPC threatened the ruling KMT, so KMT forces launched a
> series of vigorous attacks on the CPC in urban areas. The CPC
> initiated the Long March to escape KMT's attacks. Late in 1934, Braun,
> Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu were installed as the comanders of the early
> First Front Army, with authority to make all military decisions. Braun
> advocated that First Front Army attack the far larger and better
> equipped KMT Army directly. The First Front Army's suffered great
> causalities, so that CPC forces fell from 86,000, to about 25,000,
> within a year.
>
> In 1935, the CPC met at the Zunyi Conference where Mao Zedong and Peng
> Dehuai expressed their opposition to De, Gu, and their tactics. Mao
> argued that the direct attacks were costing lives, and suggested that
> their smaller, poorer equipped forces should run and surround the KMT.
> Other military wing leaders agreed with Mao, so Braun and Bo Gu were
> removed as the military commanders. Mao assumed Braun's position.
> Braun stayed in China and participated in the Long March along with
> the CPC.
>
> After this conference, the Comintern was pushed aside, and "Native
> Communists" took control of the CPC.
>
> æ Žå¾·ï¼ˆOtto Braunï¼‰æ›¾ç» æŒ‡æŒ¥ç¬¬äº”æ¬¡å 围剿
>
> æ Žå¾·ï¼ˆOtto Braun）（1900å¹´9月28日—1974å¹´8月15æ—¥ï¼‰ï¼Œå ˆå å Žå¤«ï¼Œæ›¾ç”¨å æ Žç‰¹ç½—å¤«ã€‚å¾·å›½äººï¼Œå‡ºç”Ÿæ–¼æ…•å°¼é»‘ï¼Œæ–¼å¤å…’院長
> 大。1918å¹´ç¬¬ä¸€æ¬¡ä¸–ç•Œå¤§æˆ°æ™‚è¢«å¾µå ¬å…¥ä¼ ï¼Œä½†æœªå ƒï¿½
> 戰çˆã€‚1926å¹´å† è¢«æ •ï¼Œå…¥ç „å…©å¹´å¾Œç”±å…±ç”¢é»¨äººåŠ«ç „ï¼Œé€ƒå‡ºè‡³èŽ«æ–¯ç§‘ï¼Œé€²å…¥ä¼ é¾ èŠ è» äº‹å¸é™¢ã€‚1932
> å¹´ï¼Œå¯¦éš›éƒ¨éšŠç¶“é©—å ªç‚ºä¼ é•·çš„æ Žå¾·ä½œä¸ºå…±äº§å›½é™…æ´¾é £çš„ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šçš„å†›äº‹é¡¾é—®æ ¥åˆ°ä¸å›½ã€‚1934å¹´5æœˆæˆ ä¸ºä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šæœ€é«˜é¢†å¯¼å±‚ä¸‰äººå›¢çš„æˆ å‘˜ä¹‹ä¸€ï¼ˆå ¦ä¸¤ä½ æ˜¯
> å šå ¤å’Œå‘¨æ ©æ ¥ï¼‰ï¼Œæ›¾ç» æŒ‡æŒ¥ç¬¬äº”æ¬¡å å›´å‰¿ï¼ŒæœŸé—´åœ‹è» çš„ä¸ æ–·å° éŽ–ï¼Œå°Žè‡´ç´…è» è¢«è¿«èµ°ä¸Šé•·å¾ çš„é€ƒäº¡è·¯ã€‚1935å¹´1æœˆé µä¹‰ä¼šè®®ä¸æ Žå¾·è¢«å‰¥å¤ºé¢†å¯¼æ ƒã€‚ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šè®¤
> ä¸ºæ Žå¾·åœ¨æ‹…ä»»ä¸å…±ä¸å¤®çº¢å†›é¡¾é—®æœŸé—´ï¼Œç»™çº¢å†›å’Œä¸å›½å…±äº§é ©å‘½å¸¦æ ¥äº†æƒ¨é‡ æ Ÿå¤±ï¼Œè€Œä»–çš„é”™è¯¯ä¸»è¦ æ˜¯å šæŒ ï¿½
> �垒对� �垒的æ£è§„战，拼消耗，在战略上战术上都输给了蒋
> ä»‹çŸ³çš„å¾·å›½é¡¾é—®å›¢ã€‚æ Žå¾·çš„ä¸“æ–ä½œé£Žä¹Ÿå¼•èµ·äº†çº¢å†›å¾ˆå¤šé«˜çº§å°†é¢†çš„ä¸ æ»¡ã€‚å½“ç„¶æŠŠä¸€åˆ‡è¿‡é”™å½’ç½ªäºŽæ Žå¾·ä¸€äººä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸ å®¢è§‚çš„ã€‚
>
> First Encirclement Campaign
> Part of the Chinese Civil War
>
> Location of Jiangxi
> Date November 1930 January 3, 1931
> Location Jiangxi
> Result Red Army victory
>
> Belligerents
> National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
> Commanders
> Chiang Kai-shek
> Lu Diping
> Zhang Huizan Mao Zedong
> Zhu De
> Strength
> 100,000 40,000
> Casualties and losses
> 9,000 kill, 6,000 captured ?
> [hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
>
>
> Second Encirclement Campaign
> Part of the Chinese Civil War
> Date April 1 - May 31, 1931
> Location Jiangxi province
> Result Red Army victory
>
> Belligerents
> National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
> Commanders
> He Yingqin
> Chiang Kai-shek Zhu De
> Mao Zedong
> Strength
> 200,000 30,000+
> Casualties and losses
> 30,000 ?
> [hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
>
>
> Third Encirclement Campaign
> Part of the Chinese Civil War
> Date July 1 - September 15, 1931
> Location Jiangxi
> Result Red Army victory
>
> Belligerents
> National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
> Commanders
> Chiang Kai-shek
> He Yingqing
> Chen Mingqu (陈é“枢) Mao Zedong
> Zhu De
> Strength
> 300,000 30,000+
> Casualties and losses
> 30,000 ?
> [hide]v • d • eChinese Civil War
>
>
>
> Fifth Encirclement Campaign
> Part of the Chinese Civil War
>
> Location of Jiangxi
> Date September 25, 1933 - October 10, 1934
> Location Jiangxi province
> Result Nationalist Government victory; Red Army forced onto Long
> March
>
> Belligerents
> National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army
> Commanders
> Chiang Kai-shek
> Chen Jitang Wang Ming
> Zhou Enlai
> Bo Gu
> Li De
> Strength
> 500,000 under Chiang Kai-shek, 300,000 under Chen Jitang, 200,000 from
> other warlords of Manchuria, Sichuan, Hunan, Fujian and Guangxi. 1
> million total mobilized 130,000
> Casualties and losses
> ? Over 40,000
> [show]v • d • eChinese Civil War
>
>
>
> ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”¢é»¨ç¬¬ä¸€æ¬¡å åœ å‰¿æˆ°çˆ
> 國共内戰的一部分
>
> 江西在ä¸åœ‹çš„ä½ ç½®åœ–
> 日期： 1930年11月 - 1931年1月
> 地点： 江西
> çµ æžœï¼š ç´…è» å‹ åˆ©
> 起� ： {{{casus}}}
> � �土變更： {{{territory}}}
>
> å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
> åœ‹æ°‘é ©å‘½è» å·¥è¾²ç´…è»
> æŒ‡æ ®å®˜
> 蔣ä¸æ£
> é¯æ»Œå¹³
> å¼µè¼ ç“š æ¯›æ¾¤æ ±
> 朱德
> 兵力
> 100,000 40,000
> 傷亡
> 9,000 陣亡, 6,000 被俘 ?
> 國共內戰
>
>
>
> ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”¢é»¨ç¬¬äºŒæ¬¡å åœ å‰¿æˆ°çˆ
> 國共内戰的一部分
>
>
> 日期： 1931年4月1日 - 5月31日
> 地点： æ±Ÿè¥¿å —éƒ¨
> çµ æžœï¼š ç´…è» å‹ åˆ©
> 起� ： {{{casus}}}
> � �土變更： {{{territory}}}
>
> å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
> åœ‹æ°‘é ©å‘½è» å·¥è¾²ç´…è»
> æŒ‡æ ®å®˜
> 何應欽 æ¯›æ¾¤æ ±
> 朱德
> 兵力
> 200,000 30,000+
> 傷亡
> 30,000 ?
> 國共內戰
>
>
> ä¸åœ‹å…±ç”¢é»¨ç¬¬ä¸‰æ¬¡å åœ å‰¿æˆ°çˆ
> 國共內戰的一部分
>
>
> 日期： 1931年7月 - 9月
> 地點： 江西
> çµ æžœï¼š ç´…è» å‹ åˆ©
> 起� ： {{{casus}}}
> � �土變更： {{{territory}}}
>
> å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
> åœ‹æ°‘é ©å‘½è» å·¥è¾²ç´…è»
> æŒ‡æ ®å®˜
> 蔣ä¸æ£ æ¯›æ¾¤æ ±
> 朱德
> 兵力
> 300,000 30,000+
> 傷亡
> 30,000 ?
> 國共內戰
>
>
>
> ä¸å›½å…±äº§å…šç¬¬äº”次å 围剿战争
> 國共內戰的一部分
>
> 江西在ä¸åœ‹çš„ä½ ç½®åœ–
> 日期： 1933年12月25日 - 1934年10月10日
> 地点： 江西
> çµ æžœï¼š ä¸è ¯æ°‘åœ‹å‹ åˆ©;å·¥è¾²ç´…è» é–‹å§‹é•·å¾
> 起� ： {{{casus}}}
> � �土變更： {{{territory}}}
>
> å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
> åœ‹æ°‘é ©å‘½è» å·¥è¾²ç´…è»
> æŒ‡æ ®å®˜
> 蔣ä¸æ£
> 陳濟� æ Žå¾·
> å‘¨æ ©ä¾†
> å šå ¤
> 兵力
> 黃埔系500,000，陳濟�
> 300,000ï¼Œå…¶ä»–å¾žæ ±åŒ—ã€ å››å· ã€ ç¦ å»ºã€ å»£è¥¿çš„é žåœ‹æ°‘é»¨è» é–¥å…±200,000ã€‚å ˆå…±æœ‰ä¸€ç™¾è ¬è» éšŠä¾›èª¿å‹•ã€‚
> 130,000
> 傷亡
> ? è¶…é Ž40,000
> 國共內戰
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On 9月28æ—¥, ä¸‹å ˆ3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>> Quotation from Wikipedia
>>
>> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
>> based on information from Wikipedia.
>>
>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuaihttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
>>
>> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
>> Jump to: navigation, search
>>
>> Yuan ShuaiYuan Shuai (元帥) was a Chinese military rank that
>> corresponds
>> to a marshal in other nations. It is given to distinguished generals
>> during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of
>> Da Yuan Shuai (大元帥), which corresponds to a Generalissimo), also
>> existed.
>>
>> Contents [hide]
>> 1 Song Dynasty
>> 2 Republic of China
>> 3 People's Republic of China
>> 4 External links
>>
>> [edit] People's Republic of China
>> The rank was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's
>> Liberation Army in 1955. However, along with all other military ranks
>> of the PLA, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. The
>> recipients of the rank are:
>>
>> Zhu De
>> Peng Dehuai
>> Lin Biao
>> Liu Bocheng
>> He Long
>> Chen Yi
>> Luo Ronghuan
>> Xu Xiangqian
>> Nie Rongzhen
>> Ye Jianying
>>
>> ä¸è ¯äººæ°‘å…±å’Œåœ‹å…ƒå¸¥ï¼ˆé€šç¨±é–‹åœ‹å…ƒå¸¥ï¼‰ä¾ åº ç‚ºæœ±å¾·ã€ å½å¾·æ‡·ã€ æž—å½ªã€ åŠ‰ä¼¯æ‰¿ã€ è³€é¾ ã€ é™³æ¯…ã€ ç¾…æ¦®æ¡“ã€ å¾ å ‘å‰ ã€ è ¶æ¦®è‡»å Šè‘‰åŠ è‹±å 人。
>>
>> ä¸è ¯äººæ°‘共和國建立後於1955å¹´æŽˆäºˆå…ƒå¸¥è» éŠœçµ¦åœ¨åœŸåœ°é ©å‘½ã€ æŠ—æ—¥æˆ°çˆã€ 解放戰çˆä¸ä½œå‡ºå·¨å¤§è²¢ç »çš„å ä½ ä¸å…±è» 事�
>> �導人。
>>
>> æ¯ ä½ å…ƒå¸¥æŽˆå‹›å ‡ç‚ºä¸€ç´šå…«ä¸€å‹³ï¿½ ã€ ä¸€ç´šç ¨ç«‹è‡ªç”±å‹³ï¿½
>> 〠一級解放勳� 。
>>
>> åœ‹è» äº”å¤§ä¸»åŠ›
>> 編號 è» é•·
>> æ–°ä¸€è» å«ç«‹äººã€ 潘裕昆
>> æ–°å…è» å»–è€€æ¹˜
>> ç¬¬äº”è» æ œè ¿æ˜Žã€
>> 整編七å 四師 å¼µé ˆç”«
>> æ•´ç·¨å 一師 胡璉〠楊伯濤
>>
>> War Casualties
>>
>> Background
>>
>> Many men and women have died defending this nation on the field of
>> battle or "on duty" under the colors of our Flag. We have listed below
>> casualties of war through the years to illustrate the significance of
>> the sacrifice of many for our country. These statistics are humbling
>> in the face of the significance of their sacrifice.
>>
>> *United States War Casualties1,2
>>
>> WAR � � � � � � � � � � � NUMBER SERVING � � � � WOUNDED
>> BATTLE DEATHS
>>
>> Revolutionary War � � � 217,0003
>> 6,188 � � � � � � � � � � � 4,435
>> War of 1812 � � � � � � � 286,730
>> 4,505 � � � � � � � � � � � 2,260
>> Mexican War � � � � � � 78,718
>> 4,152 � � � � � � � � � � � 1,733
>> Civil War (Both Sides) 3,213,363
>> 354,805 � � � � � � � � � 191,963
>> Spanish American War 306,760
>> 1,662 � � � � � � � � � � � 385
>> World War I � � � � � � � � 4,734,991
>> 204,002 � � � � � � � � � 53,402
>> World War II � � � � � � � � 16,112,566
>> 671,846 � � � � � � � � � � 291,557
>> Korean Conflict � � � � � � � 5,720,000
>> 103,284 � � � � � � � � � � 33,741
>> Vietnam Conflict � � � � � � � � 8,744,000
>> 153,303 � � � � � � � � � � 47,424
>> Persian Gulf War � � � � � � � 2,225,000
>> 467 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 147
>>
>> *The above numbers have qualifying conditions associated with them.
>> See references 1 and 2 below for details if needed.
>>
>> Additional Web Sites
>>
>> http://www.remember.gov:Ensuring the Nation remembers our Fallen.
>>
>> Credits
>>
>> 1 Department of Defense, �
>> http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf
>> 2 LibrarySpot. StartSpot Mediaworks, Inc. Evanston,
>> ILhttp://www.libraryspot.com/listwars.htm
>> 3 Average of estimates provided in "1" above
>>
>> On 9月26æ—¥, ä¸‹å ˆ5時20分,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> > Rating of Generals in world history
>>
>> > The Generals and battles that changed the course of history.
>>
>> > æœ é²œæˆ˜äº‰
>> > 冷戰的一部分
>>
>> > é¡ºæ—¶é’ˆæ–¹å ‘ä»Žä¸Šåˆ°ä¸‹ï¼šç¾Žå†›å ¡è½¦è¶Šè¿‡38线；执行任务的美军F-86æˆ˜æ–—æœºï¼›çˆ†å ‘ä» å· æˆ˜å½¹çš„ä» å· æ¸¯ï¼›æˆ˜å Žå›žå›½å —åˆ°æ°‘ä¼—æ¬¢è¿Žçš„ä¸å›½å¿—æ„¿å†›å£«å…µï¼›ç¾Žåœ‹æµ·è» é™¸
>> > 戰
>> > éšŠåœ¨ä» å· æ¸¯ç™»é™¸
>> > 日期： 1950å¹´ï¼ çŽ°åœ¨
>> > 地点： æœ é®®å Šå³¶
>> > çµ æžœï¼š å œç «å è®®ç¾ç½²ï¼Œå —åŒ—æœ é²œç¶æŒ 分裂状æ€
>> > 起� ： åŒ—éŸ“å ‘å —éŸ“å ‘åŠ¨çª ç„¶é€²æ”»
>> > � �土變更： {{{territory}}}
>>
>> > å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
>> > è ¯å ˆåœ‹
>> > å —éŸ“
>> > 澳洲
>> > 比利時
>> > � 拿大
>> > 哥倫比亞
>> > 埃塞俄比亞
>> > 法國
>> > 希臘
>> > 盧森� �
>> > è ·è˜
>> > ç´ è¥¿è˜
>> > è ²å¾‹è³“
>> > å —é ž
>> > 泰國
>> > 土耳其
>> > 英國
>> > 美國
>> > é†«ç™‚äººå“¡æ ´åŠ©ï¼š
>> > 丹麥
>> > æ„ å¤§åˆ©
>> > 挪å¨
>> > ç‘žå…¸
>>
>> > è¶Šå —æˆ°çˆ
>> > 冷戰的一部分
>>
>> > è¢«æ”»æ“Šçš„å —è¶Šæ ‘èŽŠ
>> > 日期： 1959年 - 1975年
>> > 地点： æ ±å —äºžä¸å —å Šå³¶
>> > çµ æžœï¼š 北越胜利，� é¢†å —è¶Šã€‚
>> > 起� ： åŒ—è¶Šå ‘å —é€²æ”»
>> > � �土變更： å —è¶Šæ»…äº¡ï¼ŒåŒ—è¶Šçµ±ä¸€è¶Šå —ã€‚
>>
>> > å ƒæˆ°æ–¹
>> > å 共主義:
>> > å —è¶Š
>> > 美國
>> > å —éŸ“
>> > 泰國
>> > 澳洲
>> > è ²å¾‹è³“
>> > ç´ è¥¿è˜ å…±ç”¢ä¸»ç¾©:
>> > 北越
>> > 越共
>> > ä¸å Žäººæ°‘共和国
>> > 红色高棉
>> > è˜‡è ¯
>> > 北韓
>> > è€ æŒ äººæ°‘å†›
>> > æŒ‡æ ®å®˜
>> > 阮文紹
>> > å ³å»·ç °
>> > ç¾…ä¼¯ç‰¹Â·éº¥å…‹ç´ é¦¬æ‹‰
>> > å¨ å»‰Â·å¨ æ–¯ç‰¹æ‘©è˜ èƒ¡å¿—æ˜Ž
>> > 黎ç
>> > æ¦å…ƒç”²
>> > 文進勇
>> > 兵力
>> > 約520,000（1968年） 約1,200,000（1968年）
>> > 傷亡
>> > å —è¶Š
>> > 陣亡: 230,000
>> > å —å‚·: 300,000
>> > 美國
>> > 陣亡: 58,209
>> > å —å‚·: 153,303
>> > å —éŸ“
>> > 陣亡: 5,000
>> > å —å‚·: 11,000
>> > 澳洲
>> > 陣亡: 512
>> > å —å‚·: 2,400*
>> > 新西è˜
>> > 陣亡: 37
>> > å —å‚·: 187
>> > 北越/越共
>> > 陣亡: 1,100,000
>> > å —å‚·: ä¸ è©³
>> > ä¸è ¯äººæ°‘共和國
>> > 陣亡: 1,100
>> > å —å‚·: 4,200
>>
>> > 平民æ»äº¡ (å…¨è¶Šå —): 900,000–4,000,000
>> > è¶Šå —æˆ°çˆ
>>
>> > Vietnam War
>>
>> > U.S. Huey UH-1D helicopters near Cu Chi, Vietnam, 1966
>> > Date 1959[1] – April 30, 1975
>> > Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
>> > Lam Quang Thi
>> > Nguyen Cao Ky
>> > Ngô Ä Ã¬nh Diệm
>> > Ngo Quang Truong
>> > Dwight D. Eisenhower
>> > John F. Kennedy
>> > Lyndon B. Johnson
>> > Robert McNamara
>> > William Westmoreland
>> > Richard Nixon
>> > Gerald Ford
>> > Creighton Abrams
>> > Frederick Weyand
>> > Elmo Zumwalt
>> > John Paul Vann
>> > Robin Olds
>> > Park Chung Hee
>> > Thanom Kittikachorn
>> > Harold Holt
>> > Keith Holyoake
>> > Ferdinand Marcos Hồ Chà Minh
>> > Lê Duẩn
>> > TrÆ°á» ng Chinh
>> > Nguyễn Chà Thanh
>> > Võ Nguyên Giáp
>> > Phạm Hùng
>> > Văn Tiến Dũng
>> > Trần Văn Tr�
>> > Lê à ức Thá»
>> > Ä á»“ng Sỹ Nguyên
>> > Lê Ä á»©c Anh
>> > [show]v • d • eIndochina Wars
>>
>> > 1st – Vietnam – Cambodian-Vietnamese - Sino-Vietnamese
>>
>> > [show]v • d • eVietnam War
>> > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------ÂÂÂ-----
>>
>> > Naval Support and Military Servicing/Repairs:
>> > Japan
>>
>> > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------ÂÂÂ-----
>> > Total: 941,356–1,139,518
>> > 260,000
>>
>> > 780,000
>> > 26,000
>>
>> > Total: 1,066,000
>>
>> > Note: All
>>
>> ...
>>
mrliu918
Some believe that Leung want to turn children of athletes and enemies
against their own people because of his incompetenceand genetic
inferiority
There are also reports that they steal the children of athletes and
set them
up for underground boxing match. In some cases the eyes of the
children were
mutilated to make sure that they lose in the underground match only to
cover up
identity theft and other crimes in the past.
Phone calls from Asia expressed concerns over political agenda behind
the transformation in the role of well known persons and celebrities
such as Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee. Although Bruce Lee is by no mean
comparable to the Olympic champion and should stay with the
entertainment business, It is clear that the international gang with
government background did have a political objective.
Quotation
"Before boxer Muhammad Ali became one of the most famous people in the
world, he was Cassius Marcellus Clay, a brash and friendly 18-year-old
who travelled to the 1960 Rome Olympics to compete in the light
heavyweight division. He won all four of his fights easily. In the
final he defeated three-time European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski.
He converted to Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. After he
refused to be drafted into the United States Army during the Vietnam
War, he was stripped of his title and did not fight again for 3 ½
years. "
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: RE: Gang warfare and hitman
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaCo...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.fe...@cnn.com,
media.op...@olympic.org, drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my,
moscow....@hn.vnn.vn, russian...@mindspring.com,
rusp...@mweb.co.za, rusem...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): jfli...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 下午 6:45
To whom it may concern:
An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
camouflage and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty
years. It is possible that they have been looking for scapegoat for a
long time.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Poisoning case and the entertainment industry
收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 上午 2:02
To whom it may concern:
I have the reason to believe that fan of lee (aka Li) and leung (aka
Liang) in
the entertainment business are involved in the long term poisoning
case in order
to covery up theft of the past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:RE: Who has yu fung Liu VS the tigers and other predators
collection?
Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 16:04:51
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
To:Ask...@usdoj.gov <Ask...@usdoj.gov>,in...@wbcboxing.com
<in...@wbcboxing.com>
To whom it may concern:
I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
complete
collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators, inform me
as soon
as possible. The car accident and long term poison done serious damage
to my
brain. I believe part of the collection was broadcasted during Gulf
War.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:Japanese Cato response to the whistle of European master
Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 7:42:59
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
To:tan...@tangben.com <tan...@tangben.com>
CC: <jfli...@yahoo.com>, <drago...@excite.com>
Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
Burce Lee
In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle of European
master
and come to his aid. Many people found it to be offensive and used it
as a
propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare the fighting styles to
tactics
in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and he has the right to
choose his
role in the movies. After all, it is the entertainment business.
Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire life to cover
up his
past behavior or for whatever reson, it is his personal preference and
lifesyle.
Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape, or
other
permanent identification with the persons he defeated if the
consequence and
responsibilities is too much for him to bear. He deserves equal
protection under
the American constitution.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Forward to the Editors and friends of Mr. Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason and the need to
restore
justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents, no one contracted
mad cow
disease and rabies as a result of combating the predators. Both police
reports
and medical reports proved that the predators died mostly because of
bone
fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung did lie about their roles in the
1990
incident. Unfortunately, fans of the martial act community also
consist of mob
and violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past could
be the
motivation of these criminals and cheaters. The gang also misuse
communication
system and CCTV technology. They boardcast private message to gang
members so
that no one can track down the communication line; plus making it more
difficult
to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key person legally
responsible. I
believe that some of their fans poisoned on me in the past and
intentionally
delay my trip to N.America for the purpose
of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
Correction or updates:
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_wrestlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wrestlinghttp://www.olympic.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet
) > > World all heavyweight ratings > page: 1 | 2 |
| 7 | 8 | > 9 | 10 | 11
» [1004] > > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll Search >
ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising ProgramsAbout >
This
PageCustomizeMy EnhancementsDefault EnhancementsMore...Browse >
GalleryManage
SettingsYahoo!Suggestions: > Start typing to see suggestions. >
Explore
concepts: > Search Assist Settings > Help > Search In: the Web
pages from Hong Kong > > Sorry, there was a problem retrieving search
results. Please try > again. > > 11 - 20 of 1,710,000 for kato and
japanese name (About) - 0.11 s | > SearchScanBETA On > > WEB
RESULTSNames for
Japanes > ... many Japanese prefer to write in the western style, the
personal > name first and ... Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato,
Takeda,
Saito, > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, ... > www2.kanawa.com/japan/names.html -
Cached > 20000-NAMES.COM: Male Names / K, Page 1 of 3. Etymologies of
names
... > List of male names beginning the with letter K ... KATO: African
>
Luganda name meaning "second born of twins." KATSU: Japanese name >
meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm- 92k -
Cached
> Masao Kato > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was
> 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito, >
Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-
Cached >
bio > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
>
composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with >
Nakamura
Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html- Cached >
NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products >
Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and >
products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097
...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25- 59k - Cached >
<
Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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include all McAfee SiteAdvisor red ratings. > > Yahoo!My
Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help >
WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll Search
>
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...www.shododesigns.com/karen.htm- Cached > < Prev 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
> > I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
based on information from Wikipedia. > >
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuaihttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
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On 9月30日, 下午6時50分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Mike Tyson VS Mark Young and Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young based on
> information of boxrec
>
> Quotation from boxrec
>
> Mike Tyson VS Mark Young
> Muhammad Ali VS Jimmy Young
>
> 1985-12-27 219 Mark Young 206¾ 8-6-0
> Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York, United States W TKO 1 10
> ~ time: 0:50 | referee: Sid Rubenstein ~
>
> 1976-04-30 230 Jimmy Young 209 17-4-2
> Capital Centre, Landover, Maryland, United States W UD 15 15
> ~ referee: Tom Kelly | judge: Larry Barrett 70-68 | judge: Terry
> Moore 71-64 | judge: Tom Kelly 72-65 ~
> ~ WBC heavyweight title ~
> ~ WBA heavyweight title ~
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason and the need to
restore
justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents, no one contracted
mad cow
disease and rabies as a result of combating the predators. Both police
reports
and medical reports proved that the predators died mostly because of
bone
fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung did lie about their roles in the
1990
incident. Unfortunately, fans of the martial act community also
consist of mob
and violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past could
be the
motivation of these criminals and cheaters. The gang also misuse
communication
system and CCTV technology. They boardcast private message to gang
members so
that no one can track down the communication line; plus making it more
difficult
to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key person legally
responsible. I
believe that some of their fans poisoned on me in the past and
intentionally
delay my trip to N.America for the purpose
of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
been
offering girls to many customers in different part of the world for
more than 50
years. It is clear that Leung treat these girls as political assets
and use them
as a leverage for her agenda.
Correction or updates:
Lee was a top trianer of the US marine and participated in the
military
exercise. However, Lee was wounded by Iraqi out of chaos and almost
killed by
the ten Iraqi Republican Guards with bayonets in the 1990 incident.
Another US marine with last name lee was wounded by either a group of
wolves
or wild dogs from Africa, I recused him in the 1990 incident.
Fortunately, he
used the best heavy armour available at the time and he passed out
most likely
because of stress. I did not recall whether his last name is Lee or
not. I
don't remember his relationship with the Bruce Lee family.
Law enforcement agency should refer to the police reports and medical
reports
in the 1990 incident for more detail.
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
Burce Lee is a famous kung fu actor. If Lee is capable of killing any
predators with barehanded, I am sure that he would have recorded it
and made a
movie out of it. Lee probably would have invited thousands of witness
and fight
the tiger in front of millions of audience. It is an important
achievement for
kung fu star and athlete, but not for engineer or politican. Liang and
Lee's
family most likely set up someone else to do the job so that they have
an excuse
for more children and wife. When it does not work out, it is possible
that
Lee's fan did everything vicious including using poison to steal merit
or
work of others. Personally, I did not recall any documentary about
Bruce Lee
fighting a tiger. I don't care whether Lee killed a tiger in the past.
I
don't believe anyone should to be put at risk for unnecssary
reasons.
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident: There are not any
confirm
report of black tiger on earth and I doubt its existence. I doubt
either Bruce
Lee or his children ever killed any tiger in the past. I doubt Lee
( aka Li ) is
capable of killing even a dog. However, fan and family members of Li
( aka Lee)
did express concern about the killing of tiger with barehanhed at
TienChen
Building around 1980 and 1990. If you have any question conerning
the
correlation among Bengal tiger, Malayan tiger, Siberian tiger, and the
Tigris
river in Iraq, you should contact the board of trustee or the person
entrusted
to handle the matter. There are police reports, medical reports, and
even DNA
record for all the victims and participants including the
predators.
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
On 9月29日, 下午4時57分, mrliu918 < mrliu...@gmail.com > wrote:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_wrestlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wrestlinghttp://www.olympic.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet
) > > World all heavyweight ratings > page: 1 | 2 |
meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm- 92k -
Cached
> Masao Kato > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was
a famous Japanese ... Kato > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese.
kato. Kiseido Publishing > Company. Japanese name
...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato- Cached > Japanese man publicly fights
grope
charge | csmonitor.com > After women started speaking out, some men
now fear
false ... Mr. > Kato, in fact, is the
first man convicted of indecent assault to > reveal his name and
face.
...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html- 75k - Cached > MH
...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25- 59k - Cached >
...www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/JYNBioSK.html- Cached > Tokyo
Vegetarian
Guide: Shopping Guide > A guide including vegetarian friendly
restaurant
information in tokyo > and recommended readings for vegetarians and
vegans by
a Japanese > journalist Hiroko
Kato.www.vegietokyo.com/info4vegie/shopping.html- Cached > Kato
Toyohisa --
Japanese Mino Potter, Shin Gallery in Tokyo > SHIN GALLERY in Tokyo -
Exhibition of Mino Potter Kato Toyohisa ... > the name of. the artist
you.
...www.shododesigns.com/karen.htm- Cached > < Prev 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12 Next > > >
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > Yahoo!© 2008 Yahoo! Privacy / Legal - Submit Your SiteSearchScanBETA
> displays McAfee alerts optimal for the Yahoo! Search user and does not >
為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與 意見調查
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與意見調查
> > > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k- Cached
> > > Masao Kato
> > > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > > reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html-75k- Cached
> > > MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> > > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > > myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> > > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > > PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> > > ... known by one or more
>
mrliu918
Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region in the
world.
http://search.cnn.com/search.jsp?query=Gulf%20War%20Hostages&type=web&sortBy=date&intl=false
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw
Quotation from wikipedia and other sources:
1990 Gulf War Hostages
During the first Gulf War, more than 150 Americans were held hostage
in Iraq for nearly five months.
"On 23 August 1990 Saddam Hussein appeared on state television with
Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas. They were seen as
human shields, though Saddam Hussein denied the claim. In the video he
is seen ruffling the hair of a young boy named Stuart Lockwood and
asks through the interpreter if he is "getting his milk". He went on
to say "We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long.
Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the
scourge of war."[13]
[edit] Diplomacy and Operation Desert Shield"
« CNN.com Homepage /search Web | CNN News | CNN Videos Web
results for "Gulf War Hostages" | Results 1-10 of 150,000
Sponsored Links
See More Sponsored Links For: Gulf War HostagesGULF WAR AFFECTS FATE
OF HOSTAGES - New York Times
The invasion of Kuwait and war that followed created opportunities and
obstacles
for the release of Western hostages still held in Lebanon, ...
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DB173DF93AA35755C0A96795826...
Iranian Said To Link Hostage Release Gulf War - New York Times
LEAD: Iran has informed Lebanon that all foreign hostages held by
extremists
loyal to Teheran will be released once the war in the Persian Gulf
ends, ...
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DF163FF936A15752C0A96E94826...
BBC ON THIS DAY | 10 | 1990: Iraq frees British hostages
It emerged in 2001 the Attorney General had referred a case to the
police about
British hostage-taking at the start of the Gulf War. ...
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/10/newsid_2544000/2544...
Gulf war hostages demand truth over secret mission | UK news |
The ...
Oct 17, 2006 ... Airline passengers and crew seized as 'human shields'
by Saddam Hussein during
the first Gulf war yesterday demanded a public inquiry ...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/17/military.iraq
British hostages demand inquiry into Kuwait spying claims | UK ...
Oct 16, 2006 ... British "human shields" taken hostage by Saddam
Hussein in the first Gulf war
demanded a public inquiry today into allegations that the ...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/oct/16/iraq.iraq
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
6 December: Saddam decides to release all remaining foreign
hostages ... war
damage creates 35-mile long, 10-mile wide oil slick in Gulf ...
http://www.geocities.com/iraqinfo/gulfwar/chronology.html
The 1991 Gulf War | CBC Archives
Unlike any conflict before, the Gulf War of 1991 played out in a brave
new ...
Canadian expatriates help American and British hostages survive in
Iraq. ...
http://archives.cbc.ca/IDCC-1-71-593-3147/conflict_war/gulf_war/
Amazon.com: The Business of War: Workers, Warriors And Hostages
in ...
Amazon.com: The Business of War: Workers, Warriors And Hostages in
Occupied Iraq
: ... Custer Battles, Michel Foucault, Persian Gulf, David Harvey,
Gulf War, ...
http://www.amazon.com/Business-War-Warriors-Hostages-Occupied/dp/0754647919
Index - Gulf War Coverage - The Wednesday Report
twr35v4- Gulf War, Special Report: Iraqi Aggression and the Politics
of the Arab
World - He has detained as hostages the diplomats and workers of
numerous ...
http://twr.mobrien.com/twr/gulfwar/
Inside an Iraqi Prison Camp: Former Hostage During First Gulf War ...
Inside an Iraqi Prison Camp: Former Hostage During First Gulf War
Shares
Experiences in New Book. Article, News, Research, Information,
Industry &
Business ...
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5768415/Inside-an-Iraqi-Prison-Camp.html
Sponsored Links
See More Sponsored Links For: Gulf War HostagesCNN NEWS 1-10 of 151
Pirates face down U.S. warships, 'copters
Pirates face down U.S. warships, 'copters
Pirates hijack 3 ships off Somalia
POWs alleging Iraqi torture ask White House to intervene
Taliban free 12 South Korean hostages
Wednesday, June 6
Jean-Marie Le Pen: Contentious political figure
Tensions appear to rise between UK and Iran, Sen. McCain visits Iraq
Saturday, March 31
Wednesday, March 28
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Iran hostage crisis
crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 U.S. diplomats were
held hostage for 444 days from November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981,
after a group of Islamist radicals took over the American embassy.[2]
The crisis has been described as an entanglement of "vengeance and
mutual incomprehension".[3]. In Iran the incident was seen by many as
a blow against the U.S., its influence in Iran, its percieved attempts
to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its long standing support of
the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Shah
had been restored to power by a CIA-funded coup in 1953 and had
recently been allowed into the United States for cancer treatment. In
the United States, the hostage-taking was widely seen as an outrage
violating a centuries-old principle of international law granting
diplomats immunity from arrest and diplomatic compounds sovereignty in
the territory of the host country they occupy.[4]
伊朗人質危機
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
伊朗人質危機或伊朗人質事件是伊朗伊斯蘭革命後，美國大使館被佔領，66名美國外交官和平民被扣留為人質的一次危機。這場人質危機始於1979年11月
4日，一直持續到1981年的1月20日，長達444天。很多人至今仍認為，這場人質危機導致了當時的美國總統吉米·卡特連選失敗。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 經過
2.1 部分人質的逃跑和獲釋
2.2 談判與失敗的營救行動
2.3 最後的幾個月
3 事後
4 參考文獻、註解
[編輯] 背景
[編輯] 最後的幾個月
1980年7月27日巴列維國王逝世，9月兩伊戰爭爆發。此後，伊朗變得越來越希望能夠解決人質危機。
而在美國方面，卡特在11月的總統競選中敗給隆納·雷根，大部分分析家認為其在人質危機中表現出的無能是其失敗的主要原因。但是也有未經證實的傳言說正
是伊朗政府與雷根的參謀團之間的非法交易，導致了人質釋放時間的推遲。因為後者非常不像見到「十月驚喜」，也就是在大選開始前出現會導致選票大量流向卡
特的事件出現，例如人質被釋放。（不過，奇怪的是現在「十月驚喜」這個詞卻是指防止人質釋放的非法交易。）
大選後不久，即將離任的卡特政府在阿爾及利亞外交官阿布杜爾卡利姆·弗萊伯（Abdulkarim Ghuraib）等中間人的幫助下開始與伊朗進行談
判。作為釋放人質的交換條件，美國同意解凍此前被凍結80億美元資產，並保證不就此事起訴伊朗。1981年1月20日，就在雷根的總統就職典禮後幾分
鐘，所有的人質被釋放並交給美方。至此他們已被扣444天。
人質們立即飛往位於西德法蘭克福的美國空軍基地。前總統卡特以現總統雷根特使的身分在那裡接待了他們。在進行了身體健康檢查和事件彙報後，他們飛回華盛
頓並受到英雄般的歡迎。對於某些人而言，這個僅僅是為這個國家對雷根就職典禮的慶祝增添了一絲喜慶氣氛。
Iran-Contra affair
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November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan
administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian
relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a moderate,
politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the Ayatollah
Khomeini; the U.S. would reimburse Israel for those weapons and
receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do
everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S. hostages,
who were being held by Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated
into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive
branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the
American hostages, without the direct authorization of President
Ronald Reagan.[1][2] Large modifications to the plan were conjured by
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in
late 1985. In North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon
sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels,
or Contras, in Nicaragua.[3] While President Ronald Reagan was a
supporter of the Contra cause,[4] there has not been any evidence
uncovered showing that he authorized this plan.[1][2][5]
伊朗門事件
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
伊朗門事件（Iran-Contra Affair，又譯伊朗門，Irangate）是發生在美國80年代中期的政治醜聞。是指美國雷根政府向伊朗秘密
出售武器一事被揭露後而造成嚴重政治危機的事件。因國際新聞界普遍將其與尼克森水門事件相比，故因此得名。
Operation Eagle Claw
Jump to: navigation, search
A left side view of six RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters in flight. The
helicopters, based aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS
Nimitz (CVN-68), are taking part in Operation Evening Light, a rescue
mission to Iran.
Date April 24, 1980 - April 25, 1980
Location Tehran, Iran
Result Failure (Unsuccessful hostage rescue attempt); mission aborted
with loss.
Belligerents
United States Iran
Commanders
Col. Charles Beckwith,
Col. James Kyle
Casualties and losses
8 KIA
4 WIA 1 civilian KIA
Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light) was a United States
military operation to rescue the 53 hostages from the U.S. Embassy in
Tehran, Iran on April 24, 1980. The failure of the operation led to
the creation of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)
and the U.S. Army’s 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (“The
Night Stalkers”).
The hostages were eventually released after extensive diplomatic
negotiations on January 20, 1981, Carter's last day in office, after
444 days of captivity. Jimmy Carter was determined to ensure the
release under his administration, particularly as the Democratic
nomination for the 1980 presidential election neared, but the release
did not occur until immediately after Reagan had taken the oath of
office.
鷹爪行動
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
鷹爪行動（英語：Operation Eagle Claw），是美國政府于1980年4月24日，為解救伊朗人質危機事件中被伊朗政府扣押的53名人
質而採取的一次軍事行動。此次行動最終以失敗告終，該行動的失敗也直接導致了美國特別行動指揮部（United States Special
Operations Command）和美國陸軍第160特種作戰航空團（160th Special Operations Aviation
Regiment）的成立。
On 9月28日, 下午3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuaihttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
>
> Jump to: navigation, search
>
> during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 Song Dynasty
> 2 Republic of China
> 3 People's Republic of China
> 4 External links
>
> [edit] People's Republic of China
> The rank was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's
> Liberation Army in 1955. However, along with all other military ranks
> of the PLA, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. The
> recipients of the rank are:
>
> Zhu De
> Peng Dehuai
> Lin Biao
> Liu Bocheng
> He Long
> Chen Yi
> Luo Ronghuan
> Xu Xiangqian
> Nie Rongzhen
> Ye Jianying
>
>
>
> 每位元帥授勛均為一級八一勳章、一級獨立自由勳章、一級解放勳章。
>
> 國軍五大主力
> 編號 軍長
> 新一軍 孫立人、潘裕昆
> 新六軍 廖耀湘
> 第五軍 杜聿明、
> 整編七十四師 張靈甫
> 整編十一師 胡璉、楊伯濤
>
>
> Background
>
> Many men and women have died defending this nation on the field of
> battle or "on duty" under the colors of our Flag. We have listed below
> casualties of war through the years to illustrate the significance of
> the sacrifice of many for our country. These statistics are humbling
> in the face of the significance of their sacrifice.
>
> *United States War Casualties1,2
>
> BATTLE DEATHS
>
> 6,188 4,435
> War of 1812 286,730
> 4,505 2,260
> Mexican War 78,718
> Spanish American War 306,760
> World War I 4,734,991
> 204,002 53,402
> World War II 16,112,566
> 671,846 291,557
> Korean Conflict 5,720,000
> 103,284 33,741
> Vietnam Conflict 8,744,000
> 153,303 47,424
> Persian Gulf War 2,225,000
> *The above numbers have qualifying conditions associated with them.
> See references 1 and 2 below for details if needed.
>
> Additional Web Sites
>
> http://www.remember.gov:Ensuring the Nation remembers our Fallen.
>
> Credits
>
> 3 Average of estimates provided in "1" above
>
>
>
>
> > Rating of Generals in world history
>
> > The Generals and battles that changed the course of history.
>
>
> > U.S. Huey UH-1D helicopters near Cu Chi, Vietnam, 1966
> > Nguyen Cao Ky
> > Dwight D. Eisenhower
> > John F. Kennedy
> > Lyndon B. Johnson
> > Robert McNamara
> > William Westmoreland
> > Richard Nixon
> > Gerald Ford
> > Creighton Abrams
> > Frederick Weyand
> > Elmo Zumwalt
> > John Paul Vann
> > Robin Olds
> > Park Chung Hee
> > Thanom Kittikachorn
> > Harold Holt
> > Keith Holyoake
> > Lê Duẩn
> > Trường Chinh
> > Nguyễn Chí Thanh
> > Võ Nguyên Giáp
> > Phạm Hùng
> > Văn Tiến Dũng
> > Trần Văn Trà
> > Lê Ðức Thọ
> > Đồng Sỹ Nguyên
>
>
> > [show]v • d • eVietnam War
> > Naval Support and Military Servicing/Repairs:
> > Japan
>
> > Medical staff:
> > Denmark
> > Italy
> > Norway
> > India
> > Sweden
> > North Korea and Allies:
> > Democratic People's Republic of Korea
> > People's Republic of China
> > Soviet Union
>
> > Commanders
> > Syngman Rhee
> > Chung Il-kwon
> > Paik Sun-yup
> > Douglas MacArthur
> > Matthew Ridgway
> > Mark Wayne Clark
> > Harry S. Truman
> > Dwight D. Eisenhower
>
> > Choi Yong-kun
> > Mao Zedong
> > Peng Dehuai
> > Joseph Stalin
> > Georgy Malenkov
>
> > Strength
> > 590,911
>
> > 480,000
> > 63,000[1]
> > 26,791[2]
> > 17,000
> > 7,430[3]
> > 5,455[4]
> > 3,972
> > 3,421[5]
> > 1,389
> > 1,294
> > 1,271
> > 1,263
> > 1,068
> > 900
> > 826
> > 44
>
>
> > 780,000
> > 26,000
>
> > Total: 1,066,000
>
> > Note: All
>
mrliu918
mrliu918
Because of corruption and negligence, safety of American citizens
oversea and national security are under new challenge. A wide range of
felonies and crimes threaten safety of American citizens and national
security of US government. They deserve your attention.
In the past twenty years, an international gang is involving in many
criminal cases such as providing misinformation about US consulates
and other foreign consulates, kidnapping, assasination, Identity
theft, illegal interception of communication, theft of intellectual
properties, racketeering, mutilation of children, poisoning and drug
illegal boardcasting, illegal cernsorship and stalking, obstruction of
justice, falsification of news report and TV porgram, illegal break
in, espionage and spying. They have caused serious harm to the
national interest of American people and their government.
Evidences suggest that the international gang is also behind the
retaliation effort against those individual contributing to the
release of foreign hostages during Gulf War. Everyone on the list of
advisory committee for peace and financial contributors of the hostage
negotiating team during Gulf War could be the next victim of the gang.
The gang does not have any respect for Geneva convention or the
conduct of war. Gang members have infiltrated government department
and entertainment business. The gang often spy on the victims for a
long time, then trap and drug them. It is clear that someone is
unhappy and jealous about the successfull negotiation on the release
of foreign hostages during Gulf War. The will retailate against the
peace makers even if the cause can not be justified.
On 10月6日, 下午1時16分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region in the
> world.
>
> Quotation from wikipedia and other sources:
>
> 1990 Gulf War Hostages
> During the first Gulf War, more than 150 Americans were held hostage
> in Iraq for nearly five months.
>
> "On 23 August 1990 Saddam Hussein appeared on state television with
> Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas. They were seen as
> human shields, though Saddam Hussein denied the claim. In the video he
> is seen ruffling the hair of a young boy named Stuart Lockwood and
> asks through the interpreter if he is "getting his milk". He went on
> to say "We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long.
> Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the
> scourge of war."[13]
>
> [edit] Diplomacy and Operation Desert Shield"
>
> « CNN.com Homepage /search Web | CNN News | CNN Videos Web
> results for "Gulf War Hostages" | Results 1-10 of 150,000
> Sponsored Links
> See More Sponsored Links For: Gulf War HostagesGULF WAR AFFECTS FATE
> OF HOSTAGES - New York Times
> The invasion of Kuwait and war that followed created opportunities and
> obstacles
> LEAD: Iran has informed Lebanon that all foreign hostages held by
> extremists
> loyal to Teheran will be released once the war in the Persian Gulf
> It emerged in 2001 the Attorney General had referred a case to the
> police about
> The ...
> Oct 17, 2006 ... Airline passengers and crew seized as 'human shields'
> by Saddam Hussein during
> Oct 16, 2006 ... British "human shields" taken hostage by Saddam
> Hussein in the first Gulf war
> 6 December: Saddam decides to release all remaining foreign
> hostages ... war
> Unlike any conflict before, the Gulf War of 1991 played out in a brave
> new ...
> Canadian expatriates help American and British hostages survive in
> in ...
> Amazon.com: The Business of War: Workers, Warriors And Hostages in
> Occupied Iraq
> : ... Custer Battles, Michel Foucault, Persian Gulf, David Harvey,
> twr35v4- Gulf War, Special Report: Iraqi Aggression and the Politics
> of the Arab
> World - He has detained as hostages the diplomats and workers of
> Inside an Iraqi Prison Camp: Former Hostage During First Gulf War
> Shares
> Experiences in New Book. Article, News, Research, Information,
> Industry &
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Quotation from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_inequality_in_the_United_States
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
人
維基百科，自由的百科全書
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本文需要您的關注。
請在進一步修改後，從需要關注的頁面的列表中刪去相關提示，並刪除這個模板。
本文講述的是現代人類。關於「人」的其他意思，詳見「人 (消歧義)」。
? 人
人類男性與女性裸貌
（出處：先驅者鍍金鋁板）
保護現狀
無危
科學分類
域： 真核域 Eukarya
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
亞門： 脊椎動物亞門 Vertebrata
綱： 哺乳綱 Mammalia
目： 靈長目 Primates
科： 人科 Hominidae
屬： 人屬 Homo
種： 智人 H. sapiens
二名法
Homo sapiens
(Linnaeus, 1758)
亞種
長者智人(Homo sapiens idaltu)（滅絕）
人(Homo sapiens sapiens)
目錄 [隱藏]
1 釋義
2 名詞解釋
3 生命週期
4 生理特徵
4.1 遺傳
4.2 智能
4.3 情感
4.4 性活動
4.5 身體
4.6 飲食
5 棲息處
6 語言
7 物種數量
8 起源
9 延伸閱讀
10 文化
11 參考文獻
[編輯] 釋義
人，或人類，這個名詞可以從生物、精神與文化各個層面來定義，或者是這些層面定義的結合。生物學上，人被分類為哺乳綱靈長目人科人屬智人種（學名為
Homo sapiens 或 Homo sapiens sapiens 但後者多數不為學界一致認可）。
智人意指擁有高度發展的頭腦。
精神層面上，人被描述為能夠使用各種靈魂的概念，在宗教中這些靈魂被認為與神聖的力量或存在有關；而在神話學中，人的靈魂也會被拿來與其他的人型動物作
對照。如人工智慧或天使是獨立於活的肉體的靈體，但只能以一些指令運作，獸人或亞人則只有慾望和膚淺的情緒。
文化人類學上，人被定義為能夠使用語言、具有複雜的社會組織與科技發展，尤其是他們能夠建立團體與機構來達到互相支持與協助的目的。
生物學上人的學名為「智人」（拉丁文homo爲「人」，sapiens即「聰明的」），與黑猩猩、大猩猩、猩猩、長臂猿、合趾猿同屬人科的靈長目動物
[1]。人類與其它靈長目動物的不同在於人類直立的身體、高度發展的大腦，以及由高度發展的大腦而來的推理與語言能力。由於人和猿血緣相近，動物學家
D．莫利斯戲稱人類為裸猿 ，並著述從各個角度論述人類種種行為的起源。[1]。
行為學上來看人類的特徵有：懂得使用語言，具有多種複雜的互助性社會組織，喜歡發展複雜的科技。這些行為學上的差異也衍生出各文化不同的信仰、傳說、儀
式、價值觀、社會規範。
[編輯] 名詞解釋
[編輯] 延伸閱讀
現代人種概論
黃種人
白種人
黑人
棕色人種
[編輯] 文化
[編輯] 參考文獻
^ 裸猿
^ 中國人口與發展研究中心 于學軍 中國人口老齡化與全面建設小康社會
Human
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about modern humans. For other human species, see Homo
(genus). For other uses, see Human (disambiguation).
Human[1]
Fossil range: .2–0 Ma PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgN↓Pleistocene - Recent
Humans depicted on the Pioneer plaque
Conservation status
Not rated
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: H. sapiens
Subspecies: H. s. sapiens
Trinomial name
Homo sapiens sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758
Human beings, humans or man (Origin: 1590–1600; < L homō man; OL hemō
the earthly one (see humus)[2], also Homo sapiens — Latin: "wise
human" or "knowing human"),[3] are bipedal primates in the family
Hominidae.[4][5] DNA evidence indicates that modern humans originated
in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Humans have a highly developed
brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, problem
solving and emotion. This mental capability, combined with an erect
body carriage that frees the forelimbs (arms) for manipulating
objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any
other species. Humans are distributed worldwide, large populations
inhabiting every continent on Earth except Antarctica. The human
population on Earth is greater than 6.7 billion, as of July, 2008.[6]
There is only one extant subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
Like most higher primates, humans are social by nature. Humans are
particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-
expression, exchanging of ideas, and organization. Humans create
complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing
groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans
have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals,
ethics, values, social norms, and laws, which together form the basis
of human society. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and
aesthetics, which, combined with the desire for self-expression, has
led to cultural innovations such as art, writing, literature and
music.
Humans are notable for their desire to understand and influence the
world around them, seeking to explain and manipulate natural phenomena
through philosophy, art, science, mythology and religion. This natural
curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills;
humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food,
clothe themselves; they also manipulate and develop numerous other
technologies. Humans pass down their skills and knowledge to the next
generations through education.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Origin
1.2 Transition to civilization
2 Habitat and population
3 Biology
3.1 Physiology and genetics
3.2 Life cycle
3.3 Diet
4 Psychology
4.1 Consciousness and thought
4.2 Motivation and emotion
4.3 Sexuality and love
5 Culture
5.1 Language
5.2 Spirituality and religion
5.3 Philosophy and self-reflection
5.4 Art, music, and literature
5.5 Tool use and technology
5.6 Race and ethnicity
5.7 Society, government, and politics
5.8 War
5.9 Trade and economics
6 References
7 External links
History
Race and health
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not
represent a worldwide view of the subject.
Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
A series of articles on
Race Main topics
Race
Race and genetics
Human genetic variation
Historical definitions
Race and health
Race and intelligence
Social
Social interpretations of race
Racism
Racial segregation
Anti-miscegenation laws
Racialism
Racial profiling
Race in the United States
Race in Brazil
Related
Ethnic group
Human evolution
Genetics
Racism topics
Category: Race
This box: view • talk • edit
Race and health research is mostly from the United States. It has
found both current and historical racial differences in the frequency,
treatments, and availability of treatments for several diseases. This
can add up to significant group differences in variables such as life
expectancy. Many explanations for such differences have been argued,
including socioeconomic factors (e.g., education, employment, and
income), lifestyle behaviors (e.g., physical activity and alcohol
intake), social environment (e.g., educational and economic
opportunities, racial/ethnic discrimination, and neighborhood and work
conditions), and access to preventive health-care services (e.g.,
cancer screening and vaccination)[1] as well as to treatment (through
lack of insurance, lack of hospitals in certain areas, etc.), among
other environmental differences. Some diseases may also be influenced
by genes which differ in frequency between groups, such as sickle-cell
anemia, which occurs overwhelmingly among some black populations,
although the significance in clinical medicine of race categories as a
proxy for exact genotypes of individuals has been questioned. [2] [3]
Contents [hide]
1 Background
1.1 Race and racism
1.2 Health
1.3 Health disparities
2 In the United States
2.1 History
2.2 Racism
2.2.1 Inequalities in health care
2.2.2 Cardiovascular disease
2.2.3 Fear of racism
2.2.4 Segregation
2.3 Socioeconomic factors
2.4 Trends
3 Environmental racism
4 Race and genetic biomedical research
4.1 Genetic differences among races
4.2 Disease association studies
4.3 The effects of racial and ethnic identities on health
4.4 Human Genome Diversity Project
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
[edit] Background
Race and health
Race and intelligence
Race and intelligence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A series of articles on
Race Main topics
Race
Race and genetics
Human genetic variation
Historical definitions
Race and health
Race and intelligence
Social
Social interpretations of race
Racism
Racial segregation
Anti-miscegenation laws
Racialism
Racial profiling
Race in the United States
Race in Brazil
Related
Ethnic group
Human evolution
Genetics
Racism topics
Category: Race
This box: view • talk • edit
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the
subject.
WikiProject Psychology or the Psychology Portal may be able to help
recruit one.
If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this
template accordingly.
This article may be too long.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page; if necessary, split the
content into subarticles and keep this article in a summary style.
The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page. (March 2008)
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.
This article or section may contain original research or unverified
claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for
details. (May 2008)
This article also discusses issues regarding ethnicity and
intelligence.
The study of race and intelligence is a controversial[1][2][3] field
which seeks to determine whether or not human intellectual abilities
vary between races.
The modern controversy surrounding intelligence and race focuses
primarily on the results of intelligence testing studies conducted
since the second half of the 20th century in the United States,
Western Europe, and other industrialized nations.[4] There are also
controversies over the nature of race, the meaning and importance of
intelligence, and whether the intelligence quotient (IQ) is a
satisfactory measure thereof.
While the existence of average intelligence test score differences has
been shown in many large studies[5] and is therefore not much in
dispute, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding causal
explanations of the disparities.
Theories about a relationship between race and intelligence have been
the subject of speculation and debate since the 16th century.[6][7]
The contemporary debate focuses on the nature, causes, and importance,
or lack of importance, of ethnic differences in intelligence test
scores and other measures of cognitive ability, and whether race is a
meaningful biological construct. The question of the relative roles of
nature and nurture in causing individual and group differences in
cognitive ability is seen as fundamental to understanding the debate.
[8]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Contemporary issues
2.1 The 1970s debates
2.2 The 1990s debates
2.3 Policy debates
3 Test score difference
3.1 United States
3.2 Worldwide
4 Genetic and Environmental Factors
4.1 What is heritability?
4.2 Genetic hypothesis
4.3 Environmental effects
4.3.1 The Flynn effect
4.3.2 Health
4.3.3 Stereotype threat
4.3.4 Quality of education
4.3.5 Racial discrimination in education
4.3.6 Caste-like minorities
4.4 Viewpoints of notable scientists and researchers
5 Criticisms
5.1 Outdated methodology
5.2 Utility of research
5.3 Test construction
5.4 Source of funding
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
9.1 Collective statements
9.2 Review papers
9.3 Others
[edit] History
Make a donation to Wikipedia and give the gift of knowledge!
Race and inequality in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the United States there is inequality between different groups of
people. The idea that there is a significant correlation between race
and inequality is not a new concept. Some dispute that race is
overemphasized, but historical evidence suggests that the unequal
treatment of racial minorities in the United States dates as far back
to the start of colonization. [1] In the early days of settlement,
Anglo-Saxons encountered a group of people who appeared radically
different from them. American Indians were discriminated against
because their beliefs and practices seemed “savage.”
“Rather than color or racial distinction, religious and ethnocentric
criteria were used initially to separate groups into superior and
inferior categories.”[1]
This pattern of discrimination continued with Black-White Relations
when early Americans implemented the institution of slavery. Although
there were plenty of resources in early America, settlers needed labor
power to fully utilize the land. Forced labor was common during this
time period, but the prolonged use of Native Americans or indentured
White servants seemed impractical. Importing non-White slave labor
from Africa became their most viable and attractive option. Slaves
were imported and traded for over two centuries in the United States.
Other minority groups have also been discriminated against in the
United States. Hispanics, Asian Americans, and people of Middle
Eastern descent have also been subject to racial discrimination,
stereotype, and unequal treatment. Asian Americans are unlike other
minorities in that they are considered to be a model minority because
they have succeeded in education, upward mobility, income, and in
avoiding the criminal justice system despite being discriminated
against. [2] In any case, patterns of discrimination against minority
groups have resulted in a society with significant racial inequality.
These disparities exist in many forms and institutions, including:
Income and wealth
Education
Health
The criminal justice system
Contents [hide]
1 Income and wealth
2 Education
3 Health
4 The Criminal Justice System
5 Stereotypes and Discrimination
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit] Income and wealth
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute
1968 Olympics Black Power salute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (right) showing the raised fist
in the 1968 Summer Olympics, while Silver medallist Peter Norman from
Australia (left) wears an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge to
show his support for the two Americans.The 1968 Olympics Black Power
salute was a noted black civil rights protest and one of the most
overtly political statements[1] in the 110 year history of the modern
Olympic Games. African American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos
performed the Power to the People salute at the 1968 Summer Olympics
in Mexico City.
Contents [hide]
1 The protest
2 International Olympic Committee response
3 Aftermath
4 References
5 External links
[edit] The protest
On 10月8日, 下午2時34分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from
>
mrliu918
What should be the role of Chinese people?
日本人听到歐洲主人的哨子聲后會立刻跳出來大打出手, 中國人的角色又該是什麼?
對沾滿中國人民鮮血的日本武士刀, 能否和中華武術相提並論, 中國武術界人士該怎樣處理?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8
G8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Group of Eight" redirects here. For the Australian league of
universities, see Group of Eight (Australian universities). For other
uses, see G8 (disambiguation).
Group of Eight
Groupe des Huit
Gruppe der Acht
Gruppo degli Otto
主要国首脳会議
Большая восьмёрка
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Canada
Prime Minister Stephen Harper
France
President Nicolas Sarkozy
Germany
Chancellor Angela Merkel
Italy
Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi
Japan
Prime Minister Taro Aso
President of the G8 for 2008
Russia
President Dmitry Medvedev
United Kingdom
Prime Minister Gordon Brown
United States
President George W. Bush
Also represented
European Union[1]
President José Manuel Barroso
President Nicolas Sarkozy
The Group of Eight (G8, and formerly the (G6) or Group of Six) is an
international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the
European Union (the EU is represented within the G8, but cannot host
or chair).[1] The G8 can refer to the member states or to the annual
summit meeting of the G8 heads of government. The former term G6 is
now frequently applied to the six most populous countries within the
European Union (see G6 (EU)). G8 ministers also meet throughout the
year, such as the G7/8 finance ministers (who meet four times a year),
G8 foreign ministers or G8 environment ministers.
Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 rotates
through the member states in the following order: France, United
States, United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy and Canada. The
holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit for that
year and determines which ministerial meetings will take place.
Lately, both France and the United Kingdom have expressed a desire to
expand the group and include five developing countries, referred to as
the Outreach Five (O5) or the Plus Five: Brazil, China, India, Mexico
and South Africa. These countries have participated as guests in
previous meetings, which are sometimes called G8+5.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Structure and activities
2.1 Global warming and energy
3 Annual summit
4 Cumulative influence of member nations
5 Criticism and demonstrations
6 See also
7 Notes, links, and references
7.1 External links
7.2 Official G8 sites of member states (not summit specific)
7.3 References
7.4 Footnotes
[edit] History
八大工業國組織
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
汉漢▼▲为了阅读方便，本文使用標題手工轉換。
转换标题为：原文：八大工業國組織；简体：八国集团；繁體：八大工業國組織；
实际标题為：八大工業國組織；當前顯示為：八大工業國組織
为了阅读方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。转换内容：
原文：八大工業國組織；简体：八国集团；繁體：八大工業國組織； 当前用字模式下显示为→八大工業國組織
原文：七大工業國組織；简体：七国集团；繁體：七大工業國組織； 当前用字模式下显示为→七大工業國組織
原文：六大工業國組織；简体：六国集团；繁體：六大工業國組織； 当前用字模式下显示为→六大工業國組織
顯示↓關閉↑附加说明（對转换结果有疑问時）
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由于技術所限，字詞轉換有时会不稳定，在刚增加标题转换时，由于缓存原因標題不一定马上显示转换后的正确结果。你可以尝试单击这里进行强制刷新。
八國集團成員國地图八大工業國組織（英語：Group of Eight；日语：主要国首脳会議；德语：Gruppe der Acht；法语：
Groupe des Huit；意大利语：Gruppo degli otto；俄语：Большая восьмёрка，中国大陆稱作八国集团，
台湾、港澳稱作八大工业国组织），簡稱G8，是指現今世界八大工業領袖國的聯盟。
八大工業國組織始創於1975年的六大工業國組織（簡稱「G6」；中国大陆稱作六国集团，台湾、港澳稱作六大工业国组织），始創國有6個，包括法國、美
國、英國、西德、日本、義大利。其後，加拿大於1976年加入，成為七大工業國組織（簡稱「G7」；中国大陆稱作七国集团，台湾、港澳稱作七大工业国组
织）。第八個成員國是俄羅斯，該國於1991年起參與G7峰會的部份會議，至1997年，被接納成為成員國，正式成為G8。
目录 [隐藏]
1 成員
2 意義及內容
3 G6/G7/G8峰會
4 將會舉行的G8峰會
5 参见
[编辑] 成員
On 10月1日, 下午3時36分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Answer to public concern regarding relationship
> of Japanese Cato and Burce Lee
>
> In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle
> of European master and come to his aid. Many
> people found it to be offensive and used it as
> a propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare
> the fighting styles to tactics in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
>
> In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire
> life to cover up his past behavior or for whatever reson,
> it is his personal preference and lifesyle.
>
> Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape,
> or other permanent identification with the persons he defeated
> if the consequence and responsibilities is too much for him
> to bear. He deserves equal protection under the American
> constitution.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> On 9月30日, 下午6時19分,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (截拳道)
> > comes from Taekwondo( 跆拳道) and Karate or karate-do (空手道):
>
> > You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
> > and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
> > There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
> > than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
> > of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
> > title
> > in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
> > World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
> > weigh class.
>
> > A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
> > no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
> > meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
> > martial act they chose to practice.
>
> > Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
> > Burce Lee
>
> > In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> > he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> > After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> > Sincerely
>
> > Yu Fung Liu
>
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[edit] History
[编辑] 成員
On 10月1日, 下午3時36分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Answer to public concern regarding relationship
> of Japanese Cato and Burce Lee
>
> In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle
> of European master and come to his aid. Many
> people found it to be offensive and used it as
> a propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare
> the fighting styles to tactics in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
>
> In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire
> life to cover up his past behavior or for whatever reson,
> it is his personal preference and lifesyle.
>
> Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape,
> or other permanent identification with the persons he defeated
> if the consequence and responsibilities is too much for him
> to bear. He deserves equal protection under the American
> constitution.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> On 9月30日, 下午6時19分,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (截拳道)
> > comes from Taekwondo( 跆拳道) and Karate or karate-do (空手道):
>
> > You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
> > and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
> > There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
> > than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
> > of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
> > title
> > in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
> > World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
> > weigh class.
>
> > A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
> > no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
> > meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
> > martial act they chose to practice.
>
> > Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
> > Burce Lee
>
> > In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> > he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> > After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> > Sincerely
>
> > Yu Fung Liu
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 >>- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
On 10月1日, 下午3時36分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Answer to public concern regarding relationship
> of Japanese Cato and Burce Lee
>
> In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle
> of European master and come to his aid. Many
> people found it to be offensive and used it as
> a propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare
> the fighting styles to tactics in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
>
> In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire
> life to cover up his past behavior or for whatever reson,
> it is his personal preference and lifesyle.
>
> Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape,
> or other permanent identification with the persons he defeated
> if the consequence and responsibilities is too much for him
> to bear. He deserves equal protection under the American
> constitution.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> On 9月30日, 下午6時19分,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (截拳道)
> > comes from Taekwondo( 跆拳道) and Karate or karate-do (空手道):
>
> > You should contact professionals and experts in Jeet Kune Do
> > and Taekwondo. There are many similarities in these sports.
> > There are no conclusive evidences proving any of them is superior
> > than others. So far, noone claimed a Olympic gold medal in the name
> > of Jeet Kune Do. I did not recall anyone claiming a world class
> > title
> > in the name of Jeet Kune Do with the recognition of Olympic committee,
> > World Boxing Council or any international organizations in the same
> > weigh class.
>
> > A Olympic champion in similar sports and disciplines should do well
> > no matter what kind of martial act they practice. Those failing to
> > meet the minimum standard will perform poorly no matter which
> > martial act they chose to practice.
>
> > Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
> > Burce Lee
>
> > In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and
> > he has the right to choose his role in the movies.
> > After all, it is the entertainment business.
>
> > Sincerely
>
> > Yu Fung Liu
>
Markku Grönroos
perhaps you homosexual slant stop crossposting to scr
"mrliu918" <drago...@excite.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:ac4e6a38-8b15-461f...@1g2000prd.googlegroups.com...
mrliu918
Quotation
高加索民族
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
庫德族人、俄國人和哥薩克人）。
[編輯] 參考文獻
Mile Nedeljković, Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd, 2001.
[編輯] 參見
高加索語
On 9月20日, 下午4時51分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> country
> is different.
>
> Quotation from wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insigniahttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E9%...
>
> Commissioned Officers
> See also: United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia
> Commissioned Officers are distinguished from other officers by their
> commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name
> of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and
> authority of a Marine Officer. Commissioned officers carry the
> "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.
> [1] Commissioned officer ranks are further subdivided into Generals,
> field-grade officers, and company-grade officers.
>
> Commissioned Officer Rank Structure of the United States Marine Corps
> Generals
> General (Gen) Lieutenant General (LtGen) Major General (MajGen)
> Brigadier General (BGen)
> O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7
>
> Field-grade Officers
> Colonel (Col) Lieutenant Colonel (LtCol) Major (Maj)
> O-6 O-5 O-4
>
> Company-grade Officers
> Captain (Capt) First Lieutenant (1stLt) Second Lieutenant (2ndLt)
> O-3 O-2 O-1
>
> [edit] Warrant Officers
>
> [編輯] 軍階
>
> [編輯] 軍官
> 國防部級別 O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1
> 佩章
> 軍階 上將 中將 少將 准將 上校 中校 少校 上尉 中尉 少尉
> 英文縮寫 GEN LTG MG BG COL LTC MAJ CPT 1LT 2LT
> 北約代碼 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
>
> [1]
>
> [編輯] 準尉
> 國防部級別 CWO-5 CWO-4 CWO-3 CWO-2 CWO-1
> 佩章
> 已取消
> 軍階 特級准尉 一級准尉 二級准尉 三級准尉 四級准尉
> 英文縮寫 CWO5 CWO4 CWO3 CWO2 CWO1
> 北約代碼 WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1
>
> [2]
>
> [編輯] 士兵
> 國防部級別 E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1
> 佩章 沒有佩章
> 軍階 海軍陸戰隊總士官長 總士官長 槍砲士官長 一等士官長 士官長 槍砲上士 上士 中士 下士伍長 代理下士伍長 上等兵 二等兵
> 英文縮寫 SgtMajMC SgtMaj MGySgt 1stSgt MSgt GySgt SSgt Sgt Cpl LCpl PFC
> PVT
> 北約代碼 OR-9 OR-9 OR-9 OR-8 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
>
> [3]
>
> 回想小时候， 每当*群做错事、说错话， 她和她的家人总说是别人"扮演"她， 或那个人不是*群。 每次文章写不好或比武输了，
> 就说真功夫留着真打的时候用， 刚才是演戏。 其他人都是"鬼"， 不能让他们看到， 一看到就让"鬼"学会偷走， 丈夫会被勾走，
> 妻子会飞走， 令人哭笑不得。 我在想古今中外圣贤哲人的伟论巨著无不昭示天下，公诸于世，才有洛阳纸贵之说，
> 他们的"真功夫"从来不怕后人偷走， 只怕后人学不会， 做不到。 *群总向人说中国亡国了， 北京和东京全由日本人控制，
> 但*群的居所内外却由美国人看着，歇斯底里的程度比台湾蓝绿阵营的政争还激烈。 *群认为扳手板赢了， 拳击就一定赢，
> 拳击和战略游戏一旦都赢了，战争也一定赢，所以最爱向拳击界和体育界的外国友人宣扬这套理论，而且四处挑战他人。
>
> *群總將三國誌, 命令和征服, 突襲, 紅色警戒這類战略游戏當成戰略模擬(war game simulation)或軍事演習
> (military exercise),
> 認為全世界都在偷学她的戰略思想， *群的武術套路，軍事機密，戰略思想常被偷走公開，才令她在戰場上屢戰敗屢，
> 甲午戰爭全軍覆沒是因為日方船堅炮利，朝庭寧予洋人，不予家奴；渡江戰役中華民國政府首都再次失陷是因為
> 國軍精銳在三大戰役中折損殆盡，士兵全是東亞病夫，蔣介石把李宗仁當替死鬼．*群從來不犯錯，所有錯誤由上級，士兵，
> 敵人承擔．
>
> On 9月19日, 下午5時48分,mrliu918<mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> > All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> > martial art.
>
> > "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
> > and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> > --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> > --Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> > --Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> > --World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> > --Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> > --Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> > --Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> > --Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
> > --Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
>
> > my.indeed - sign in
> > Jobs Salaries Trends Forums
>
> > What: job title, keywords or company
> > Where: city, state, or zip
>
> > Salary Search
>
> > policeman Salaries
> > What Where
>
> > Job 1
> > Job Title, Keywords
> > Remove
> > City, State or Zip
>
> > Add Comparison Search Job Titles Only
>
> > Average Salary of Jobs Matching Your Search
> > In USD as of Sep 19, 2008 25k 50k
>
Topaz
wrote:
>More than seventy percent of American population are white.
>
Thirty years ago it was 90%. They are saying in another 30 years it
will be 50%
"There's this hilarious disconnect in the sheeple brain, where they
have been progressively brainwashed over a forty year period into
believing that once they have committed suicide themselves, an
identical civilization will be left behind except with a different
demographic makeup. They will yank the white tablecloth out from under
the dinnerware and the society will remain standing, only
melanin-enriched but otherwise the same.
It's like white people all over the planet were each taking turns
shooting themselves in the head with the same gun, convinced when they
have all killed themselves they will leave the perfect society behind.
I've got bad news for you. What you think of as civilization is joined
at the hip with the Indo-European gene pool. It's not even like oil
and water because it's all an unbroken continuum.
Culture is gene expression. If enough Mexicans inhabit any area on the
planet, that area will look exactly like Mexico in short order.
There's no piece of land on Earth that has a special gas exuded by the
local soil that makes flush toilets, clean running water, air
conditioning and the rule of law. There's no geographic location that
has these properties inherently. Irregardless of whether they are
bright enough to see it and understand why, whites tend to terraform
their surroundings to reflect what is inside them. Everything they
take for granted as the human standard, is in fact a projection of
their own qualities out onto a world that by and large is completely
indifferent to them.
America has already slipped past the demographic failsafe point. There
ain't no going back. Just like the nation formerly known as Rhodesia,
you will hear all sorts of yammering and analysis and whining but
nothing can stop Rhodesia from becoming Zimbabwe once all the
Rhodesians leave. It's a done deal.
There's no legislation. There's no emergency action committee. There's
no orchestrated government reform program. There's no mission
statement. There's no declaration of goals or judicial decision. Once
you change the genetic composition of a country, that country will
come to reflect it's demographics, not the other way around.
I went to high school in Chicago. Trust me, thirty years ago it didn't
look like the background of that news report. That was back when
Chicago schools were the best in the country and had some of the
highest scholastic scores in the nation. Back then, next to nobody
dropped out, ever.
You can't keep the street lights working with only half a nation of
high school graduates. You can't find the manpower to keep the ATM
machines running, to keep the power plant maintained at the dam, to
keep the nuclear reactor running. You can't have good medical care
with no good doctors. You can't have bridges that don't collapse with
no engineers.
America is just like Rhodesia during desegregation. All those
Rhodesians who talked about the coming era of rainbow folk dancing and
singing hand-in-hand with their African friends playing little
ukeleles, where are they now? The wind howls. Tumbleweeds blow past.
Two rabid wild dogs fight over a human ribcage in the streets where
the electricity went off a decade ago and has never come back on.
Where are all those Rhodesians looking forward to an era of peace and
harmony now? Where are they? Answer me. Raped and left for dead.
They're all wormfood now. Their farms burned to the ground, their
children strangled, their wives gangraped and forced to run naked
screaming with burning tire necklaces.
Fools. Dust in the wind. Shot in the back of the head and left for the
buzzards in some ditch on the veldt long ago.
It doesn't matter if I'm the only human being out of six billion on
the planet who knows this. Irregardless of the forcible consensus,
this is the way it will come to pass. I will be demonstrated right and
they will turn out to have been catastrophically wrong. Wishing
otherwise never makes anything so.
In another ten years, Amerikwa will be utterly unrecognizable. I
predict that the first thing that will hit you no matter where you get
off a plane in that country will be the smell. Watch and see."
DonnaGiorno
mrliu918
Mr and Ms Leung, stop lying ot yourself. European went to war with one
another,
but their children look alike and has more chance for assimilation and
success
in North America. You should not use some else children in war or in
conflict.
Such cowardice is no different from using child soldiers in
assassination attempts.
The communist block and white European dominated boxing in Olympic for
many
years. Let's remember the outcome of American Civil War and the cost
of slavery.
You are not the governors of British colony or Roman empire.
Japan and many African become the puppets of the West.
You will eventually become a puppet and high paid worker of the black
slaves.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellapan_Ramanathan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JapaN
The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other
working languages) is a confederation consisting of 53 African nations
as well as several intergovernmental organizations. Established on
July 9, 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the amalgamated
African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organization of African Unity
(OAU). The African Union's government consists of the Pan African
Parliament, which is based in Midrand, South Africa, and several
institutions that include the African Union Commission which is based
in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the Assembly of the African Union which has
at least one summit annually in a different city every year, and the
NEPAD secretariat which is also based in Midrand, South Africa.
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Membership
2.1 Morocco's withdrawal
3 Organs of the AU
4 Role of the diaspora
5 Current issues
5.1 Union Government
5.2 Role of Regional Economic Communities
5.3 Choosing the chair of the Union
5.4 Zimbabwe
5.5 AIDS in Africa
6 Interventions in support of democracy
6.1 Togo
6.2 Mauritania
7 Regional conflicts and military interventions
7.1 Darfur, Sudan
7.2 Somalia
7.3 Anjouan, Comoros
8 Economy
9 Languages
10 Geography
11 Foreign relations
12 History of the African Union
13 Symbols
14 See also
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 External links
17.1 Other relevant sites
[edit] Overview
非洲聯盟（簡稱非盟；英語：African Union，AU）是一個包涵了53個非洲會員國的聯盟。2002年7月在南非成立，是屬於集政治、經濟和
軍事於一體的全洲性政治實體。非洲聯盟的前身是於1963年在埃塞俄比亞首都亚的斯亚贝巴成立的「非洲團結組織」。非洲聯盟於未來有計畫統一使用貨幣、
聯合防禦力量、以及成立跨國家的機關，這包括一個管理非洲聯盟的內閣政府。此聯盟的主要目的是幫助發展及穩固非洲的民主、人權、以及能永續發展的經濟，
除此之外亦希望減少非洲內部的武裝戰亂及創造一個有效的共同市場。
目录 [隐藏]
1 概念
2 成員國
3 主要政策議題
4 對外關係
5 高峰會
6 外部連結
The President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore's head of
state. In a Westminster parliamentary system, which Singapore
possesses, the prime minister is the head of the government while the
position of president is largely ceremonial. Before 1993, the
President of Singapore was appointed by Parliament. Following
constitutional changes brought into force in 1991, the President
became a popularly-elected post. The first elected President was Ong
Teng Cheong, who served from 1 September 1993 to 31 August 1999. The
current President of Singapore is S.R. Nathan, who first became the
head of state in 18 August 1999 and is presently serving his second
term of office.
The President is a ceremonial head of state broadly analogous to the
British monarch, but the 1991 constitutional amendments gave the
President certain reserve powers over government expenditure of
financial reserves and appointments to key public offices. The
President's official residence is the Istana.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Qualifications
3 Disabilities
4 Term of office
5 Maintenance: The Civil List
6 Election
6.1 Presidential Elections Committee
6.2 Latest election
7 List of Presidents of the Republic of Singapore
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] History
Latest election
During the election of 2005, just like that of 1999, no balloting was
held. As the Presidential Elections Committee determined that no other
candidates satisfied the qualifications prescribed by the
Constitution, S.R. Nathan was declared President unopposed.
e • d Summary of the 27 August 2005 Singapore presidential election
results Candidate Votes
S.R. Nathan without ballot
[edit] List of Presidents of the Republic of Singapore
# Portrait President Start of term End of term
1 Yusof bin Ishak
(12 August 1910 – 23 November 1970) 9 August 1965 23 November 1970
Following the death of President Yusof bin Ishak, the Speaker of
Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng was installed by Parliament as Acting
President until the appointment of Benjamin Henry Sheares on 2 January
1971.
2 Benjamin Henry Sheares
(12 August 1907 – 12 May 1981) 2 January 1971 12 May 1981
Once again, following the death of President Benjamin Henry Sheares,
the Speaker of Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng was installed by Parliament
as Acting President until the appointment of C. V. Devan Nair on 23
October 1981.
3 C.V. (Chengara Veetil) Devan Nair
(5 August 1923 – 6 December 2005) 23 October 1981 27 March 1985
Following the resignation of President C.V. Devan Nair, Chief Justice
Wee Chong Jin was installed by Parliament as Acting President until 29
March when he was replaced by Speaker of Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng
until the appointment of Wee Kim Wee on 3 September 1985.
4 Wee Kim Wee
(4 November 1915 – 2 May 2005) 3 September 1985 1 September 1993
After the Constitution was amended in 1991, the term of President Wee
Kim Wee was fixed to end on 1 September 1993. On that date, President
Ong Teng Cheong, the first directly-elected President of Singapore,
assumed office.
5 Ong Teng Cheong
(22 January 1936 – 8 February 2002) 1 September 1993 1 September 1999
President Ong completed his term of office on 1 September 1999 and was
succeeded by S.R. Nathan who ran unopposed on Nomination Day in 1999.
President Nathan was subsequently re-elected in 2005.
6 S.R. Nathan (Sellapan Ramanathan)
(born 3 July 1924) 1 September 1999 Present
Prior to the introduction of elections for the Presidency, between
1965 and 1993 the Presidents of Singapore were Malay, Eurasian, Indian
and Chinese in turn. While there might have been some general
expectation that a system of rotation among the ethnic groups in
Singapore would have continued to apply, this possibility was put to
rest by the introduction of an elected Presidency in 1991. There are
no constitutional provisions specifying that such system should apply.
Singapore
Jump to: navigation, search
[show]
新加坡共和国 (Chinese)
Republik Singapura (Malay)
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு (Tamil)
Flag Coat of Arms
Motto: "Majulah Singapura" (Malay)
"Onward, Singapore"
Anthem: Majulah Singapura
Capital Singapore City (Downtown Core)1
Official languages English
Malay
Mandarin
Tamil
Demonym Singaporean
Government Parliamentary republic
- President Sellapan Ramanathan
- Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
- Speaker of Parliament Abdullah Tarmugi
- Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong
Independence
- City status 24 July 1951
- Self-government
under the United Kingdom 3 June 1959[1]
- Declaration of independence 31 August 1963
- Merger with Malaysia 16 September 1963
- Separation from Malaysia 9 August 1965
Area
- Total 707.1 km² (190th)
270 sq mi
- Water (%) 1.444
Population
- 2007 estimate 4,588,600[2] (117th)
- 2000 census 4,117,700
- Density 6,489/km² (3rd)
16,392/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total US$228.116 billion (44th)
- Per capita US$49,714 (6th)
GDP (nominal) 2007 estimate
- Total US$171.95 billion[3]
- Per capita US$39,952.44
HDI (2007) ▬ 0.922 (high) (25th)
Currency Singapore dollar (SGD)
Time zone SST (UTC+8)
Internet TLD .sg
Calling code +65²
1 Singapore is a city-state.
2 02 from Malaysia.
Singapore (Chinese: 新加坡, Xīnjiāpō; Malay: Singapura; Tamil:
சிங்கப்பூர், Cingkappūr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an
island country located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It
lies 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the
Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At
707.1 km2 (273.0 sq mi), Singapore is one of four remaining true city-
states in the world. It is the smallest nation in Southeast Asia.
Prior to European settlement, the island now known as Singapore was
the site of a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore
River. Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived along
the nearby coast, rivers and on smaller islands. In 1819 the British
East India Company established a trading post on the island, which was
used thereafter as a strategic trading post along the spice route.[4]
Singapore would become one of the most important commercial and
military centres of the British Empire, and the hub of British power
in Southeast Asia. The city was occupied by the Japanese during World
War II, which Winston Churchill called "Britain's greatest defeat".[5]
Singapore reverted to British rule immediately postwar, in 1945.
Eighteen years later the city, having achieved independence from
Britain, merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia.
However, less than two years later it seceded from the federation and
became an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Singapore joined the
United Nations on 21 September that same year.
Since independence, Singapore's standard of living has been on the
rise. Foreign direct investment and a state-led drive to
industrialisation based on plans drawn up by the Dutch economist
Albert Winsemius have created a modern economy focused on electronics
manufacturing, petrochemicals, tourism and financial services
alongside traditional entrepôt trade. Singapore is the 6th wealthiest
country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.[6] This small nation
has foreign exchange reserves of more than US$177 billion.[7]
The population of Singapore is approximately 4.59 million.[2] Though
Singapore is highly cosmopolitan and diverse, ethnic Chinese form the
majority of the population. English is the administrative language of
the country.
The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore established the nation's
political system as a representative democracy, while the country is
recognised as a parliamentary republic.[8] The People's Action Party
(PAP) dominates the political process and has won control of
Parliament in every election since self-government in 1959.[9]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 First settlement
1.3 Colonial rule
1.4 World War II
1.5 Independence
2 Government and politics
3 Geography and climate
4 Economy
4.1 Free Trade Agreements
4.2 Currency
5 Military
5.1 Singapore Armed Forces
5.2 Singapore Police Force
5.3 Singapore Civil Defence Force
5.4 National Service
6 Demographics
6.1 Population
6.2 Religion
6.3 Education
6.4 Foreign relations
6.4.1 Disputes
6.5 Languages
7 Culture
7.1 Cuisine
7.2 Performing arts
7.3 Media
7.3.1 Broadcasting
7.3.2 Print
7.4 Sport and recreation
8 Architecture
9 Resources
9.1 Water resource
10 Transport
10.1 International
10.2 Domestic
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
13.1 General Information
13.2 Travel
13.3 Maps
History
Main article: History of Singapore
新加坡
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
大陆：泰米尔；香港：泰米爾；台灣：坦米爾；新加坡：淡米尔； 当前用字模式下显示为→泰米尔
大陆：斯坦福·莱佛士；香港：斯坦福·萊佛士；台灣：史丹福·萊佛士；新加坡：史丹福·莱佛士； 当前用字模式下显示为→斯坦福·莱佛士
大陆：口香糖；香港：香口膠；台灣：口香糖； 当前用字模式下显示为→口香糖
大陆：乒乓球；香港：乒乓球；台灣：桌球； 当前用字模式下显示为→乒乓球
简体：出租车；繁體：計程車；香港：的士；新加坡：德士； 当前用字模式下显示为→出租车
简体：公交车；繁體：公車；香港：巴士；新加坡：巴士； 当前用字模式下显示为→公交车
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
北纬01度22分，东经103度48分表达错误: 未预料的 / 运算符;表达错误: 未预料的 / 运算符Republik Singapura（马
来语）
Republic of Singapore（英语）
新加坡共和国（华语）
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு（泰米尔语）
国旗 国徽
国家格言：Majulah Singapura
(马来文：前进吧，新加坡)
国歌：前进吧，新加坡
聆聽 文件－播放
自然地理
（实际管辖区）
首都 新加坡
最大城市 新加坡
面积
国土面积：707.1平方公里（世界第178名）
水域率：1.444%
最长河流 实里达河[1]
海岸线总长 193公里
时区 UTC+8
人民生活
官方语言 英语（法定行政及文书用语）
法定国语：马来语
官方认可：华语、泰米尔语
人口
总人口：4,483,900人（世界第117名）
人口密度：6,369/km2（世界第4名）
民族 华人、马来人、印度人、欧美裔人等
主要宗教 佛教、道教、印度教、伊斯兰教等
主要节日 春节：农历正月初一（华族新年）
国庆日：1965年8月9日(独立自马来西亚)
政治文化
政治体制 议会民主制
国家领导人
国家元首：总统：纳丹
政府首脑：总理：李显龙
经济实力
GDP(PPP) 1,240亿美元
人均GDP(PPP) 30,228美元
HDI 0.922（高，2007年）
中央银行 新加坡金融管理局
货币单位 新加坡元（SGD）
国家资料
国家象征 国家标识：狮子头标志
国花：卓锦万代兰
地标：鱼尾狮、滨海艺术中心
国家代码 SIN
国际域名缩写 .sg
国际电话区号 +65
編輯
新加坡共和国（英语：Republic of Singapore，马来语：Republik Singapura，泰米尔语：
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரச【读：Cingkappūr Kudiyarasu】），是东南亚的一个岛国，也是一个城市国家。该国位于马来
半岛南端，毗邻马六甲海峡南口，其南面有新加坡海峡与印尼相隔，北面有柔佛海峡与马来西亚相隔，并以长堤相连于新马两岸之间。新加坡的国土除了本岛之
外，还包括周围数岛。
1819年，任职于英国东印度公司的斯坦福·莱佛士与柔佛苏丹签订条约，获准在新加坡建立交易站和殖民地。由于地理位置特殊，新加坡在二次世界大战以前
一直是大英帝国在东南亚最重要的据点，经莱佛士努力，逐渐发展成繁荣的转口港。1942年至1945年间，新加坡曾被日军占据三年半之久，之后回归英国
管辖。1965年独立后，新加坡在短时间内由发展中国家迅速转变成为经济富裕的发达国家，其人民生活水平也因此得以快速提高，从而位居世界之前列。此
外，作为亞洲最重要的金融、服务和航运中心之一，新加坡在城市保洁方面效果显著，故亦有“花园城市”之美称。
新加坡主題首頁
目录 [隐藏]
1 历史
1.1 獨立前
1.2 建國後
1.3 華語稱謂
1.4 國花的由來
2 政治
3 地理
4 人口及語言
5 宗教
6 经济
7 交通
8 教育
9 体育
10 國定假日
11 参考资料
12 其他主题
13 外部鏈接
[编辑] 历史
新加坡总统
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
第一位直选总统是王鼎昌。现任总统是纳丹。
以下是新加坡历任总统的列表:
1965年-1970年: 尤索夫·伊萨(Encik Yusof Bin Ishak) (1910年-1970年)
1970年-1981年: 本杰明·亨利·薛尔思(Benjamin Henry Sheares) (1907年-1981年)
1981年-1985年: 蒂凡那(Devan Chengara Veetil Nair) (1923年-2005年)
1985年-1993年: 黄金辉(Wee Kim Wee) (1915年-2005年)
1993年-1999年: 王鼎昌(Ong Teng Cheong) (1936年-2002年)
1999年-: 纳丹(S. R. Nathan) (1924年-)
来自“http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%80%BB
%E7%BB%9F”
分类: 新加坡政治 | 新加坡總統
尤索夫·伊薩
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
職銜: 第一任新加坡總統
任期開始 1965年8月9日
任期結束 1970年
出生地 馬來西亞霹靂州
逝世地 新加坡
妻子 Noor Aishah
總理 李光耀 (1959–1990)
尤索夫·依薩(尤索夫·賓·伊薩克)（Yusof bin Ishak，1910年8月12日－1970年11月23日），首任新加坡總統。
依薩是一個傑出的新加坡政治家。生於霹靂州，他1959年和1965年首次擔任Yang di-Pertuan Negara(楊堤-佩爾圖安)(馬來
語，國家元首)，在1965年新加坡脫離馬來西亞聯邦，他擔任共和國總統直到他于1970年逝世。他妻子是Puan Noor Aishah。尤索夫死
後安葬在克蘭芝陣亡戰士紀念碑國家公墓。
現在流通的新加坡紙幣全都印上他的肖像。
S·R·纳丹（Sellapan Rama Nathan，1924年7月3日－）是新加坡的第六位和现任的总统，也是第二位民选总统。1999年8月
18日被在无对手有资格挑战的情况下被宣布当选为总统。纳丹在2005年的總統大選中以唯一符合條件的候選人身份再度自動連任總統一職。他曾任情报局
长、新加坡驻美国大使等职务。納丹與妻育有一子一女，現擁有三個孫兒。
[编辑] 簡歷
1924年7月3日出生於新加坡。
1954年畢業於馬來亞大學（即後來的新加坡國立大學）社會學系。
1955年加入新加坡政府，成為醫院社工。
1956年被委任為海員福利官（Seamen's Welfare Officer）
1962年到勞工研究所任助理所長，並在任內升任為所長。
1966年2月調任新加坡外交部。在部門內曾任助理秘书、副秘书和内政部代常任秘书。
1971年8月調任情报局局长，任內曾處理恐怖份子日本赤軍（Japanese Red Army）於1974年1月31日發動的恐怖襲擊。
1979年调回外交部，出任外交部第一常任秘书。
1982年任新加坡海峽時報执行主席。
1988年4月被委任為新加坡驻馬來西亞最高专员（Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia）
1990年7月成為新加坡駐美國大使至1996年。
1996年返回新加坡為巡回大使（Ambassador-at-Large），兼任南洋理工大學國防戰略研究院院長。
1999年辭任巡回大使及研究院院長，競逐新加坡總統。
1999年8月18日當選新加坡總統，並在9月1日履新。
2005年8月17日當選新加坡總統，並在9月1日履新。
Roman Empire
Jump to: navigation, search
Res publica Romana[1]
Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
Roman Empire
←
27 BC – AD 476 / 1453 →
→
Vexilloid
Motto
Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) (Latin)
"The Senate and People of Rome"
The Roman Empire at its greatest extent under Trajan in AD 117
Capital Rome
(44 BC – AD 286)
Constantinople
(From 330)
Ravenna
Milan
Nicomedia
Language(s) Latin, Greek
Religion Roman polytheism, later Christianity
Government Autocracy
- 379 – 395 Theodosius I
- 475 — 476 / 1449 — 1453 Romulus Augustus / Constantine XI
Legislature Roman Senate
Historical era Classical antiquity
- Battle of Actium 2 September 31 BC
- Octavian proclaimed Augustus 27 BC
- Diocletian splits imperial administration between east and west
285
- Constantine I declares Constantinople new imperial capital 330
- Death of Theodosius the Great, followed by permanent division of
the Empire into eastern and western halves 395
- Deposition of Romulus Augustus / Fall of Constantinople * AD 476 /
1453
Area
- 25 BC[2][3] 2,750,000 km² (1,061,781 sq mi)
- 50[2] 4,200,000 km² (1,621,629 sq mi)
- 117[2] 5,000,000 km² (1,930,511 sq mi)
- 390 [2] 4,400,000 km² (1,698,849 sq mi)
Population
- 25 BC[2][3] est. 56,800,000
Density 20.7 /km² (53.5 /sq mi)
- 117[2] est. 88,000,000
Density 17.6 /km² (45.6 /sq mi)
Currency Quadrans, Semis, As, Dupondius, Quinarius, Sestertius,
Denarius, Aureus, Solidus
* These events marked the end of the Western Roman Empire (286 – 476)
[4] and of the Eastern Roman Empire (330 – 1453), respectively.
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman
civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and
large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The
term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of
the first emperor, Augustus. The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which
preceded it, had been weakened by several civil wars [5]. Several
events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to
Empire, including Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator
(44 BC), the victory of Octavian at the Battle of Actium (2 September
31 BC), and the Roman Senate's granting to Octavian the honorific
Augustus. (16 January 27 BC) [6].
The Latin term Imperium Romanum (Roman Empire), probably the best-
known Latin expression where the word imperium denotes a territory,
indicates the part of the world under Roman rule. Roman expansion
began in the days of the Republic, but reached its zenith under
Emperor Trajan. At this territorial peak, the Roman Empire controlled
approximately 5,900,000 km² (2,300,000 sq mi) of land surface. Because
of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Roman influence upon
the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and government
of nations around the world lasts to this day.
In the late 3rd century AD, Diocletian established the practice of
dividing authority between two emperors, one in the western part of
the empire and one in the east, in order to better administer the vast
territory. For the next century this practice continued, with
occasional periods in which one emperor assumed complete control.
However, after the death of Theodosius the Great in 395, no single
emperor would ever again hold genuine supremacy over a united Roman
Empire [7]. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 as Romulus
Augustus was forced to abdicate by Odoacer [8]. The Eastern Roman or
Byzantine Empire endured until 1453 with the capture of Constantinople
by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II [9]. Therefore, it is difficult
to give an exact date when the Roman Empire ceased to exist, but this
article will focus on the empire from 27 BC to the permanent division
in AD 395. For more information, see History of the Roman Empire.
Contents [hide]
1 Government
1.1 Emperor
1.2 Senate
1.3 Senators and Equestrians
1.3.1 Senatorial Order
1.3.2 Equestrian Order
2 Military
2.1 Legions
2.2 Auxillia
2.3 Navy
3 Provinces
3.1 Imperial provinces
3.2 Senatorial provinces
4 Religion
4.1 Imperial cult
4.2 Absorption of foreign cults
4.3 Persecuted religions
4.3.1 Druids
4.3.2 Judaism
4.3.3 Christianity
5 Languages
6 Culture
6.1 Clothing, dining, and the arts
6.2 Education
7 Economy
8 The Emperors
8.1 Augustus (27 BC–AD 14)
8.2 Tiberius to Alexander Severus (14–235)
8.3 Crisis of the Third Century and the later emperors (235–395)
8.4 Decline of the Western Roman Empire (395–476)
8.5 Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire (476–1453)
9 Campaign History of the Roman Empire
9.1 Principate (27 BC–AD 235)
9.2 Dominate (235–395)
9.3 Collapse of the Western Empire (395–476)
10 Legacy
11 References
12 Notes
13 External links
South Africa
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the country on the southern tip of the African
continent. For its predecessors, see Union of South Africa. For the
southern region of Africa, see Southern Africa.
Republic of South Africa
[show]
Republiek van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans)
IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika (Sth. Ndebele)
IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika (Xhosa)
IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika (Zulu)
IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika (Swazi)
Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa (Nth. Sotho)
Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa (Sth. Sotho)
Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa (Tswana)
Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga (Tsonga)
Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe (Venda)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: !ke e: ǀxarra ǁke (ǀXam)
“Unity In Diversity” (literally “Diverse People Unite”)
Anthem: National anthem of South Africa
Capital Pretoria (executive)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Cape Town (legislative)
Largest city Johannesburg(2006) [1]
Official languages 11[show]
Afrikaans
English
Southern Ndebele
Northern Sotho
Southern Sotho
Swazi
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
Demonym South African
Government Federal parliamentary republic
- President Kgalema Motlanthe
- Deputy President Baleka Mbete
- NCOP Chairman M. J. Mahlangu
- National Assembly Speaker Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde
- Chief Justice Pius Langa
Independence from the United Kingdom
- Union 31 May 1910
- Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931
- Republic 31 May 1961
Area
- Total 1 221 037 km² (25th)
471 443 sq mi
- Water (%) Negligible
Population
- 2008 estimate 47 900 000[2] (25th)
- 2001 census 44 819 778[3]
- Density 39/km² (170th)
101/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate
- Total $467 95 billion ▲ (25th)
- Per capita $10 600 ▼ (76th)
GDP (nominal) 2007 (IMF) estimate
- Total $282.6 billion (30th)
- Per capita $5,724 (70th)
Gini (2000) 57.8 (high)
HDI (2007) 0.674 ▲ (medium) (121st)
Currency Rand (ZAR)
Time zone SAST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD .za
Calling code +27
The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a
country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. The
South African coast stretches 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi)[4][5] and
borders both the Atlantic and Indian oceans.[6] To the north of South
Africa lie Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland,
while the Kingdom of Lesotho is an independent enclave surrounded by
South African territory.[7]
Modern human beings have inhabited South Africa for more than 100,000
years.[8] With the discovery of the Cape Sea Route, the Dutch East
India Company founded a refreshment station at what would become Cape
Town in 1652.[9] Cape Town became a British colony in 1806. European
settlement expanded during the 1820s as the Boers (original Dutch,
Flemish, German and French settlers) and the British 1820 Settlers
claimed land in the north and east of the country. Conflicts arose
among the Xhosa, Zulu and Afrikaner groups. However, the discovery of
diamonds and later gold triggered the conflict known as the Anglo-Boer
War as the Boers and the British fought for the control of the South
African mineral wealth. Although the Boers were defeated, limited
independence was given to South Africa in 1910 as a British dominion.
Anti-British policies focused on ultimate independence which was
achieved in 1961 when South Africa was declared a republic. The
leading National Party legislated for a continuation of racial
segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule, Boer
republics, and subsequent South African governments (and which in 1948
became legally institutionalized segregation known as apartheid),
despite opposition both in and outside of the country. In 1990 the
then president F.W. de Klerk began to dismantle this legislation, and
in 1994 the first democratic election was held in South Africa. This
election brought Nelson Mandela and the current ruling party, the
African National Congress to power.
South Africa is known for its diversity, and eleven official languages
are recognised in its constitution.[6] English is the most commonly
spoken language in official and commercial public life, however it is
only the fifth most spoken home language.[6] South Africa is
ethnically diverse, with the largest Caucasian, Indian, and racially
mixed communities in Africa. Although 79.6% of the South African
population is Black,[2] this category is neither culturally nor
linguistically homogenous, as they speak a number of different Bantu
languages, nine of which have official status.[6] Midyear 2007, the
South African population was estimated at 47.9 million.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre history
1.2 European colonisation
1.3 Independence
1.4 Democracy
2 Politics
3 Foreign relations and military
4 Provinces, districts and municipalities
5 Geography
5.1 Flora and fauna
6 Economy
6.1 Electricity crisis
6.2 Agriculture
7 Demographics
8 Society and culture
8.1 Religion
8.2 Languages
8.3 Sports
9 Current issues
9.1 HIV/AIDS
9.2 Crime
9.3 Skills migration
9.4 Xenophobia
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
[edit] History
南非
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
原文：津巴布韦；简体：津巴布韦；繁體：辛巴威；香港：津巴布韋； 当前用字模式下显示为→津巴布韦
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
述的是南非共和國。關於南部非洲，詳見「南部非洲」。
Republiek van Suid-Afrika
Republic of South Africa
南非共和国
国旗 国徽
国家格言：/Xam: !ke e: ǀxarra ǁke(多民族共和))
国歌：南非國歌
自然地理
（实际管辖区）
首都 行政首都：比勒陀里亚
司法首都：布隆方丹
立法首都：开普敦
最大城市 约翰內斯堡
面积
国土面积：1,219,912平方公里（世界第24名）
水域率：可忽略%
时区 UTC +2
人民生活
官方语言 南非荷兰语、英语、祖魯語、科萨语、斯威士语、恩德贝莱语、
北索托语、南索托语、聪加语、茨瓦纳语、文达语
人口
总人口：43,647,658人（世界第26名）
人口密度：39人/km2（世界第163名）
主要节日 自英国獨立，1910年5月31日
政治文化
政治体制 议会共和制
国家领导人
国家元首：代总統：莫特蘭蒂
政府首脑：代总统：莫特蘭蒂
经济实力
GDP(PPP) $5702億美元
人均GDP(PPP) $12160(PPP)美元
HDI 0.653（中，2006年）
中央银行 南非共和國儲備銀行
货币单位 兰特（ZAR）
国家资料
国家代码 ZAF
国际域名缩写 .za
国际电话区号 27
編輯
南非共和国（南非荷兰语：Republiek van Suid-Afrika，英语：Republic of South Africa，除南非荷兰
语、英语外，南非还有9种获得官方地位的地方语言：祖鲁语: iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika，科萨语:
iRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika，聪加语: Riphabliki yaAfrika Dzonga，南北索托语:
Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa，茨瓦纳语: Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa，恩德贝莱语:
IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika，斯威士语: IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika，文达
语: Riphabuliki ya Afurika Tshipembe），非洲国家，有“彩虹之国”之誉，位于非洲大陆最南端，纬度自南纬22至
35，经度从东经17至33。东、西、南三面分別瀕臨印度洋、大西洋和南冰洋，海岸线3,000公里。位于开普敦东南1,920公里处大西洋上的愛德華
王子群島亦为南非领土。北与纳米比亚、博茨瓦纳、津巴布韦、莫桑比克及斯威士兰接壤，另有“国中之国”莱索托。南非是世界上独一无二的拥有三个首都的国
家：行政首都（中央政府所在地）为比勒陀利亚，司法首都（最高法院所在地）为布隆方丹，立法首都（议会所在地）为开普敦。
目录 [隐藏]
1 历史
2 地理
2.1 自然環境
2.2 氣候
3 行政区划
4 政治
5 重要城镇
6 经济
7 外交
8 参见
9 外部链接
[编辑] 历史
1940年代後期，南非的種族歧見日益嚴重，「種族隔離」成為南非的政策，黑非洲人不能和白人交往，他們的生活都受到歧視。1960年代，南非內部出現
反對種族隔離政策的騷亂和鬥爭，再加上國際對南非的制裁，促使南非的種族隔離政策於1990年代結束。
南非最早的居民為科桑人約西元1000年後，許多班圖部落自北方遷移至此。葡萄牙人於15世紀末抵達好望角。1652年荷蘭移民定居。英國人則於
1795年到此地。1814年英國人併吞好望角。1836年波耳人向東北方大遷徙，跨橘河前去納塔耳，並於1839年建立第一個波耳人共和國。1846
年英國人兼併納塔耳，但對波耳人所建的特蘭斯瓦共和國(建於1852年)及橘自由邦(建於1854年)給予承認。然而，南非分別於1866年及1886
年發現鑽石及黃金後，又引起英國人與波耳人間的對立。兩次南非戰爭於1880年-1881年及1899年-1902年爆發。1910年特蘭斯瓦、納塔
耳、橘自由邦及開普省實行聯合，成立南非聯邦，列為英帝國的一個自治領。1931-1961年成為大英國協內的一主權國家。1961年成為獨立共和國。
波札那與賴索托於1966年獨立，1968年史瓦濟蘭獨立。南非於1976年、1966年、1979年及1981年分別准許川斯凱、波布那、文達及西斯
凱獨立，但皆未得到國際上承認。
[编辑] 地理
"Apartheid" redirects here. For the legal definition of Apartheid, see
crime of apartheid. For other uses, see Apartheid (disambiguation).
Apartheid (meaning separateness in Afrikaans, cognate to English apart
and -hood) was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the
National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1990.
Apartheid had its roots in the history of colonisation and settlement
of southern Africa, with the development of practices and policies of
separation along racial lines and domination by European settlers and
their descendents. Following the general election of 1948,[1], the
National Party set in place its programme of Apartheid, with the
formalisation and expansion of existing policies and practices into a
system of institutionalised racism and white domination. Apartheid was
dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating
in elections in 1994, the first in South Africa with universal
suffrage. The legacies of apartheid still shape South African politics
and society.
Apartheid legislation classified inhabitants and visitors into racial
groups (black, white, coloured, and Indian or Asian). South African
blacks were stripped of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens
of one of ten tribally based and nominally self-governing bantustans
(tribal homelands), four of which became nominally independent states.
The homelands occupied relatively small and economically unproductive
areas of the country. The government based the homelands on the
territory of Black Reserves founded during the British Empire period,
akin to the US Indian Reservation, Canadian First Nations reserves, or
Australian aboriginal reserves. Many black South Africans, however,
never resided in their identified "homelands". The homeland system
disenfranchised black people residing in "white South Africa"[2] by
restricting their voting rights to their own identified black
homeland. The government segregated education, medical care, and other
public services; black people ended up with services greatly inferior
to those of whites, and, to a lesser extent, to those of Indians and
coloureds. The black education system was designed to prepare blacks
for lives as a labouring class. There was a deliberate policy in
"white South Africa" of making services for black people inferior to
those of whites, to try to "encourage" black people to move into the
black homelands.
The system of apartheid sparked significant internal resistance.[3]
The government responded to a series of popular uprisings and protests
with police brutality, which in turn increased local support for the
armed resistance struggle.[4] In response to popular and political
resistance, the apartheid government resorted to detentions without
trial, torture, censorship, and the banning of political opposition
from organisations such as the African National Congress, the Black
Consciousness Movement, the Azanian People's Organisation, the Pan
Africanist Congress, and the United Democratic Front, which were
popularly considered liberation movements. Despite suffering extreme
repression and exile, these organisations maintained popular support
for the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa and forged connections
with the international anti-apartheid movement during this period.[5]
[6]
White South Africa became increasingly militarised, embarking on the
so-called border war with the covert support of the USA, fighting
Cuban and MPLA forces based in Angola, and later sending the South
African Defence Force into townships. The anti-apartheid organisations
had strong links with other liberation struggles in Africa, and often
saw their armed resistance to apartheid as part of the socialist
struggle against capitalism.[7]
Contents [hide]
1 Creation of apartheid
1.1 Racial segregation and colonialism prior to apartheid
1.2 Elections of 1948 and the Group Areas Act
1.3 Disenfranchisement of coloured voters
1.4 Apartheid legislation
1.5 Unity among white South Africans
2 Apartheid system
2.1 Grand Apartheid, the "homeland" system
2.2 Forced removals
2.3 Petty Apartheid
2.4 Coloured classification
2.5 Women under apartheid
2.6 Other minorities
3 Internal resistance
4 International relations
4.1 The Commonwealth
4.2 United Nations
4.3 Organisation for African Unity
4.4 Outward-Looking Policy
4.5 Cultural and sporting isolation
4.6 Western influence
4.7 South African Border War
4.8 Total onslaught
4.9 Cross-border raids
5 Conservatism
6 State security
6.1 State of emergency
7 Final years of apartheid
7.1 Negotiations
8 Contrition
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 External links
[edit] Creation of apartheid
[edit] Racial segregation and colonialism prior to apartheid
The ANC won 62.65% of the vote,[38][39] less than the 66.7% that would
have allowed it to rewrite the constitution. As well as deciding the
national government, the election decided the provincial governments,
and the ANC won in all but two provinces. The NP captured most of the
white and coloured votes and became the official opposition party. The
Government of National Unity was established, its cabinet made up of
twelve ANC representatives, six from the NP and three from the IFP.
Thabo Mbeki and FW De Klerk were made deputy presidents, and Nelson
Mandela became South Africa's first democratically-elected president.
The ANC won seven provinces, the NP the Western Cape and the IFP
Natal.
Since then, 27 April is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa
known as Freedom Day.
In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid
regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South
Africa".[40]
[edit] Contrition
南非種族隔離
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
目錄 [隱藏]
1 名稱
2 具體措施
3 相關法律
4 種族隔離的取消
5 參見
6 註釋
[編輯] 名稱
Apartheid是南非語引自荷蘭語的詞，區分隔離制度之意。這個制度對人種進行分隔(主要分成白人、黑人、印度人和其他有色人種)。然後依照法律上
的分類，各族群在地理上強制的被分離，特別是佔多數的黑人，依法成為某些"家園"的市民。這些家園在名義上是自主國家但運作比較類似美國印地安保留區和
加拿大原住民保留區。事實上，多數的南非黑人從未居住過這些"家園"。
[編輯] 具體措施
具體實踐上，南非種族隔離制度防止了非白人族群(即使是居住在南非白人區)得到投票權或影響力，將他們的權益限制在遙遠可能從未訪問過的家園。教育、醫
療和其他公共服務有時被聲稱是平等隔離，即為白人和非白人提供同樣的、但彼此分開的服務，但事實上非白人族群可得到的只是非常次等的公共服務。
這個制度在1948年被以法律方式執行，直到1994年南非共和國因為長期的被國際輿論批判與貿易制裁而廢止。聯合國也認為「種族隔離是一種對人類的犯
罪」。
種族隔離制度是以1913年的「原住民土地法」作為開端。由於廣泛的使用而被執政的南非國民黨（National Party）予以強化。接受差別待遇
的黑人有2500萬人，印度人約有90萬人；但是白人只有近400萬人。南非共和國的政府說法是：「南非共和國是一個多種族國家，各民族的傳統文化與習
俗皆有所不同，言語也有所差別。讓各民族各自發展，並不是種族隔離，而是各自發展。」但是明顯的白人掌握政治經濟的權力，有色人種成為廉價勞動力的來
源；其中的黑人多在白人擁有的農場工作，但是只拿到白人十分之一的工資，而且工資通常無法養家；也有不少黑人失業。
[編輯] 種族隔離的取消
南非的種族隔離政策不但引發國內的反彈與抗爭，更引發國際社會的攻擊與經濟制裁；1989年戴克拉克擔任南非總統後，便釋放反對種族隔離政策而入獄的曼
德拉，並且於1990年解除戒嚴；1991年南非共和國廢止人口登記法、原住民土地法與集團地區法，在法律上取消了種族隔離政策。
[編輯] 參見
Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese
Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use
military force as a means of settling international disputes.
Foreign relations and military
Main articles: Foreign relations of Japan, Japan Self-Defense Forces,
and Ministry of Defense (Japan)
Former Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda with US President George W. Bush
The JMSDF Hyūga, one of two Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
helicopter carriers.
Japanese Air Self-Defense Force F-15s.Japan maintains close economic
and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the
U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign
policy.[35] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has
served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 18
years, most recently in 2005–2006. It is also one of the G4 nations
seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.[36] As a member
of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the
East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international
affairs. It is also the world's third largest donor of official
development assistance after the United States and United Kingdom,
donating US$8.86 billion in 2004.[37] Japan contributed non-combatant
troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq.
[38]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors:
with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the
Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over
the Senkaku Islands, and with the PRC over the EEZ around
Okinotorishima.
Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its
abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile
program (see also Six-party talks). As a result of the Kuril Islands
dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty
resolving the issue was ever signed.[39]
Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese
Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use
military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's
military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily
consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan
Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense
Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping
operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the
first overseas use of its military since World War II.[38]
Administrative divisions
[编辑] 軍事
日本海上自衛隊的日向型護衛艦主条目：日本军事
1945年日本戰敗後在美軍总司令麦克阿瑟的主导下制订了日本國憲法，當中的第九條规定日本放棄發動戰爭及通過暴力手段解決國際爭端。
外交關係與軍事
主条目：日本外交
前任首相福田康夫與美國總統布希國際關係上日本的最親密盟友為美國[33] ，由於日本扼東北亞通往太平洋的門戶，在冷戰時期是美國抵禦共產主義於亞洲
擴張的前線島鏈，美軍在日本各地都有軍事基地。日本是美國在亞洲的重要軍事據點，在美國的東亞外交策略中有一定影響力。作為世界第二大經濟體系，日本努
力在世界舞台上爭取與之相等的角色。日本自1956年來，累計擔任了16年的安理會非常任理事國；日本曾聯同德國、巴西及印度組成四國聯盟向聯合國提交
改革安全理事會建議，其中包括加入安理會常任理事國。日本同時是八大工業國組織和APEC成員及東南亞國家聯盟中東盟10+3論壇的參與國。某些問題，
例如捕鯨活動[34]。偶爾令日本成為國際組織的批評對象，但日本與世界關係基本和諧。與此相對的是由於對二戰歷史、領土劃界及軍事威脅等的認知不盡相
同，日本跟鄰國，特別是中华人民共和国、北韓及南韓的關係則相對緊張。根據美國馬里蘭大學與英國廣播公司對全世界四萬人進行的民意調查，日本是給世界最
佳影響的國家[35]。
日本與一些周邊鄰國存在領土糾紛的問題，包括與中華人民共和國的東海油氣田問題；與中華人民共和國及中華民國（台灣）之間有釣魚台列嶼主權問題（日方稱
為尖閣諸島），目前實際由日本控制；與俄羅斯之間有南千島群島主權問題（日本稱為北方領土或北方四島），目前實際由俄羅斯控制；與南韓有獨島（日方稱為
竹島）的主權爭端，目前由南韓實際統治。
[编辑] 軍事
日本海上自衛隊的日向型護衛艦主条目：日本军事
1945年日本戰敗後在美軍总司令麦克阿瑟的主导下制订了日本國憲法，當中的第九條规定日本放棄發動戰爭及通過暴力手段解決國際爭端。1950年朝鲜战
争开始後，为了对抗苏联阵营，日本在美国的指导下逐渐开始武装起来，由警察部队发展出一支二十多万人的军事武装日本自卫队[36]。2003年，日本自
衛隊被派遣到伊拉克參與維和行動，這是二戰以來日本軍隊第一次被派駐海外[37]。2004年的防衛預算為4兆8,764億日圓，佔總預算的
5.94%[38]。
[编辑] 經濟
On 10月9日, 上午3時41分, Topaz <mars1...@hotmail.com> wrote:
> On Tue, 7 Oct 2008 00:37:53 -0700 (PDT), mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com>
>
> >More than seventy percent of American population are white.
>
> Thirty years ago it was 90%. They are saying in another 30 years it
> will be 50%
>
> "There's this hilarious disconnect in the sheeple brain, where they
> have been progressively brainwashed over a forty year period into
> believing that once they have committed suicide themselves, an
> identical civilization will be left behind except with a different
> demographic makeup. They will yank the white tablecloth out from under
> the dinnerware and the society will remain standing, only
> melanin-enriched but otherwise the same.
>
> It's like white people all over the planet were each taking turns
> shooting themselves in the head with the same gun, convinced when they
> at the hip with the Indo-European gene pwill leave the perfect society behind.
> I've got bad news for you. What you think of as ool. It's not even like oil
mrliu918
If anyone know the role of Mr Leung or Ms Leung in the Gulf War,
contact me at mrli...@yahoo.com.hk or drago...@excite.com.
Leung has been offering girls to customers around the world for more
than fifty years. I did not find any Leung ( aka Liang ) within the
top ten
list of generals in world history and there are no record of his
participation
in any successful military campaign that changed the course of
history.
Leung is neither within the top ten list of world boxing champions.
What
exactly is his or her role in the 1990 incident?
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Quotation from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires
http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_2700000/newsid_2700300/2700355.stm
http://www.eastday.com/epublish/big5/paper3/20030321/class000300004/hwz2561.htm
http://www.cctv.com/news/world/20030326/100161.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_in_World_War_II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebombing
Persian Gulf War
Clockwise from top: USAF aircraft flying over burning Kuwaiti oil
wells; British troops in Operation Granby; Camera view of a Lockheed
AC-130; Highway of Death; M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle
Date August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991 (officially ended November 30,
1995)
Location North of The Arabian Peninsula
Result Coalition victory
Removal of Iraqi invasion force from Kuwait
Altering of Kuwait
Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure
Internal rising against Saddam Hussein encouraged then ignored, and
suppressed
Establishment of U.S. military presence in Saudi Arabia
Imposition of UN Sanctions against Iraq
Palestinian Expulsion from Kuwait [1]
Belligerents
Kuwait
United States
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Egypt
Germany
Morocco
France
Syria
Oman
Pakistan
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Korea
Argentina
France
Qatar
United Arab Emirates
Spain
Pakistan
Greece
Poland
Belgium
Other Coalition forces
Iraq
Commanders
Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
George H. W. Bush
Norman Schwarzkopf
Khalid bin Sultan[2][3]
Margaret Thatcher
John Major
Peter de la Billière Saddam Hussein
Ali Hassan al-Majid
Tariq Aziz
Strength
959,600[4]
1,820 Fighter aircraft (1,376 American, 175 Saudi, 69 British, 42
French)
3,318 tanks (mainly M1 Abrams(U.S.),Challenger 1(UK), M60 Patton(U.S.)
8 aircraft carriers
2 battleships
20 cruisers
20 destroyers
5 submarines[5] 545.000
649 fighters
2,000 tanks (Chinese Type-59s, Type-69s, & self produced T-55 T-62,
about 300 soviet T-72) [5]
Casualties and losses
358 killed in action, 181 by enemy fire,
776 wounded in action,
41 taken prisoner (unknown Kuwaiti casualties). Est. Heavy, around
20,000-200,000 killed (see section below),
80,000 taken prisoner,[6]
75,000 wounded
[show]v • d • eRecent wars and conflicts
in the Persian Gulf
Iran-Iraq War – Opera – Al-Anfal Campaign – Gulf War – 1991 uprisings
– Provide Comfort – Southern Watch – 1993 bombings – Kurdish Civil War
– Desert Strike – Northern Watch – Desert Fox – Southern Focus – Iraq
War
[show]v • d • eGulf War
海湾战争
{{{partof}}}的一部分
日期： 1990年8月2日 – 1991年2月28日
地点： 波斯湾
結果： 聯軍勝利，伊拉克從科威特撤軍
起因： 伊拉克入侵科威特
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
聯合國軍隊：
科威特
美国
英国
沙特阿拉伯
埃及
卡塔尔
法国
加拿大 伊拉克共和國
指揮官
施瓦茨柯普夫 萨达姆·侯赛因
兵力
660,000 360,000
傷亡
378死
1,000傷 25,000死
75,000傷
[edit] Coalition military personnel deployment[37]
Main article: Coalition of Gulf War
List of Coalition forces by number of troops
Country Number of Troops Comments / Major Events
United States 575,000 - 697,000 Operation Desert Shield
Battle of Khafji
Battle of 73 Easting
Battle of Al Busayyah
Battle of Phase Line Bullet
Battle of Medina Ridge
Battle of Wadi Al-Batin
Battle of Norfolk
Operation Desert Storm.
Saudi Arabia 52,000 - 100,000 Operation Desert Shield
Battle of Khafji
Operation Desert Storm
United Kingdom 43,000 - 45,400 Operation Desert Shield
Operation Granby
Operation Desert Storm
Egypt 33,600 - 35,000 Operation Desert Storm
France 18,000 Opération Daguet
Syria 14,500 Operation Desert Storm
Morocco 13,000
Kuwait 9,900 Invasion of Kuwait
Operation Desert Storm
Oman 6,300 Operation Desert Storm
Pakistan 4,900 - 5,500
United Arab Emirates 4,300 Operation Desert Storm
Qatar 2,600 Battle of Khafji
Bangladesh 2,200
Canada 2,000 Operation FRICTION
Australia 1,800 Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War
Italy 1,200 Deployed Panavia Tornado strike attack aircraft
Netherlands 600
Niger 600
Senegal 500
Spain 500 Naval blockade
Bahrain 400
Belgium 400
Afghanistan 300
Argentina 300
Czechoslovakia 200 Operation Desert Shield
Operation Desert Storm
Greece 200
Poland 200 Operation Simoom
South Korea 200
Philippines 200 Medical personnel
Denmark 100
Hungary 50
Norway 280
Casualties
[edit] Coalition losses
The DoD reports that U.S. forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths,
plus one pilot listed as MIA (further 145 Americans died in out-of-
combat accidents). The UK suffered 47 deaths, 38 from Iraqi fire,
France 2, and the Arab countries suffered 39 fatalities(18 Saudis, 10
Egyptians, 6 from the UAE, 3 Syrians, and 1 Kuwaiti).[38][39]
The largest single loss of Coalition forces happened on February 25,
1991, when an Iraqi Al-Hussein missile hit an American military
barrack in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia killing 28 U.S. Army Reservists from
Pennsylvania. In all, 181 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire,
102 of them American. Out of a total of 358 coalition deaths, this
showed how poor the Iraqi army was compared to the coalition forces.
The rest were killed by friendly fire, exploding munitions, or out of
combat accidents.
The number of coalition wounded in combat seems to have been 776,
including 458 Americans.[40]
However, as of the year 2000, 183,000 U.S. veterans of the Gulf War,
more than a quarter of the U.S. troops who participated in War, have
been declared permanently disabled by the Department of Veterans
Affairs [41]. About 30% of the 700,000 men and women who served in
U.S. forces during the Gulf War still suffer an array of serious
symptoms whose causes are not fully understood.[42]
[edit] Friendly fire
While the death toll among Coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants
was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental
attacks from other allied units. Of the 148 American troops who died
in battle, 24% were killed by friendly fire, a total of 35 service
personnel. A further 11 died in detonations of allied munitions. Nine
British service personnel were also killed in a friendly fire incident
when a USAF A-10A Thunderbolt-II attacked a group of two Warrior IFVs.
[edit] Pre-war estimates
Before the war Pentagon officials were estimating 30,000-40,000
coalition casualties.[citation needed]
The Dupuy Institute stood alone and in front of Congress predicted
coalition casualties below 6,000. They used the TNDM model which makes
use of historical data from previous wars to predict casualties (the
model makes use of 'human' factors such as morale and they predicted
that very few Iraqi divisions would put up resistance).[citation
needed]
[edit] Iraqi deaths
The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but known to
be heavy. Immediate estimates said up to 100,000 Iraqis were killed.
Some now estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000
fatalities. However other figures still maintain fatalities as high as
200,000.[43]
A report commissioned by the U.S. Air Force, estimated 10,000-12,000
Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign and as many as 10,000
casualties in the ground war.[44] This analysis is based on Iraqi
prisoner of war reports. It is known that between 20,000 and 200,000
Iraqi soldiers were killed.
Saddam Hussein's government gave high civilian casualty figures in
order to draw support from the islamic countries. The Iraqi government
claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign.
According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study[45], 3,664
Iraqi civilians and between 20,000 and 26,000 military personnel were
killed in the conflict. 75,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded in the
fighting.
[edit] Israeli Civilian losses
39 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq into Israel during the seven weeks
of the war. Three Israeli people died due to these attacks, in
addition to approximately 78 injured. Several others suffered fatal
heart attacks immediately after the missile strikes. The attacks
caused damage to property, and demoralised the Israeli population.
Israel, a nation who has always defended her people, was eager to
respond with military force to these attacks, but agreed not to when
asked by the U.S. Government. (It was feared that if Israel got
involved, the other Arab nations would either desert from the
coalition or join Iraq.) Israel was given two batteries of MIM-104
Patriot missiles for the protection of Civilians.[46]
[edit] Civilian deaths
The increased importance of air attacks from both warplanes and cruise
missiles led to much controversy over the level of civilian deaths
caused during the initial stages of the war. Within the first 24 hours
of the war, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many of them against
targets in Baghdad. The city received heavy bombing due to being the
seat of power for President Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi forces'
command and control. However, this also led to substantial civilian
casualties.
During the long bombing campaign prior to the ground war, many aerial
attacks led to civilian casualties. In one particularly notable event,
stealth bombers attacked a bunker in Amirya, causing the deaths of
between 200 and 400 civilians who were taking refuge there at the
time. Subsequently, scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were
broadcast and controversy raged over the status of the bunker, with
some stating that it was a civilian shelter while others contended
that it was a centre of Iraqi military operations and the civilians
had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields. Some
estimates 2,300 to 200,000 Iraqi civilians were killed during the war.
Other research, such as an investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte, has
speculated on civilian fatalites as high as 100,000. [43] Notably, the
deaths of civilians and damage to civilian areas was expressly avoided
by coalition forces, unlike previous campaigns such as the Bombing of
Tokyo in World War II.
[edit] Gulf War controversies
美国国务卿詹姆斯·贝克组织了一个反伊拉克的34个国家的联盟：阿富汗、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴林、孟加拉国、加拿大、捷克斯洛伐克、丹麦、埃及、法国、
德国、希腊、匈牙利、洪都拉斯、意大利、科威特、摩洛哥、荷兰、尼日尔、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、南韓、西
班牙、叙利亚、土耳其、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国和美国。在这场战争中的66万人军队中美军佔74%。许多联盟国并不愿参加。有些认为这场战争是阿拉伯内
部的战争，其它害怕美国在科威特的影响加强。最后许多国家在经济援助、免债等优惠条件下同意参加。
[编辑] 空戰
埃及、美國及沙烏地阿拉伯空軍的C-130運輸機。聯合國安理會第678號決議的最後通牒過後一日，1991年1月16日，聯軍開始執行名為「沙漠風暴
行動」的強烈空襲：每天的攻擊次數上千。使用的武器有制導炸彈、集束炸彈、空爆炸彈和巡航導彈。相應地伊拉克次日向以色列發射了8顆飛毛腿導彈。盟軍的
首要目標是摧毀伊拉克的空軍和防空設施。這個任務很快就完成了，在此後的戰爭期間盟軍空軍幾乎暢通無阻。雖然伊拉克的防空能力比預期的要好，但在戰爭第
一天盟軍只損失了一架飛機。在這段時間裡隱形戰機被多次使用來消滅伊拉克的地對空導彈和其它防空武器。這些武器被消滅後，盟軍的其它飛機的行動就安全得
多了。大多數飛機是從沙特阿拉伯和盟軍在波斯灣的六艘航空母艦上起飛的。
盟軍的下一個目標是指揮和通訊設施。薩達姆在兩伊戰爭中對他的軍隊的指揮非常詳細，小部隊自己的主動性幾乎全部喪失。盟軍戰略家希望假如伊拉克的指揮和
控制系統被摧毀後它的抵抗力就會被大為削減。戰爭的第一個星期中伊拉克進行了幾次攻擊，但其效果甚小，38架伊拉克米格機被盟軍飛機擊落，此後伊拉克空
軍開始逃往伊朗。
空戰的第三個和最大的一個目標是打擊伊拉克和科威特的軍事目標。約三分之一的盟軍空襲是為了消滅伊拉克的飛毛腿導彈。此外軍民雙用的設施也被襲擊：發電
廠、通訊設施、港口、煉油廠、鐵路和橋樑。兩座核電站也被攻擊，這違反了聯合國45/52號禁止進攻核反應堆的決議。伊拉克全國各地的電站都遭破壞。戰
後伊拉克的發電力只有戰前的4%。所有大壩和大多數重要的泵水站和許多污水處理站被炸燬。在大多數情況下盟軍試圖不攻擊只被民用的設施。1991年2月
13日，兩顆激光導航的靈巧炸彈擊中了巴格達的一個防空洞，上百伊拉克人喪身。美國官方稱該防空洞是一個軍用通訊中心，但西方記者未能發現任何跡象說明
這是真的。
伊拉克向盟軍在沙特阿拉伯的基地和向以色列發射了飛毛腿導彈，希望將以色列牽入這場戰爭而迫使其它阿拉伯國家退出這場戰爭。但這個戰略未成功。以色列沒
有參加盟軍，而除約旦外所有阿拉伯留在同盟中。約旦始終保持中立。1月29日，伊拉克用坦克和步兵佔領沙特阿拉伯城市卡夫吉。但兩天後伊拉克軍隊被在強
大的空軍掩護下的美國海軍陸戰隊和沙特阿拉伯軍隊逐出。
[编辑] 陆战
盟军陆战计划。1991年2月22日伊拉克同意一个由苏联提出的停火协议。这个协议要求伊拉克在三周内退回到战前的位置和完全停火，此外联合国安理会观
察撤兵和停火。美国拒绝了这个建议但说回退的伊拉克军队将不被攻击并限令伊拉克于24小时内撤兵。
2月24日，美军开始了被称为“沙漠军刀”的陆战行动。美军使用推土机填没伊拉克战壕，将其中的驻军活埋，然后一支海军陆战队深入伊拉克境内，俘虏了上
千逃跑的伊拉克军队，这些军队已被空战削弱和气势低落。美军认为伊拉克有可能使用化学武器，科林·鲍威尔后来建议在这种情况下美军可以炸开底格里斯河和
幼发拉底河上的大坝来水淹巴格达。但这个建议未被采纳。美国一开始希望萨达姆会被内部政变推翻。中央情报局被授权在伊拉克内部挑拨动乱。但当伊拉克南部
人民开始暴动反对萨达姆时，美国没有支持他们，因为其它同盟者反对入侵伊拉克。结果是这场暴乱被血腥镇压。而且中央情报局中负责组织暴乱的人被撤职并被
指责“违反了不许组织暴乱的命令”。
在他们1998年共同写的书《改变世界》中老布什和布伦特·斯考克罗夫特讨论过改变伊拉克政府的问题：
假如我们在1991年消灭萨达姆政府，将陆战改为入侵伊拉克的话，那么我们将违反我们的不在行动中改变目标的宗旨，进入目标滑动的状态，其结果是不可估
算的人道和政治代价……我们将不得不佔领巴格达和整个伊拉克。同盟将立刻解散，阿拉伯国家会愤怒地离开我们，其它同盟国也会离开。在这种情况下我们没有
任何可行的，不违反我们的原则的“逃避计划”……假如我们入侵的话，美国可能今天还是一个敌对国的佔领者。其结果——可能是悲惨的结果——将是另一个样
子。
伊拉克没有使用化学武器，而盟军的进展也比美国将军估计的要快。2月26日伊拉克军队开始退出科威特，他们撤出时将科威特油田点燃。在从科威特通向伊拉
克的高速公路上伊拉克军队和伊拉克和巴勒斯坦平民组成了一条长龙。这支队伍被盟军飞机猛烈轰炸以至于它获得了“死亡高速公路”的外号。陆战开始后100
小时布什总统宣布停火，2月27日他宣布科威特被解放。记者西摩·赫希称停火被宣布两天后一支由巴里·迈卡弗里指挥的美军系统地屠杀撤退的伊拉克军队和
一些平民。迈卡弗里自己否认这个事件，在后来美国陆军的调查中迈卡弗里被证是无罪。
和平谈判是在被佔领的伊拉克土地上进行的。在这个会议上，伊拉克被准许在它的边界内使用武装直升飞机。此后不久，这些直升飞机和其它部队被用来打击南部
的叛乱。在北方，库尔德人的领导人相信了美国关于支持人民起义的号召开始武装暴乱，并希望以此激起一次政变。但当美国不进行干涉时，伊拉克军人保持他们
的忠诚并严重地打击了库尔德人的军队。上百万库尔德人逃过土耳其和伊朗的边境。后来这些事件被用来建立伊拉克南部和北部的禁飞地带。在科威特，埃米尔的
独裁政府被恢复。被怀疑为伊拉克合作者的人，尤其巴勒斯坦人受到特别法庭调查。最后40万以上的人被逐出境。
1991年3月10日，“告别沙漠行动”开始，美军从波斯湾撤离54万军队。
[编辑] 伤亡数字
关于海湾战争的伤亡数字有争议。盟军死亡人数可能是378人，其中美军因战事身亡的有148人，非战事身亡的145人。英军死亡47人，阿拉伯军队死亡
40人，法军损失2人。盟军死亡最多的是在1991年2月25日，该日一颗伊拉克飞云导弹击中一个美国兵营造成28个美军预备队员死亡。盟军受伤人数可
能少于1000人。伊拉克伤亡人数的争议比较大。有些估计说少于1500人死亡，有些说约20万死亡。大多数学者认为死亡人数在2.5万到7.5万之
间。受伤人数也不清楚。被美军俘虏的伊拉克人为7.1万。估计的伊拉克平民死亡人数从100人到超过20万人不等。
此外战后的状态造成更多伊拉克人死亡。比如在炸弹中含有共300吨贫铀，铀是一种可能可以致癌的重金属（不过这一点也有争议）。战后伊拉克儿童的癌症率
提高了四倍。战后对伊拉克的制裁可能也导致了约200万人死亡，其中半数是儿童。从海湾战争结束到美伊战争开始美军和英军空军几乎每个月都对伊拉克境内
禁飞地带及其附近进行攻击。
[编辑] 開支
美国国会计算的美国的战争開支为611亿美元。其他有人估计为710亿美元。世界各地其它国家共支付了约530亿美元：科威特、沙特阿拉伯和其它海湾国
家支付360亿美元，德国和日本支付160亿美元。约25%的沙特阿拉伯的支付是以对部队提供服务、补给和运输的方式支付的。
美军的開支在所有盟军中只佔74%，因此全球的总支出肯定还要高。比如英国支付了41亿战争费用。
Kuwaiti oil fires
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Aerial view of oil wells on fireThe Kuwaiti oil fires were a result of
the scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from
Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by
Coalition military forces (see Gulf War).
The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of
sending in firefighting crews. Land mines had been placed in areas
around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was
necessary before the fires could be put out. Somewhere around 6
million barrels (950,000 m3) of oil were lost each day. Eventually,
privately contracted crews extinguished the fires, at a total cost of
US$1.5 billion to Kuwait.[1] By that time, however, the fires had
burned for months, causing widespread pollution. The byproducts of the
petroleum burn caused pollution to the soil and air, and the oil fires
have been linked in the popular imagination with what was later called
Gulf War Syndrome. Whether this syndrome has been caused by the oil
fires, by chemical attack, or other causes has not been determined,
and the longterm environmental effects of the fires have yet to be
fully understood.
During Operation Desert Storm, Dr. S. Fred Singer debated Carl Sagan
on the impact of the Kuwaiti petroleum fires on the ABC News program
Nightline. Sagan said we know from the nuclear winter investigation
that the smoke would loft into the upper atmosphere and that he
believed the net effects would be very similar to the explosion of the
Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815, which resulted in the year 1816
being known as the Year Without a Summer, in massive agricultural
failures, in very serious human suffering and, in some cases,
starvation. He predicted the same for south Asia, and perhaps for a
significant fraction of the northern hemisphere as well as a result.
Singer, on the other hand, said that calculations showed that the
smoke would go to an altitude of about 3,000 feet (910 m) and then be
rained out after about three to five days and thus the lifetime of the
smoke would be limited.[2] In retrospect, we now know that smoke from
the Kuwait Oil Fires dominated the weather pattern throughout the
Persian Gulf and surrounding region during 1991, and that lower
atmospheric wind blew the smoke along the eastern half of the Arabian
Peninsula, and cities like Dhahran, Riyadh and Bahrain experienced
days with smoke filled skies and carbon fallout.[3]
The companies responsible for extinguishing the fires are Red Adair
Company (now sold off to Global Industries of Louisiana), Boots and
Coots (now Boots and Coots/IWC), Wild Well Control, Safety Boss, Cudd
Well/Pressure Control, Neal Adams Firefighters, and Kuwait Wild Well
Killers. All the wells were eventually fully extinguished and brought
back under control.
Contents [hide]
1 Motives
2 Environmental impact
3 Popular culture
5 External links
and capping, repair of gathering centers, and the reconstruction of
refineries exceeded $5 billion.[237] Kuwait spent an estimated $1.5
billion on the firefighting effort alone.[238] Lost economic output
for the period of occupation totaled about $10 billion.[239] Economic
losses were also sustained from damage to Kuwait’s ports, national
airport, electricity-generating systems, petrochemical and other
industrial facilities, satellite system, telephone and
telecommunications network, media installations, and cultural sites.
Conservative estimates of the total economic cost of the occupation to
Kuwait are in the range of $30 - $50 billion.[
Table 10. Chronology of well capping and extinguishing
By May 1991
140 Wells
By July 1991
265 Wells
By August 1991
350 Wells
By September 1991
500 Wells
By November 1991
750 Wells
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科威特油田爆炸非受襲 - 02/02/2002
科威特油田爆炸非受襲 ... 油田雖是科國北部最重要的油田之一 , 每日可供應二十八萬桶原油 , 但科威特的其他油田可以增產 , 以填補今次爆
炸所造成的損失 。 國際原油價格在接獲科威特油田大火消息後 , 原油每桶曾急升至二十點零三美元 , 但在科威特 ...singtao.com/
archive/fullstory.asp?andor=or&...&keyword1=&keyword2= - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結
果
第二十一期《大學線》科技篇
一九九一年科威特油田大火 , 揭開陳雄漢生命的另一章 。 男人四十轉捩點 ... 「 那時科威特油田大火 , 世界級科學家齊集半年都解決不
了 。 太太跟我開玩笑 : 『 你要是想出個方法來 , 就真的了不起啊 ! ...www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/ubeat/
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美救火隊候命防伊燒油田 - 04/03/2003
十二年前 , 伊拉克軍隊敗走科威特之時 , 燒毀了該國的油田 , 濃煙遮天蔽地 , 令白晝變成 ... 曾參與搶救科威特油田大火的俄克拉何馬州
解困救災應變公司 , 總裁羅爾斯說 : 「 我們預料薩達姆會 ... 伊拉克在科威特縱火的油井有七百八十八個 , 幾乎遍及該國所有油
井 。 ...singtao.com/archive/fullstory.asp?
andor=or&...&keyword1=&keyword2= - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
巴士拉油田大火衝天 美方指責伊拉克故意縱火
巴士拉油田大火衝天 美方指責伊拉克故意縱火. 2003年3月21日 09:14 ... 伊拉克方面還沒有發布有關油田著火的消息或者指責是美英等
轟炸造成的大火。 在1991年的底一次海灣戰爭中,伊拉克放火燒毀了約700口科威特油井,造成巨大的環境破壞,後來科威特用了幾個月的時間纔把大火
熄滅。 ...eastday.com/epublish/big5/paper3/20030321/class000300003/
hwz2556.htm - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
BBC 中文網 | 國際新聞 | 滅火傳奇人物"紅色阿代爾"逝世
他領導的滅火小組以撲滅油田大火而聞名於世。 ... 他領導滅火隊伍成功撲滅了科威特的油井大火。 入侵科威特的伊拉克部隊在撤退時焚燒了該國的多個
油田,造成嚴重的環境災難,當時人們估計要三至五年才能把所有油田的大火救滅。 ...news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/.../
newsid_3540000/newsid_3546700/3546780.stm - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
巴士拉油田大火衝天 美方指責伊拉克故意縱火
巴士拉油田大火衝天 美方指責伊拉克故意縱火. 2003年3月21日 09:37 ... 伊拉克方面還沒有發布有關油田著火的消息或者指責是美英等
轟炸造成的大火。 在1991年的底一次海灣戰爭中,伊拉克放火燒毀了約700口科威特油井,造成巨大的環境破壞,後來科威特用了幾個月的時間纔把大火
熄滅。 ...eastday.com/epublish/big5/paper3/20030321/class000300004/
hwz2561.htm - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
特稿:隨軍記者親眼目睹伊拉克最大油田起火
幾個星期前,美國軍方不斷向國際社會放風說,伊軍開始在油田安裝炸藥,顯然是想引燃油田大火,從而拖延美英軍隊進攻的步伐,同時給整個中東地區造成環境
災難,並且給伊拉克新政府造成巨大的財產損失。 ... 駐科威特北部美國海軍陸戰隊某營營長向美聯社記者證實說,至少有三個油田起
火。 ...www.cns.hk:89/n/2003-03-21/26/285294.html - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
伊南油田大火 可能是伊軍煙幕彈策略
... 而在伊拉克南部的油田大火,熊熊的火舌和濃密的黑煙,日以繼夜的燃燒,景象怵目驚心。 ... 根據來自美國德州的油田滅火專家初步勘查的結
果,目前的火勢,1到1個半月就可以獲得控制,不過91年伊拉克軍隊刻意放火,破壞了超過700個科威特油井,幾個月後,火勢才得以撲
滅。 ...www.tvbs.com.tw/news/news_list.asp?no=keri20030323174429 - 網頁紀錄
- 更多此站結果
www.review33.com:談天說地
片中描述到的有多國的核試,到處戰火的破壞生態,科威特的油田大火,人類如何無所不用其極的破壞林木,工業世界的污染,染滿油污的擒鳥...等等,當我
第一次在畫面看著千年巨樹如何被人拉倒的一幕,真的全身毛管不期然亦給拉起。 ...www.review33.com/chat/
forum_message.php?topic=41021204133707&page=14 - 51k - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
BBC Chinese | 網上論壇 | 如何看聯合國武檢報告?
( 2)90年,為了補充在兩伊戰爭中的軍事損失,不惜出兵吞併科威特,宣佈將科威特化為一個省;被美國為首的多國部隊打敗,撤離時,放火燒燬科威特三
分之二油田,大火兩月不息。 ... 布什總統和他的鷹派幕僚們早已決定攻擊伊拉克並如許多人所說的佔領當地的油
田。 ...news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/.../newsid_2700000/
newsid_2700300/2700355.stm - 網頁紀錄 - 更多此站結果
知識+
波斯灣戰爭的起因?
時期，而幾乎所有的阿拉伯國家如科威特、沙烏地阿拉伯和埃及都對西方國家其中包括武器中有放射性的貧鈾、油田大火和炭疽疫苗。 中華人民共和國對
what is 波斯灣戰爭???
時期，而幾乎所有的阿拉伯國家如科威特、沙烏地阿拉伯和埃及都對西方國家其中包括武器中有放射性的貧鈾、油田大火和炭疽疫苗。 中華人民共和國對
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[an error occurred while processing this directive] 央视国际首页 > 新闻频道 > 国际新
闻 > 正文
【快讯】科威特:将尽全力参与扑灭伊油井大火
央视国际 (2003年03月26日 09:46)
新华网消息：科威特新闻大臣兼代理石油大臣法赫德3月25日在视察科威特石油公司应急指挥中心时强调，科威特政府十分重视保护伊拉克人民的石油资
源，科威特将不遗余力地参与扑灭伊拉克南部的拉米勒油田大火。
据悉，由25名油田灭火专家组成的科威特油井灭火队24日成功扑灭了拉米勒油田的第一口油井大火。由于恶劣的气候和沙尘暴等原因，灭火工作25日被迫中
断3个小时，但灭火队已做好扑灭第二口油井的准备。据科威特灭火专家估计，完全扑灭拉米勒油田大火，至少需要10天到两周的时间。一支美国油田灭火队将
于26日赶赴拉米勒，以帮助科威特灭火队扑灭其余的油井大火。
据报道，在美英联军攻打伊拉克第二大城市巴士拉时，为阻止联军进攻，伊拉克军队点燃了伊南部油田的部分油井。(安江)
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Fire Bombs in Iraq: Napalm By Any Other Name
Iraq Analysis Group, March 2005
Summary
This briefing examines the continuing use of incendiary weapons
(“napalm”) by the US military in Iraq. While the UK government has
attempted to downplay or deny the use of incendiaries in Iraq, US
officials have been forced to admit using the MK-77 incendiary, a
modern form of napalm. The UK is party to an international convention
banning such weapons where they may cause harm to civilians. In Iraq,
UK forces are part of a coalition which does not adhere to
internationally agreed standards of warfare.
Firebombing
Jump to: navigation, search
A German World War II incendiary bombFirebombing is a bombing
technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area,
through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than
from the blast effect of large bombs.
The tactic originated during World War II with the use of strategic
bombing to destroy the ability of the enemy to wage war. London,
Coventry and many other British cities were firebombed during the
Blitz. Many German cities, such as Hamburg, were extensively
firebombed starting in 1942. Almost all of the Japanese cities were
firebombed during the last six months of World War II.
This technique makes use of small incendiary bombs (possibly delivered
by a cluster bomb such as the Molotov bread basket[1]). If a fire
catches, it could spread, taking in adjacent buildings that would have
been largely unaffected by a high explosive bomb. This is a more
effective use of the payload that a bomber could carry.
The use of incendiaries alone does not generally start uncontrollable
fires where the targets are roofed with nonflammable materials such as
tiles or slates. The use of a mixture of bombers carrying high
explosive bombs, such as the British blockbuster bombs, which blew out
windows and roofs and exposed the interior of buildings to the
incendiary bombs, are much more effective. Alternatively, a
preliminary bombing with conventional bombs can be followed by
subsequent attacks by incendiary carrying bombers.
Contents [hide]
1 Tactics
2 Popular culture
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
[edit] Tactics
[edit] See also
Incendiary device
General Curtis E. LeMay, USAF
United States 20th Air Force (a long article)
Firestorm
Bombing of Hamburg in World War II
Bombing of Dresden in World War II
Bombing of London in World War II
Bombing of Coventry in World War II
Coventry Blitz
Bombing of Tokyo in World War II
Bombing of Frampol in World War II
Bombing of Wieluń in World War II
Bombing of Warsaw in World War II
Aerial bombing of cities
Terror bombing
Arson
[edit] Notes
Bombing of Tokyo
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Charred remains of Japanese civilians after a firebombing
[show]v • d • eJapan campaign
Air raids – Volcano & Ryukyu Is – Tokyo – Starvation – Tokyo Bay –
Kure – Downfall – Hiroshima & Nagasaki – Kurils
The bombing of Tokyo by the United States Army Air Forces took place
at several times during the Pacific campaigns of World War II and
included the most destructive bombing raid in history.
Contents [hide]
1 Doolittle Raid
2 B-29 raids
2.1 B-29 missions against Tokyo
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Books
6 External links
[edit] Doolittle Raid
[edit] Aftermath
1946 U.S. military survey showing bomb-damaged areas of Tokyo. The
Imperial Palace is within the large undamaged section in the center.
The Palace itself took heavy damage even though bombing it was
specifically prohibited by USAAF order
Cenotaph of citizen by Bombing of Tokyo in World War II, Sumida park,
Taitō, TokyoDamage to Tokyo's heavy industry was slight until
firebombing destroyed much of the light industry that was used as an
integral source for small machine parts and time-intensive processes.
Firebombing also killed or made homeless many workers who had been
taking part in war industry. Over 50% of Tokyo's industry was spread
out among residential and commercial neighborhoods; firebombing cut
their output in half.
Emperor Hirohito's viewing of the destroyed areas of Tokyo in March,
1945, is said to have been the beginning of his personal involvement
in the peace process, culminating in Japan's surrender five months
later.[6]
After the war, Tokyo would struggle to rebuild. In 1945/1946, the city
received a share of the national reconstruction budget roughly
proportional to its amount of bombing damage (26.6%), but in
successive years Tokyo saw its share dwindle. By 1949, Tokyo was given
only 10.9% of the budget; at the same time there was runaway inflation
devaluing those monies as Japan was spending more than it was bringing
in from taxes. Occupation authorities such as Joseph Dodge stepped in
and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs,
focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo
would not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.[7]
Unexploded U.S. bombs were still being found and recovered in Tokyo as
late as 2008.[8]
東京大轟炸
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简体：吉米·杜立特；繁體：吉米·杜立德； 當前用字模式下顯示為→吉米·杜立德
简体：千米；繁體：公里； 當前用字模式下顯示為→公里
顯示↓關閉↑附加說明（對轉換結果有疑問時）
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由於技術所限，字詞轉換有時會不穩定，在剛增加標題轉換時，由於緩存原因標題不一定馬上顯示轉換後的正確結果。你可以嘗試單擊這裡進行強制刷新。日本戰
役
空襲 – 硫磺及硫球群島 – 東京 – 飢餓 – 東京灣 – 吳市 – 沒落 – 廣島 – 長崎 – 千島群島
1945年5月25日，東京遭轟炸後的火災場景
B-29轟炸機近影
執行轟炸任務的B-29轟炸機東京大轟炸（主要指1945年3月10日、5月25日這兩次轟炸）是第二次世界大戰期間美國陸軍航空隊對日本首都東京的一
系列大規模戰略轟炸。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 早期轟炸
2 燃燒彈攻勢
3 免於被轟炸的地區
4 爭議
5 相關條目
6 參考資料
6.1 書本
6.2 外部連結
[編輯] 早期轟炸
燃燒彈攻勢
美軍在1945年2月23日至24日首次對東京採取大規模燃燒彈攻勢，當晚174架B-29轟炸機在東京拋下大量凝固汽油彈（Napalm），把東京約
2.56平方公里的地方焚毀。
隨後在3月9日至10日，美軍再派出334架B-29轟炸機從馬利亞納群島出發，再次使用凝固汽油彈對東京進行持續2小時的地顫式轟炸，每架飛機攜帶六
至八噸燃燒彈，燃燒面積可達6500平方公尺。為避免不必要的傷亡，空襲時隔轟炸機單獨轟炸而不進行編隊。當晚東京出現火災旋風
（Firestorm），334架B-29共投下了超過2千噸燃燒彈，產生的高溫足以使區內所有可燃物（包括人體）燒著，造成近10萬人死亡，近41平
方公里的地方被焚毀，主要是皇居以東的地區，東京約有四分之一被夷為平地，其中18%是工業區，63%是商業區，其餘是住宅區。計劃中的22個工業目標
全部摧毀，26萬7千多幢建築付之一炬，上百萬人無家可歸，83793人被燒死，10萬被燒成重傷。空襲中有9架B-29被擊落，5架負重傷並在海面迫
降，42架其餘受傷飛機返回了基地。大火之後的清理工作進行了25天。
3月9日的轟炸可能是人類歷史上最具破壞性的非核武空襲，這比二次大戰中任何一次軍事行動都造成了更多的傷亡，破壞力可以和後來的原爆相比。
火攻東京後不到30小時，317架B-29轟炸機又夜襲名古屋，使該市的飛機製造中心化成一團火焰。13日，日本第二大城市大阪也遭到了300架
B-29的轟炸，使用了1700噸燃燒彈，約20.7平方公里的市區在3小時內焚毀。16日，美軍又轟炸神戶，使其造船中心被摧毀。美軍于四、五、六月
又大舉空襲日本各大中小城市。4月13日，皇宮與宮殿一部分被焚燒，明治神宮化為烏有。7月4日時美軍宣布當時日本已遭受10萬噸炸彈的轟炸。
美軍轟炸過程中許多東京市民逃離出城。李梅派美機投下警告傳單，通知下一步轟炸的目標，使他們更加恐懼。僅東京就有上百萬人逃亡農村，工廠工人的出勤率
不到從前的一半。轟炸東京及其他城市使日本戰時經濟陷入癱瘓。
其後美軍在5月26日再一次派出470架飛機轟炸東京，造成7415人死傷，22萬間房屋被焚毀。連月來轟炸使東京有一半的建築物被摧毀。
[編輯] 免於被轟炸的地區
相關條目
空襲東京
神戶大轟炸 — 美軍對日本神戶的戰略轟炸
大阪大轟炸 — 美軍對日本大阪的戰略轟炸
名古屋大轟炸 — 美軍對日本名古屋的戰略轟炸
德勒斯登轟炸 — 盟軍對德國德勒斯登的戰略轟炸
重慶大轟炸 — 日本對中國重慶的戰略轟炸
2008年日本電視劇《東京大空襲》
[編輯] 參考資料
On 9月28日, 下午3時10分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> I did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list
> based on information from Wikipedia.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuaihttp://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
>
> Jump to: navigation, search
>
Markku Grönroos
be one step in an oriental path to serenity and happiness.
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:ea07ab54-b5f6-42d1...@i20g2000prf.googlegroups.com...
>
mrliu918
Quotation from Wikipeida
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution
United States Constitution
Jump to: navigation, search
Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
Created September 17, 1787
Ratified June 21, 1788
Location National Archives
Authors Delegates of the Philadelphia Convention
Signers 39 of the 55 Philadelphia Convention delegates
Purpose National constitution to replace the Articles of
Confederation
United States of America
This article is part of the series:
United States Constitution
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original text of the Constitution
Preamble
Articles of the Constitution
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
Amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights
I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V
VI ∙ VII ∙ VIII ∙ IX ∙ X
Subsequent Amendments
XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV ∙ XV
XVI ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX
XXI ∙ XXII ∙ XXIII ∙ XXIV ∙ XXV
XXVI ∙ XXVII
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other countries · Law Portal
view • talk • edit
The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of
the United States. It provides the framework for the organization of
the United States Government. The document defines the three main
branches of the government: The legislative branch with a bicameral
Congress, an executive branch led by the President, and a judicial
branch headed by the Supreme Court. Besides providing for the
organization of these branches, the Constitution carefully outlines
which powers each branch may exercise. It also reserves numerous
rights for the individual states, thereby establishing the United
States' federal system of government. It is the shortest and oldest
written constitution of any major sovereign state.[1]
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by
the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later
ratified by conventions in each U.S. state in the name of "The
People"; it has since been amended twenty-seven times, the first ten
amendments being known as the Bill of Rights.[2][3] The Articles of
Confederation and Perpetual Union was actually the first constitution
of the United States of America. The U.S. Constitution replaced the
Articles of Confederation as the governing document for the United
States, and transformed the constitutional basis of government from
confederation to federation, also making it the world's oldest federal
constitution.[4] The Constitution has a central place in United States
law and political culture.[5] The handwritten, or "engrossed",
original document is on display at the National Archives and Records
Administration in Washington, D.C.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Drafting and ratification requirements
1.2 Work of the Philadelphia Convention
1.3 Ratification
1.4 Historical influences
1.5 Influences on the Bill of Rights
2 Articles of the Constitution
2.1 Preamble: Statement of purpose
2.2 Article One: Legislative power
2.3 Article Two: Executive power
2.4 Article Three: Judicial power
2.5 Article Four: States' powers and limits
2.6 Article Five: Process of amendments
2.7 Article Six: Federal power
2.8 Article Seven: Ratification
3 Provisions for changing the Constitution
3.1 Amendments
3.2 Judicial review
4 Subsequent amendments
4.1 The Bill of Rights (1–10)
4.2 Subsequent amendments (11–27)
4.3 Unratified amendments
5 Original pages of the Constitution
6 See also
6.1 General
6.2 Related documents
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 Primary sources
8.2 Reference books
8.3 Secondary sources
10 External links
10.2 Official U.S. government sources
10.3 Non-government web sites
History
美國憲法
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本文章是關於
美國
政府與政治
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
美國聯邦政府
聯邦憲法（聯邦憲法全文）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
總統（一覽）
副總統
美國內閣
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
美國國會
美國參議院
參議院臨時議長
參議院各黨領袖
美國眾議院
眾議院議長
眾議院各黨領袖
美國眾議院選區
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美國聯邦法院
美國最高法院
美國首席大法官
其他最高法院法官
美國境內選舉
美國總統選舉
中期選舉
美國政黨
民主黨
共和黨
美國第三黨派
州及本地政府
州長
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州法院
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美國憲法原稿第一頁
美國憲法原稿第二頁美利堅合眾國憲法（Constitution of the United States），簡稱美國憲法，是美國的根本大法。該憲
法于1787年9月17日在費城召開的美國制憲會議上獲得代表的批准，並在此後不久被當時美國擁有的13個州的特別會議所批准。根據這部憲法，美國成為
一個由各個擁有主權的州所組成的聯邦國家，同時也有一個聯邦政府來為聯邦的運作而服務。從此聯邦體制取代了基於邦聯條例而存在的較為鬆散的邦聯體
制。1789年，美國憲法正式生效。該部憲法為日後許多國家的成文憲法的制定提供了成功的典範。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 歷史
2 憲法概要
3 政府運作的基本原則
4 憲法序言
5 憲法正文
5.1 立法權
5.2 行政權
5.3 司法權
5.4 各州權力和限制
5.5 憲法修正程序
5.6 聯邦權力
5.7 憲法批准程序
6 憲法修正案
7 憲法的修改和適用
8 國際影響
9 合法性論爭
10 參看條目
10.1 一般項目
10.2 相關歷史文獻
10.3 與憲法有關的重要人物
11 參考資料
12 外部連結
12.1 美國國家檔案館相關網頁
12.2 美國政府官方來源
12.3 非官方網站
12.4 民間各種憲法團體的網頁
[編輯] 歷史
>
>
>
> > Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region in the
> > world.
>
> >http://search.cnn.com/search.jsp?query=Gulf%20War%20Hostages&type=web...
>
mrliu918
中华人民共和国宪法
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加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。
在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。
中華人民共和國
本文章是關於
中華人民共和國
政府與政治
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《中华人民共和国宪法》是中华人民共和国的根本法，规定拥有最高法律效力。中华人民共和国共制定过四部宪法，现行的第四部宪法在1982年由第五届全国
人民代表大会通过，并经过了1988年、1993年、1999年和2004年四次修正。
现行宪法分为序言、总纲、公民的基本权利和义务、国家机构以及国旗、国歌、国徽、首都五部分组成。
目录 [隐藏]
1 历史
2 制宪机关与制宪过程
3 宪法的解释与修改
4 评价
5 脚注
6 参见
7 外部連結
[编辑] 历史
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
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standards.
Please improve this article if you can. (March 2007)
This article or section includes a list of references or external
links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline
citations.
You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations
where appropriate.
the People's Republic of China
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Government
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The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (simplified
Chinese: 中华人民共和国宪法; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國憲法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá
Rénmín Gònghéguó Xiànfǎ) is the highest law within the People's
Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National
People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988,
1993, 1999, and 2004. Three previous state constitutions--those of
1954, 1975, and 1978--were superseded in turn. The Constitution has
five sections: the preamble, general principles, the fundamental
rights and duties of citizens, the structure of the state, and the
national flag and emblems of state.
Contents [hide]
1 1982 document
2 2004 Amendments
3 Constitutional Enforcement
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
>
>
>
> > Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region in the
> > world.
>
> >http://search.cnn.com/search.jsp?query=Gulf%20War%20Hostages&type=web...
>
mrliu918
Constitution of the Republic of China
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法; simplified Chinese: 中华民国宪法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Xiànfǎ;
Tongyong Pinyin: JhongHuá MínGuó SiànFǎ) is the basic governing
document for the Republic of China (ROC), with jurisdiction over
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. Drafted by the Kuomintang (KMT) as
part of its third stage of national development (i.e. representative
democracy), it established a centralized republic with five branches
of government. Though the Constitution was intended for all of China,
it was neither extensively nor effectively implemented as the KMT was
already fully embroiled in a civil war with the Communist Party of
China by the time of its promulgation. Following the KMT's retreat to
Taiwan in 1949, the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period
of Communist Rebellion gave the KMT government, which despite the new
Constitution still functioned as a one-party state, extra-
Constitutional powers. With the lifting of martial law in 1987 and the
repeal of the Temporary Provisions and the amending of the
Constitution to reflect the government's loss of mainland China in
1991, the Constitution finally formed the basis of a multi-party
democracy. However, in recent years, the Constitution's origins in
mainland China has led to supporters of Taiwan independence to push
for a distinctly Taiwanese replacement.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Content
3 Application in Taiwan
3.1 Suspension of the constitution and martial law
3.2 Democratization
3.3 Challenge of legitimacy
4 Referendums and constitutional reform
5 References
6 See also
7 External links
[edit] History
中華民國憲法
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
本條目所屬系列：
中華民國政治及政府
中華民國政治
中華民國政府
中華民國憲法
顯示▼隱藏▲
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
總統府
總統：馬英九
副總統：蕭萬長
總統府秘書長：詹春柏
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行政院
院長：劉兆玄
副院長：邱正雄
秘書長：薛香川
內閣 - 劉兆玄內閣
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
立法院
院長：王金平
副院長：曾永權
立法委員
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
司法院
院長：賴英照
副院長：謝在全
司法院大法官
最高法院
法律體系
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
監察院
院長：王建煊
副院長：懸缺
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
考試院
院長：懸缺（由副院長代理）
副院長：伍錦霖
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
國民大會（1947-2005）
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
政黨（列表）
泛藍：國民黨 - 親民黨 - 新黨
泛綠：民進黨 - 台聯
其它：無盟 - 紅黨 - 三社黨
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
選舉
總統：1996 - 2000 - 2004 - 2008
立委：1998 - 2001 - 2004 - 2008
地方：2005三合一、2006北高市長
全國性公投
2004：強化國防 - 對等談判
2008：討黨產 - 反貪腐 - 入聯 - 返聯
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
兩岸關係
維持現狀 - 台獨 - 統一
政治地位
外交關係
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
行政區劃
人權狀況
公營事業
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
有關中華民國及台灣的系列：
中華民國歷史 - 中國歷史 - 中華文化
台灣歷史 - 台灣文化 - 台灣地理
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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行。由於國共內戰的因素，目前其法律效力僅及於台灣、澎湖、金門、馬祖等地。內容除前言外，全文共一百七十五條條文，計分十四章。憲法本文的主要特色為
揭櫫主權在民的理念，明定人民自由權利的保障，規定五權分立的中央政府體制及地方自治制度，明示中央與地方權限劃分採取均權制度，並明列基本國策等
[1]。
目录 [隐藏]
1 中華民國制憲沿革
2 動員戡亂時期臨時條款的施行及廢止
3 七次憲法增修
3.1 憲法第一次增修
3.2 憲法第二次增修
3.3 憲法第三次增修
3.4 憲法第四次增修
3.5 憲法第五次增修
3.6 憲法第六次增修
3.7 憲法第七次增修
4 參見
5 参考文献
6 外部連結
[编辑] 中華民國制憲沿革
[编辑] 中華民國制憲沿革
中华民国建国时，一切法律制度都还没有健全，国家仍然处于动乱之中，在这个情况下，孙中山于1912年3月11日公布了《中华民国临时约法》作为国家的
临时基本法。它在中国历史中第一次将“主权在民”的思想立入法规。
1913年中华民国第一届国会提出了《中华民国宪法草案》（又称天坛草案），这部草案的基础是临时约法，其中的规定使当时掌权的袁世凯非常不满，因此他
不让国会讨论这部草案，相反地，他于1914年将国会解散，于5月1日公布了自己的《中华民国约法》（袁记约法）。1919年段祺瑞执政期间提出过一部
《中华民国宪法草案》（八年草案），1923年曹锟任中华民国大总统期间公布一部《中华民国宪法》（曹锟宪法），1925年段祺瑞再次执政时又提出过一
部《中华民国宪法草案》（十四年草案）。
1928年中国国民党统一中国后于10月3日由中国国民党中央常务委员会通过了《训政纲领》，在1931年5月5日召开的国民大会中通过了《中华民国训
政时期约法》。在这部约法中，三民主义作为国家基本思想和行政、立法、司法、考试、监察五权分立的国家组织方法被确定。这部约法于同年6月1日开始施
行。
1936年5月5日国民政府公布了《中华民国宪法草案》（五五憲草），这是今天《中华民国宪法》的前身，它本来应该召開制憲国民大会通过，但由于抗日战
争在隔年爆发而未能召开。
1945年抗日戰爭勝利後，國民政府依據《國民政府建國大綱》著手推進憲政的實施。同年10月10日，執政的中國國民黨與最大的反對黨中國共產黨在重慶
協商並簽立「雙十協定」，確定以軍隊國家化、政治民主化、黨派平等、地方自治之途徑達到和平民主建國，儘速召開政治協商會議，商討制憲事宜。1946年
1月10日至31日，國民黨8人、共產黨7人、民主同盟9人、青年黨5人、無黨派人士9人等38位代表在重慶召開政治協商會議，通過政府改組案、和平建
國綱領案、軍事問題案、國民大會案、協定五五憲草的修改原則12項，並決定組織憲草審議委員會。政協會議閉幕後，憲草審議委員會，張君勱主持起草了這份
《中華民國憲法草案》，保留「三民主義」與「五權憲法」的形式，落實民有民治民享之民主共和國，以及聯合內閣制之民主憲政等精神。
On 10月10日, 下午9時02分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_...
> 中华人民共和国宪法
> 维基百科，自由的百科全书
> 跳转到: 导航, 搜索
> 此條目的中立性有争议。內容、語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩。（2008年2月9日）
> 加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。
> 在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。
> 中華人民共和國
>
> 本文章是關於
> 中華人民共和國
> 政府與政治
>
> 中華人民共和國憲法
> 政府
> 全國人民代表大會
> 全國人大常委會 / 委員長
>
> 國家主席
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 國務院 / 總理
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 中央軍事委員會 / 主席
> 中國人民解放軍
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 最高人民法院
> 最高人民檢察院
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> 地方行政區劃
> 政黨
> 中國人民政治協商會議 / 主席
> 中國共產黨 / 章程
> 全國代表大會
> 中央委員會 / 總書記
> 中央政治局 / 常委
> 中央書記處
> 中央紀委
> 民主黨派
> 參見
> 一國兩制
> 香港政治 / 澳門政治
>
> 兩岸關係 / 台灣政治
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Politics portal
>
> view • talk • edit
> The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (simplified
> Chinese: 中华人民共和国宪法; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國憲法; pinyin: Zhōnghuá
> Rénmín Gònghéguó Xiànfǎ) is the highest law within the People's
> Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National
> People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988,
> 1993, 1999, and 2004. Three previous state constitutions--those of
> 1954, 1975, and 1978--were superseded in turn. The Constitution has
> five sections: the preamble, general principles, the fundamental
> rights and duties of citizens, the structure of the state, and the
> national flag and emblems of state.
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 1982 document
> 2 2004 Amendments
> 3 Constitutional Enforcement
> 4 See also
> 5 External links
> 6 References
>
mrliu918
To the President of USA, the lion, members of DOJ, and the American
people
Family members and fans of Bruce Lee did repeatly express their
concern over the role of gladiators and the killing the tigers, bear
and other predators in the 1990 incident. I donot understand their
cause of obsession. In fact, they miss the point about the military
exercise in the 1990 incident partly because of their obsession in
martial act. Predators and animal evolve to be stronger, faster and
more deadly than human being. Their inteligence are even comparable to
a ten years old human being. Knowledge of Lee's martial act is useless
in combating the predators.
Sincerely
Evidences suggest that the international gang is also behind the
retaliation effort against those individual contributing to the
release of foreign hostages during Gulf War. Everyone on the list of
advisory committee for peace and financial contributors of the hostage
negotiating team during Gulf War could be the next victim of the gang.
The gang does not have any respect for Geneva convention or the
conduct of war. Gang members have infiltrated government department
and entertainment business. The gang often spy on the victims for a
long time, then trap and drug them. It is clear that someone is
unhappy and jealous about the successfull negotiation on the release
of foreign hostages during Gulf War. They will retailate against the
peace makers even if the cause can not be justified.
--- 2008年10月7日 星期二，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: foreign hostages during Gulf War
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaCo...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.fe...@cnn.com,
media.op...@olympic.org, drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my,
moscow....@hn.vnn.vn, russian...@mindspring.com,
rusp...@mweb.co.za, rusem...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): 日期: 2008 10 7 星期二 下午 5:02
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月6日 星期一，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Illegal interception of information concerning National security
of US government
收件人: vice_pr...@whitehouse.gov, comm...@whitehouse.gov
副本(CC): jfli...@yahoo.com, drago...@excite.com
日期: 2008 10 6 星期一 下午 7:02
To whom it may concern:
Because of corruption and negligence, safety of American citizens
oversea and national security are under new challenge. A wide range of
felonies and crimes threaten safety of American citizens and national
security of US government and it deserve your attention.
In the past ten years, an international gand is involving in many
criminal cases such as misinformation about US consulates and other
foreign consulates, kidnapping, assasination, Identity theft, illegal
interception of communication, theft of intellectual properties,
racketeering, mutilation of Children, poisoning and drug illegal
boardcasting, illegal cernsorship and stalking, obstruction of
justice, falsification of news report and TV porgram, illegal break
in, espionage and spying. They have caused serious harm to the
National interest of US government.
Taiwanese government also set up many false consulates for the purpose
of
deception and stealing in the name of fighting communist subversion.
Many native Taiwanese and American fall victim to the scheme. As a
result, the victims were exploited, and even in some cases poisoned
and
kidnapped. The truth is that they received communist education and
propaganda from the Taiwanese government at their young age. The
Taiwanese government turn their own people into prey and perform the
ritual of human sacrifice because of their incompetence and failure on
the war against communism. The Taiwanese government do not deserve
victory. The gross violation of human right in Taiwan should be
stopped.
In 1992, an American boxer, young were suspected of being drug and
abduct to Taiwan. His family members in USA preached for help and
called it a blackmail. Phone call from Taiwan insisted that Young had
a new family and it is only a change of heart. The Taiwanese claim
that young enjoy the lifestyles in Taiwan and have too many wifes
to handle. There are no conclusion in the matter. Although the
political objective of the gang still cannot be determined , it is
clear that an organized gang with government and media background has
target some boxers for their troublesome personal lifestyles. The
organized gang took full advantages of the physical and mental
condition of the athletes.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Address:51, Nassim Road, Singapore
258439 Phone:+65 6235-1832, 6235-1834 Telex:(87) 23404 SUPOSOL RS Fax:
+65
6733-4780 E-mail:rosp...@pacific.net.sg
Address:263 Jalan
Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur Phone:+603 4256-0009, 4256-7252 Telex:(84)
26073
USSRKL MA Fax:+603 4257-6091 E-mail:rue...@tm.net.my,
rusembm...@yandex.ru
Address:78 Sap Road, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
Phone:+66 2 234-9824, 268-1169 Telex:(86) 21947 RUSSEMB TH Fax:+66 2
237-8488
E-mail:rusemb...@rambler.ru
Address:191, La Thanh street,
Hanoi, Vietnam Phone:+84 4 833-6991, 833-6992 Telex: Fax:+84 4
833-6995
E-mail:moscow-...@yandex.ru moscow....@hn.vnn.vn
Address:40, Ba Huyen Thanh Quan street, Hochiminh city, Vietnam Phone:
+84 8 930-39-36 Telex:(805) 811238
GCONSU HCM Fax:+84 8 930-39-37 E-mail:cgru...@fmail.vnn.vn
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation, Diplomatic Enclave,
Ramna-4, Islamabad, Pakistan
Phone:(+9251) 260-08-11, 260-08-12 Telex:(82) 54241 USSRE PK
Fax:(+9251) 260-08-14 E-mail:rus...@isb.comsats.net.pk
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation
in the Philippines, 1245 Acacia Road, Dasmarinas Village, Makati,
Metro Manila,
Philippines Phone:+632 893-0190, 817-5406 (ambassador) Telex:(75)
63709 SOVPSL
PN Fax:+632 810-9614 E-mail:Rus...@i-manila.com.ph
Address:34-16 Chong-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-120, Republic of Korea
Phone:+82
2 318-2116, 318-2117, 318-2118 Telex: Fax:+82 2 754-0417 E-
mail:rus...@uriel.net
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation in Japan, 1-1, Azabudai; 2-
chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan,
106-0041 Phone:+81 3 3583-4224, 3583-5982, 3583-4297 Telex:(72) 24231
SOVPOSOL
J Fax:+81 3 3505-0593 E-mail:rosc...@ma.kcom.ne.jp
Address:Iraq, Baghdad,
Al-Moutanabbi, 605/5/4 Phone:+964 1 543-44-62 Telex:(491) 212409 LYRA
IK
Fax:+964 1 543-44-62 E-mail:rus...@mail.ru
Address:100600, Beijing,
Dongzhimennei Beizhong str., 4 Phone:+8610 6532-2051, 6532-1381 Telex:
(85)
22247 SOVEN CN Fax:+8610 6532-4851 E-mail:emb...@russia.org.cn
Address:26A Fachjang Junsing building, No. 3 Linjiang Road, Zhujiang
New City, Guangzhou 510623, China (People's Republic of). Phone:
(+8620) 8518-5001, 8518-5002,
8518-5003 Telex: Fax:(+8620) 8518-5099 , (+8620) 8518-5088 E-
mail:gzco...@hotmail.com,
rus...@gzruscons.org
Address:2106, 21/Fl, Sun Hung Kai Centre, 30 Harbour Road,
Wanchai, Hong Kong Phone:+852 2877-7188, 2877-5024 Telex: Fax:+852
2877-7166
E-mail:rus...@hknet.com
Address:200080, Shanghai, Huangpu Road,
20 Phone:(+8621) 6324-8383, 6324-2682 Telex:(85) 337020 Fax:(+8621)
6306-9982
E-mail:con...@online.sh.cn
Address:Consular Division, Embassy of the Russian Federation, 2641,
TUNLAW RD.,
N.W., WASHINGTOND.C.,
20007, USA Phone:+1 202 939-8907, 939-8913, 939-8918 Telex:(232)
248708 COEM UR Fax:+1 202
939-8919 E-mail:waco...@prodigy.net
Address:Consulate General of the Russian
Federation 2790 Green Street, San Francisco, CA 94123 Phone:+1 415
928-6878 Telex:336184945 Fax:+1 415 929-0306
E-mail:cons...@ix.netcom.com
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation, 2650 Wisconsin Ave., NW,
Washington DC, 20007, USA Phone:+1 202
298-5700, 298-5701, 298-5704 Telex:(234) 248400 WSHP UR Fax:+1 212
298-5735 E-mail:russian...@mindspring.com
Address:Consulate General of the Russian
Federation in New York, 9 East 91 Street, New York, NY, 10128, USA
Phone:+1 212
348-0926, 939-8913, 348-0955 Telex:2326734839 Fax:+1 212 831-9162
E-mail:ma...@ruscon.org
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation, 285 Charlotte
Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K 1 N 8
L 5, Canada Phone:+1 613 235-4341, 236-1413 Telex:(26) 0533332/0533514
Fax:+1
613 236-6342 E-mail:rus...@rogers.com
Address:Consulate General of the Russian
Federation in Toronto, 175 Bloor Street East, South Tower, Suite
801,Toronto,Ontario, M4W 3R8 Phone:+1 416 962-9911 Telex: Fax:+1 416
962-6611
E-mail:rusc...@bellnet.ca
Address:Embajada
de la Federacion de Rusia, 5-a Avenida, N 6402, entre 62 y 66,
Miramar, La
Habana, Cuba Phone:(+537) 204-10-85, 204-26-86, 204-26-28, 204-10-80
Telex:(28)
511281 EMURSS CU Fax:(+537) 204-10-38 E-mail:embr...@newmail.ru
Address:Jose Vasconcelos 204, Colonia
Hipodromo Condesa, Delegacion
Cuauhtemoc, Mexico,
D.F., C.P. 06140 Phone:(+5255) 5273-1305, 5516-0870, 516-7633
(ambassador)
Telex:(22) 1776574 URSS ME Fax:(+5255) 5273-1545 E-
mail:embr...@hotmail.com
Address:6/7 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W 8 4QP, UK
Phone:+44 207 229-36-28, 229-64-12, 243-14-10, 792-31-42 Telex:(51)
261420
SOCNCL G Fax:+44 207 727-86-25 E-mail:off...@rusemblon.org
Address:Iraq, Baghdad,
Al-Moutanabbi, 605/5/4 Phone:+964 1 543-44-62 Telex:(491) 212409 LYRA
IK
Fax:+964 1 543-44-62 E-mail:rus...@mail.ru
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation
in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Neauphle-le-Chateau street 39,
Tehran, Iran
Phone:+98 21 6670-1161, 6670-1173 Telex:(882) 13457 GKES IR Fax:+98 21
6670-1652 E-mail:rusem...@parsonline.net
Address:40-50, Boulevard Lannes, 75116 Paris Phone:+33 1
4504-0550, 4504-4030 Telex:(42) 611761 AMCONGE F Fax:+33 1 4504-1765
E-mail:amb...@wanadoo.fr
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation,
316 Brooks Street Butano Building, Menlo Park 0081, Pretoria, P.O. Box
6743,
Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa Phone:+27 12 362-1337,
362-1338
Telex:(95) 320088 RUSEM SA Fax:+27 12 362-0116 E-
mail:rusp...@mweb.co.za
Address:Consulate General of the Russian
Federation, 2-nd Floor, Southern Life Centre, 8 Riebeek Street, Cape
Town,
Republic of South Africa Phone:+27 21 418-3656, 418-3657 Telex:
95521518 Fax:+27
21 419-2651 E-mail:ru...@southernlifecentre.co.za
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tiger with
barehanded in the 1990 incident.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
RE: The 1990 incidents and Taiwan/Guangzhou assassination
attempts
Only the winners and their people deserve the glory of victory
The myth of undefeated black champions and black domination in boxing
was over at LA around 1990 To whom it may concerns:
I should be an observer, not a participant in the Guangzhou
exercise. I never participated in any exercise or movie. They
identified and mobilized thousands to kidnap the wrong person. They
lie to me in order to cover up the crime.
Part of the purpose of the military exercise around 1990 was
intended to evaluate the combat skill of infantry and special force
in
trench warfare and urban warfare. Trench warfare and urban warfare
still claimed massive casualties in the Iraq-Iran War. Iraq chose to
use chemical weapon and Iran sent child soldiers to the front line.
The video recording of the 1990 incident was never intended for
propaganda during war at the beginning. However, new strategy and
tactics for urban warfare were developed after serious research on
the
military exercise and the 1990 incident.
Around 1990, many Olympic champions and the ten republican
guards
visited Los Angeles on diplomatic mission for military exercise. They
wounded a US marine, Lee in a conflict out of misunderstanding and
chaos. In order to stop them from causing more harm with bayonets, I
engaged them unarmed and knocked out all of them. The 1990
incidents injured many famous athletes including Japanese Sumo
Champions, Mike Tyson, the ten Republican Guards and USSR Olympic
Boxing Champions. The tiger, bear and other predators were killed
with
barehanded because of special circumstance in the 1990 incident. Both
young (aka yang) and Lee ( aka Li ) never shown up in the 1990
incident. Neither Li (Lee) nor Young (Yang) defeated the ten
Republican Guards and USSR champions. I should be the only one
engaging the USSR champions around 1990. The allegation of animal
abuse is not substantial.
Since "the lion" arranged the meeting with the USSR champions and
took care of the legal issues of the 1990 incident, "the lion" did
have legal authority to access and to use the video recording of the
1990 incident. "The lion" and President Bush decided to use the video
recording for propaganda in the Gulf War.
Operation Desert Storm (aka Firestorm) was a turning point in
American history and the history war. It is the first American
victory
since the disastrous defeat in Vietnam and Korea. The once proud
Republican Guards of Islamic Army and the self-proclaimed children of
Muhammad Ali surrendered in mass without putting up a fair fight. The
courage for repelling Christian crusaders in thousands of years and
the fanaticism for suicide attacks were obliterated in Operation
Desert Storm (aka Firestorm). It also has the lowest casualties of
war
since Korea War and Vietnam War.
Frankly, I could have terminated their life in the name of self-
defense; however, I knocked out the ten samurai and others without
causing permanent injure to them in the most humane way. Fortunately,
all the children and participants were safe at the end. The
misunderstanding should have been settled and resolved in 1990. Many
world boxing champions and Mike Tyson were poured with liquor after
they were knocked out in a fair game; therefore, the car accidents in
North America were not coincidence; they were assassination
attempts.
In addition, many people used a modified version of the boxing
recording for personal gain without the authorization of boxers and
to
steal from the WBC. They could be suspects of the assassination
attempts. The boxing recordings were used as propaganda to achieve
political agenda and military objectives during wartime. The boxers
and any participants became targets of hatred and political
assassination.
I never tried to burn down my house in California, but they poisoned
me many times in the past. The car accidents and poisoning cases are
well planed assassination
attempts.
Around 2000, a boxing fan illegally breaks in my house and tried to
injure my right arm when I was sleeping. The boxing fans of Mike
Tyson
also tried to injure my right arm and remove hair from my leg after
they poisoned me to unconsciousness. I won't be able to provide too
much detail concerning the conflict and misunderstanding in the
Guangzhou exercise after the car accident caused concussion.
Although Young and Li were not rated top 50 in boxing and never
defeated Mike Tyson in the ring, no one should put any life at risk
only for a WBC belt. I reserve the right to adopt legal action
against
any illegal broadcasting concerning my past activities. Mike Tyson's
fans should learn about Tyson's defeat in the 90.
The Taiwanese government proved their incompetence in the Chinese
Civil War and offered bad advice to the American military resulted in
massive casualties in Korean War and Vietnam War. To blame their own
failure and incompetence on fighting communism, the Taiwanese
government desperately hunts for communist subversion and manipulated
public opinion of the West. The Taiwanese government misuses American
compassion and the anti-war movement to their advantage only to steal
from the veterans of war. I doubt the Taiwanese government has
anything to contribute to the victory of Gulf War other than
corruption, women, prostitutes and spy. The Gulf War was a turning
point in American history after many years of miserable memory of the
disastrous defeat in Vietnam and Korea. Everyone in Taiwan should
use the same kind of ID revealing the nationality and residence of
the
person. Illegal use of drug caused too much damage and it is the
wrong
way to fight communism.
I regret what have happened to all the victims in the exercise;
however I did my best to rescue all the children and participants at
the moment of crisis. I insisted the president and the American
congress should know the truth of everything happened around
1990.
I will be available for testimony and challenge in congress if
necessary. Sincerely Yu Fung Liu RE: Information concerning
causes
of conflicts and suspects of crimes: Medal of freedom and
knocking
out the USSR boxing champions
Fw: I saved all the American hostages during the Gulf War and risk my
life for your children in front of thousands of
witness
Spy network, LA riots and identity theft of medal of freedom
recipients for Gulf War and Cold War
Identity theft of Olympic champions and WBC champions
Other evidences of crimes concerning Mike Tyson at LA around
1990
Only the winners and their nations deserve the glory of victory：I
defeated the Japanese sumo champions around 1990.
The myth of undefeated black champions and black domination in
boxing
was over at LA around 1990 During the Gulf War, many American
hostages were charged with spying by the Iraqi government and they
could be sentenced to death! They were most likely to become the
human
shield of military target. Unfortunately, none of them have
diplomatic
immunity. I was a consultant of the negotiation team and I did
contribute to the release of American hostages in Gulf War. Since the
Iraqi government did not know that I knocked out the top trainers of
the Republican guards and respected my role in the anti-war movement,
I was able to help American citizens in the moment of crisis in the
past. My finger print was everywhere during the Gulf War. The tactics
they employed against me now is simple blackmail. They spy on me for
long term and poisoned me many times in the past so that I forgot my
contribution to the American people.
The 1990 incident shared some similarities of the Taiwan/Guangzhou
assassination attempts. During the engagement, hundreds of death
squad
and paramilitary, samurais and kendo experts, karate black belt and
martial arts professionals from more than 15 nations are participated
in the attack. "The lions" and board of trustee may use the video
recording of Taiwan/Guangzhou assassinations attempts for any legal
purposes including education, training, criminal investigation,
broadcasting, entertainment and so on. In order to solve this case as
soon as possible. This is another confirmation to authorize "the
lion"
and board of trustee to legally access and use all the video
recording
and evidences in the Taiwan/Guangzhou assassinations attempts. By the
way, I risk my life to save your children in front of more than ten
thousand witness. My hands were almost cutaway by samurai swords. I
was very disappointed how this case was handled. I am sure no one
will
risk their life anymore if this case does not handle properly.
Around 1990, the sumo champions visited Los Angels on diplomatic
mission and a dispute broke out. Both sides agreed to enter sumo
wrestling and weigh lifting competition to settle the disagreement. I
weight about 165lbs and the Japanese sumo champions weight from
250-300lbs. Their weight lifting record often broke world record,
however I defeated the Japanese sumo champions and all the disputes
hence resolved.
Neither Lee ( aka Li ) or Young ( aka Yang ) shown up at LA
around
1990. Sumo is a Japanese national sport. Challenge and participation
of Sumo by foreign nationals and other races are strictly forbidden.
The Sumo champions claimed that no one defeated Japanese Sumo
champions in the past.
1. The Republican Guards knocked out Lee, a top trainer of US marine
within five minutes.
2. They lied. They claimed they never step out of Taiwan and Asia
for
their entire life. How can they meet the USSR boxing champions and
Mike Tyson at LA around 1990? They had some friends in the
entertainment business and specialized in fabrication. 3. Many world
boxing champions and Mike Tyson were poured with liquor after they
were knocked out in a fair game that intended to settle disputes.
4. The 1990 gentlemen agreement guarantee whatever happened to Mike
Tyson after the arm wrestling unavailable to public for a reasonable
period of time or until Mike Tyson won his third heavy weight boxing
championship title.
5. All contenders of the 1990 incident completed blood test by
doctor
of the Olympic Game to prevent illegal use of drug, poisoning and
identity theft before they enter the competition. Passport
information
and finger print were also collected during the process to prevent
identity theft. There are hundreds of contenders from all over the
world in the 1990 incident and many Olympic champions were knocked
out
in the fair game. All the identity thieves posing as Olympic
champions
were also knocked out in a fair game and get caught at the scene at
the same time. Many identity thieves were transferred to the police
department or FBI at LA on the same day. I am the only one person
meeting the USSR boxing champions, Mike Tyson, and Japanese sumo
champions at LA around 1990.
I recommend the law enforcement agency to review following
evidences
carefully since identity theft has been a serious problem for more
than 40 years. Many identity thieves posed as Olympic champions and
WBC champions to steal from the Olympic committee and WBC. Foreign
power and spy network are involved with the case to achieve their
political agenda. 1. 911 recording with Mike Tyson (His phone call
was
forwarded to 911 by concern party at LA around 1990) 2. Finger prints
of all the victims and suspects. 3. Evidences from CCTV. 4. Driver
license information of all the victims and suspects. 5. The phone
conversion forwarded to 911 and 911 conversation from Malaysia and
the
rest of the world after year 2000 are results of long term poisoning
and well planed retaliation effort against the 1990 incident by
international spy network and foreign governments.
Mike Tyson was sent to the floor three times in a single game by me
at La Verne around 1990. The body guards with Mike Tyson were knocked
out altogether by me alone in their attempt to take advantage of the
contender with superiority in number. Many of the video broadcasting
on youtube concerning the defeat of Mike Tyson are likely originated
from the same source. The black boxing champion was defeated by Non-
African descent and the myth of undefeated black champions in boxing
was over around 1990. I understand that many of you have been trying
to undermine the white race by supporting black domination in boxing.
However, cheats and denial is the wrong way to fight racism.
The international organized gang was also responsible for planting a
bomb at my house and kidnapping many donkeys in Los Angeles around
1990. Li was accused of raping a donkey in Guangzhou. It is clear
that
both kidnapping and raping the donkeys are wrong. A lot of movies
such
as the Wong fei hong series by Jet Li after 1990 are theft of
intellectual
properties.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年6月18日 星期三，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Identity theft of freedom of freedom for Gulf War and Cold War
收件人: InfraGard....@fbi.gov
日期: 2008 6 18 星期三 下午 6:13
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: RE: Gang warfare and hitman
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 下午 6:45
To whom it may concern:
An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
camouflage and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty
years. It is possible that they have been looking for scapegoat for a
long time.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Poisoning case and the entertainment industry
收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 上午 2:02
To whom it may concern:
I have the reason to believe that fan of lee (aka Li) and leung (aka
Liang) in
the entertainment business are involved in the long term poisoning
case in order
to covery up theft of the past.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
- 隱藏被引用文字 -
- 顯示被引用文字 -
----- Original Message -----
Subject:RE: Who has yu fung Liu VS the tigers and other predators
collection?
Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 16:04:51
From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
To:Ask...@usdoj.gov <Ask...@usdoj.gov>,i...@wbcboxing.com
<i...@wbcboxing.com>
To whom it may concern:
I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
complete
collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators, inform
me
as soon
as possible. The car accident and long term poison done serious
damage
to my
brain. I believe part of the collection was broadcasted during Gulf
War.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:Japanese Cato response to the whistle of European master
Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 7:42:59
From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
To:tang...@tangben.com <tang...@tangben.com>
CC: <jfliu...@yahoo.com>, <dragonst...@excite.com>
Answer to public concern regarding relationship of Japanese Cato and
Burce Lee
In the movie, Japanese Cato often response to the whistle of
European
master
and come to his aid. Many people found it to be offensive and used it
as a
propaganda against Lee's family. Some compare the fighting styles to
tactics
in the attack of Pearl Harbour .
In my opinion, Burce Lee is a famous actor and he has the right to
choose his
role in the movies. After all, it is the entertainment business.
Even if Lee choose to hide under a mask for his entire life to cover
up his
past behavior or for whatever reson, it is his personal preference
and
lifesyle.
Lee certainly does not have to leave finger print, video tape, or
other
permanent identification with the persons he defeated if the
consequence and
responsibilities is too much for him to bear. He deserves equal
protection under
the American constitution.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Forward to the Editors and friends of Mr. Liu
Answer to public concern whether Jeet Kune Do (截拳道) comes from
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
I saved Lee (aka Li) out of humanitarian reason and the need to
restore
justice in the 1990 incident.
It does not suggest alliance and endorsement of the Lee's family
To whom it many concern:
Based on the medical reports in the 1990 incidents, no one
contracted
mad cow
disease and rabies as a result of combating the predators. Both
police
reports
and medical reports proved that the predators died mostly because of
bone
fracture. Many fans of Lee and Leung did lie about their roles in the
1990
incident. Unfortunately, fans of the martial act community also
consist of mob
and violent gangsters. Covering up theft and crimes of the past could
be the
motivation of these criminals and cheaters. The gang also misuse
communication
system and CCTV technology. They boardcast private message to gang
members so
that no one can track down the communication line; plus making it
more
difficult
to wipe out the entire gang and to held the key person legally
responsible. I
believe that some of their fans poisoned on me in the past and
intentionally
delay my trip to N.America for the purpose
of obstructing justice.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Leung insist that no one defeated blackman in the ring and whiteman
are evil.
However, Leung want to marry a whiteman herself. In fact, Leung has
been
Correction or updates:
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
On 9月29日, 下午4時57分, mrliu918 < mrliu...@gmail.com > wrote:
> I still did not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 >
list based on information from boxrec. > Since boxrec did not include
all
bouts and fight record of
...
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討論主旨已變更為 "Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe
region world" 由 mrliu918 著作
mrliu918 檢視個人資料
更多選項 10月6日, 下午1時16分
新聞群組： talk.politics.mideast, soc.culture.african.american,
soc.culture.russian, soc.culture.hongkong, soc.culture.asian.american
寄件者： mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com>
日期： Sun, 5 Oct 2008 22:16:15 -0700 (PDT)
當地時間： 2008年10月6日(星期一) 下午1時16分
主旨： Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region
world
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Never lie to your own people when they travel to unsafe region in the
world.
http://search.cnn.com/search.jsp?query=Gulf%20War%20Hostages&type=web...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Contra_affair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw
Quotation from wikipedia and other sources:
[編輯] 背景
鐘，所有的人質被釋放並交給美方。至此他們已被扣444天。
人質們立即飛往位於西德法蘭克福的美國空軍基地。前總統卡特以現總統雷根特使的身分在那裡接待了他們。在進行了身體健康檢查和事件彙報後，他們飛回華
盛
頓並受到英雄般的歡迎。對於某些人而言，這個僅僅是為這個國家對雷根就職典禮的慶祝增添了一絲喜慶氣氛。
Iran-Contra affair
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in
November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan
administration. It began as an operation to increase U.S.-Iranian
relations, wherein Israel would ship weapons to a moderate,
politically influential group of Iranians opposed to the Ayatollah
Khomeini; the U.S. would reimburse Israel for those weapons and
receive payment from Israel. The moderate Iranians agreed to do
everything in their power to achieve the release of six U.S.
hostages,
who were being held by Hezbollah. The plan eventually deteriorated
into an arms-for-hostages scheme, in which members of the executive
branch sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of the
American hostages, without the direct authorization of President
Ronald Reagan.[1][2] Large modifications to the plan were conjured by
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council in
late 1985. In North's plan, a portion of the proceeds from the weapon
sales was diverted to fund anti-Sandinista and anti-communist rebels,
or Contras, in Nicaragua.[3] While President Ronald Reagan was a
supporter of the Contra cause,[4] there has not been any evidence
uncovered showing that he authorized this plan.[1][2][5]
伊朗門事件
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
伊朗門事件（Iran-Contra Affair，又譯伊朗門，Irangate）是發生在美國80年代中期的政治醜聞。是指美國雷根政府向伊朗秘
密
出售武器一事被揭露後而造成嚴重政治危機的事件。因國際新聞界普遍將其與尼克森水門事件相比，故因此得名。
Operation Eagle Claw
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與意見調查
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與意見調查
On 10月10日, 下午9時01分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation from Wikipeida
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution
>
> United States Constitution
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> United States Constitution
>
> Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
> Created September 17, 1787
> Ratified June 21, 1788
> Location National Archives
> Authors Delegates of the Philadelphia Convention
> Signers 39 of the 55 Philadelphia Convention delegates
> Purpose National constitution to replace the Articles of
> Confederation
> United States of America
>
> This article is part of the series:
> United States Constitution
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Original text of the Constitution
> Preamble
>
> Articles of the Constitution
> I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII
>
> Amendments to the Constitution
> Bill of Rights
> I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V
> VI ∙ VII ∙ VIII ∙ IX ∙ X
>
> Subsequent Amendments
> XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV ∙ XV
> XVI ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX
> XXI ∙ XXII ∙ XXIII ∙ XXIV ∙ XXV
> XXVI ∙ XXVII
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 美國聯邦政府
> 聯邦憲法（聯邦憲法全文）
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 總統（一覽）
> 副總統
> 美國內閣
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 美國國會
> 美國參議院
> 參議院臨時議長
> 參議院各黨領袖
> 美國眾議院
> 眾議院議長
> 眾議院各黨領袖
> 美國眾議院選區
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> 美國聯邦法院
> 美國最高法院
> 美國首席大法官
> 其他最高法院法官
>
> 美國境內選舉
> 美國總統選舉
> 中期選舉
> 美國政黨
> 民主黨
> 共和黨
> 美國第三黨派
> 州及本地政府
> 州長
> 州議會
> 州法院
> 美國行政區劃
> 美國外交關係
>
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mrliu918
To whom it may concern:
As a result of the military exercise in the 1990 incident, an
independent party has done comprehensive evaluation on weaponary of
USSR and the West. The study proved that western equipment should be
blamed for communist victory in China, Korea, Vietnam, cuba and other
region of the world.
Lee's over obsession in martial act and a track record of poor
performance in moderm military history is dangerous. After a short
liberation war of NanJing,
the communist ended the three years long civil war within months and
declared
final vicotry in Mainland China.
Fans of Mike Tyson and Lee harassed me many times in the past, but I
have not
received any confirmed invitation of challenge or explanation in
writing from
Mike Tyson or Lee to settle our difference in the ring in the last
five years.
There are simply too many criminals and thieves among Tyson and Lee's
fans.
A olympic champion in similar sport and discipline should do well no
matter
what kind of martial act they choose to practice. Those failing to
meet the
minimum standard will perform poorly no matter what kind of weapon or
martial act they chose to learn. If Tyson and Lee's family members
cannot
defend themselves in the ring, they still should not rely on fans and
criminals
to harass others.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
RE: Taiwanese role in the 1990 incidents
Around 1990, phone calls and documents from Taiwan started a debate
on the causes of communist victory in Mainland China. American
weaponry, incompetent generals and leadership, government corruption,
betrayal of alliance, training doctrine and physical fitness of
soldiers, or any other factors contributing to the defeat of KMT
government in Mainland China became an important leverage for
political rivals to undermine one another. It is clear that Taiwan
want American to defeat the communists for them. There is no way for
Taiwan to reclaim Mainland China by herself. In fact, Taiwan cannot
sustain political stability and status quote without western support.
Taiwan want American to attack the Communist from the Pacific and
tried everything possible to changed Washinton policy.
Lee's movies are mostly lie and propaganda. Misusing alliance
compassion is their way of eliminating contenders or anyone better
than them. Lee's family do not concern about national interest and
the victory of people. They are interested in dictatorship more than
the glory of national victory. Lee's family are incompetent
generals and they have been losing most of the battles in modern
history. Lee's family lost two most famous battles in the first
sino-Japanese war and the communist liberation war of NanJing. As a
result, the countries they fought for was eventually invaded and
collapsed.
Liang's family never participated in any successful and major
military
campaign in modern history. The most famous person in Liang
family fled to Japan after a failed political coup during the Qing
dynasty.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月12日 星期日，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Hostages recuse mission during Gulf War
收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
副本(CC): "drago...@excite.com" <drago...@excite.com>,
"jfli...@yahoo.com" <jfli...@yahoo.com>
日期: 2008 10 12 星期日 上午 1:53
To whom it may concern:
Since I was on the list of advisory committee for hostage recuse
mission and my
combat video tape with the ten Republican guards was broadcasted as
propaganda
during Gulf War, I am most likely to be the first few victims of
retailation by
fanatics and extremists. In fact, they poisoned me and tried to
assassinate me
several times many years ago.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:foreign hostages during Gulf War
Date:Sat, 11 Oct 2008 9:04:49
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
To: <Ask...@usdoj.gov>, <ZaCo...@Anc.Org>,a...@ago.state.ma.us
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, <cnn.fe...@cnn.com>,
<media.op...@olympic.org>, <drago...@excite.com>,
<b.l...@sify.com>, <b...@bic.boxing.com>,
<AmCitB...@state.gov>, <in...@wbcboxing.com>,
<zho...@state.gov>, <she...@state.gov>, <ca...@state.gov>,
<wan...@state.gov>, <rue...@tm.net.my>,
<moscow....@hn.vnn.vn>, <russian...@mindspring.com>,
<rusp...@mweb.co.za>, <rusem...@parsonline.net>,
<rus...@rogers.com>
CC: <jfli...@yahoo.com>
To the President of USA, the lion, members of DOJ, and the American
people
Family members and fans of Bruce Lee did repeatly express their
concern over
the role of gladiators and the killing the tigers, bear and other
predators in
the 1990 incident. I donot understand their cause of obsession. In
fact, they
miss the point about the military exercise in the 1990 incident partly
because
of their obsession in martial act. Predators and animal evolve to be
stronger,
faster and more deadly than human being. Their inteligence are even
comparable
to a ten years old human being. Lee's knowledge in martial act is
useless
in combating the predators.
Sincerely
Evidences suggest that the international gang is also behind the
retaliation
effort against those individual contributing to the release of foreign
hostages
during Gulf War. Everyone on the list of advisory committee for peace
and
financial contributors of the hostage negotiating team during Gulf War
could be
the next victim of the gang. The gang does not have any respect for
Geneva
convention or the conduct of war. Gang members have infiltrated
government
department and entertainment business. The gang often spy on the
victims for a
long time, then trap and drug them. It is clear that someone is
unhappy and
jealous about the successfull negotiation on the release of foreign
hostages during Gulf War. They will retailate against the peace makers
even if
the cause can not be justified.
--- 2008年10月7日 星期二，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: foreign hostages
during Gulf War 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaCo...@Anc.Org,
"a...@ago.state.ma.us" <a...@ago.state.ma.us>,
cnn.fe...@cnn.com, media.op...@olympic.org,
drago...@excite.com,
b.l...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitB...@state.gov,
in...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov,
wan...@state.gov, rue...@tm.net.my, moscow....@hn.vnn.vn,
russian...@mindspring.com, rusp...@mweb.co.za,
rusem...@parsonline.net,
rus...@rogers.com 副本(CC): 日期: 2008 10 7 星期二 下午 5:02
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu --- 2008年10月6日 星期一，LIU MR
<mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Illegal interception
of information concerning National security of US government 收件人:
vice_pr...@whitehouse.gov, comm...@whitehouse.gov 副本(CC):
jfli...@yahoo.com, drago...@excite.com 日期: 2008 10 6 星期一 下午
7:02
To whom it may concern:
Because of corruption and negligence, safety of American citizens
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation in Japan, 1-1, Azabudai; 2-
chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 106-0041 Phone:+81 3 3583-4224, 3583-5982,
3583-4297
Telex:(72) 24231 SOVPOSOL J Fax:+81 3 3505-0593 E-
mail:rosc...@ma.kcom.ne.jp
Address:Iraq, Baghdad, Al-Moutanabbi, 605/5/4 Phone:+964 1 543-44-62
Telex:(491) 212409 LYRA IK Fax:+964 1 543-44-62 E-
mail:rus...@mail.ru
Address:100600, Beijing, Dongzhimennei Beizhong str., 4 Phone:+8610
6532-2051,
6532-1381 Telex:(85) 22247 SOVEN CN Fax:+8610 6532-4851
E-mail:emb...@russia.org.cn
Address:26A Fachjang Junsing building, No. 3 Linjiang Road, Zhujiang
New City,
Guangzhou 510623, China (People's Republic of). Phone:(+8620)
8518-5001,
8518-5002, 8518-5003 Telex: Fax:(+8620) 8518-5099 , (+8620) 8518-5088
E-mail:gzco...@hotmail.com, rus...@gzruscons.org
Address:6/7 Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W 8 4QP, UK Phone:+44
207
229-36-28, 229-64-12, 243-14-10, 792-31-42 Telex:(51) 261420 SOCNCL G
Fax:+44
207 727-86-25 E-mail:off...@rusemblon.org
Address:Iraq, Baghdad, Al-Moutanabbi, 605/5/4 Phone:+964 1 543-44-62
Telex:(491) 212409 LYRA IK Fax:+964 1 543-44-62 E-
mail:rus...@mail.ru
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Islamic Republic of
Iran,
Neauphle-le-Chateau street 39, Tehran, Iran Phone:+98 21 6670-1161,
6670-1173
Telex:(882) 13457 GKES IR Fax:+98 21 6670-1652 E-
mail:rusem...@parsonline.net
Address:40-50, Boulevard Lannes, 75116 Paris Phone:+33 1 4504-0550,
4504-4030
Telex:(42) 611761 AMCONGE F Fax:+33 1 4504-1765 E-
mail:amb...@wanadoo.fr
Address:Embassy of the Russian Federation, 316 Brooks Street Butano
Building,
Menlo Park 0081, Pretoria, P.O. Box 6743, Pretoria 0001, Republic of
South
Africa Phone:+27 12 362-1337, 362-1338 Telex:(95) 320088 RUSEM SA Fax:
+27 12
362-0116 E-mail:rusp...@mweb.co.za
Address:Consulate General of the Russian Federation, 2-nd Floor,
Southern Life
Centre, 8 Riebeek Street, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa Phone:
+27 21
418-3656, 418-3657 Telex:95521518 Fax:+27 21 419-2651
E-mail:ru...@southernlifecentre.co.za
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tiger with
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年6月18日 星期三，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Identity theft of
freedom of freedom for Gulf War and Cold War 收件人:
InfraGard....@fbi.gov 日期: 2008 6 18 星期三 下午 6:13
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
To whom it may conerns:
year-old who
travelled to the 1960 Rome Olympics to compete in the light
heavyweight
division. He won all four of his fights easily. In the final he
defeated
three-time European champion Zbigniew Pietrzykowski. He converted to
Islam and
changed his name to Muhammad Ali. After he refused to be drafted into
the United
States Army during the Vietnam War, he was stripped of his title and
did not
fight again for 3 ½ years. " Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk>
寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk> 主題: RE: Gang warfare and
hitman 收件人: Ask ... @usdoj.gov, ZaComm ... @Anc.Org, "a ...
@ago.state.ma.us" <a ... @ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb ... @cnn.com,
media.operati ... @olympic.org, dragonst ... @excite.com, b.li ...
@sify.com, b
... @bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij ... @state.gov, i ... @wbcboxing.com,
zho ...
@state.gov, she ... @state.gov, ca ... @state.gov, wan ... @state.gov,
ruem ...
@tm.net.my, moscow.viet ... @hn.vnn.vn, russianemba ...
@mindspring.com, ruspo
... @mweb.co.za, rusembi ... @parsonline.net, rus ... @rogers.com 副本
(CC):
jfliu ... @yahoo.com 日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 下午 6:45
To whom it may concern:
An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
camouflage
and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty years. It is
possible
that they have been looking for scapegoat for a long time.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk>
寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu ... @yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Poisoning case and
the entertainment industry 收件人: "Ask ... @usdoj.gov" <Ask ...
@usdoj.gov> 日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 上午 2:02
To whom it may concern:
I have the reason to believe that fan of lee (aka Li) and leung (aka
Liang) in
the entertainment business are involved in the long term poisoning
case in order
to covery up theft of the past.
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
- 隱藏被引用文字 -
- 顯示被引用文字 -
----- Original Message ----- Subject:RE: Who has yu fung Liu VS the
tigers and
other predators
collection? Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 16:04:51 From:LIU MR <mrliu ...
@yahoo.com.hk> To:Ask ... @usdoj.gov <Ask ... @usdoj.gov>,i ...
@wbcboxing.com <i ... @wbcboxing.com>
To whom it may concern:
I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
complete
collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators, inform me
as soon
as possible. The car accident and long term poison done serious damage
to my
brain. I believe part of the collection was broadcasted during Gulf
War.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message ----- Subject:Japanese Cato response to the
whistle of
European master Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 7:42:59 From:LIU MR <mrliu ...
@yahoo.com.hk> To:tang ... @tangben.com <tang ... @tangben.com> CC:
<jfliu ... @yahoo.com>, <dragonst ... @excite.com>
all bouts and fight record of ...
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回覆 回覆作者 轉寄
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為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與 意見調查
> --- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: RE: Gang warfare and hitman
> 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
> media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
> moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
> ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
> 副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com
> 日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 下午 6:45
>
> To whom it may concern:
>
> An international gang and spy network have been using hit man with
> camouflage and mask to achieve their objective for more than fifty
> years. It is possible that they have been looking for scapegoat for a
> long time.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> --- 2008年10月2日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: Poisoning case and the entertainment industry
> 收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
> 日期: 2008 10 2 星期四 上午 2:02
>
> To whom it may concern:
>
> I have the reason to believe that fan of lee (aka Li) and leung (aka
> Liang) in
> the entertainment business are involved in the long term poisoning
> case in order
> to covery up theft of the past.
>
> Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Subject:RE: Who has yu fung Liu VS the tigers and other predators
>
> collection?
> Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 16:04:51
> From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> To:Ask...@usdoj.gov <Ask...@usdoj.gov>,i...@wbcboxing.com
> <i...@wbcboxing.com>
>
> To whom it may concern:
>
> I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
> complete
> collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators, inform me
> as soon
> as possible. The car accident and long term poison done serious damage
> to my
> brain. I believe part of the collection was broadcasted during Gulf
> War.
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Subject:Japanese Cato response to the whistle of European master
> Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 7:42:59
> From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> To:tang...@tangben.com <tang...@tangben.com>
> CC: <jfliu...@yahoo.com>, <dragonst...@excite.com>
>
Markku Grönroos
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:def58d77-4e90-4ec9...@40g2000prx.googlegroups.com...
To whom it may concern:
____________________
Health authorities in Hong Kong. You might try penis enlargement as well. It
might be profitable on the path to oriental serenity.
mrliu918
but I have not received any confirmed invitation of challenge or
explanation in writing from Mike Tyson or Lee to settle our
difference
in the ring in the last five years.
There are simply too many criminals and thieves among Tyson
and Lee's fans. A olympic champion in similar sport and discipline
should do well no matter what kind of martial act they choose to
practice. Those failing to meet the minimum standard will perform
poorly no matter what kind of weapon or martial act they praticed.
If Tyson and Lee's family members cannot defend themselves
in the ring, they still should not rely on fans and criminals to
harass others.
They certainly can take advantage of the gentics superiority of other
athletes by marrying them and breeding their children as long as
it is within the legal context. I donot see any reason to intervene
their personal affair. Over obsession in gentics superiority and
eugenics is destructive and inhumane.
Some believe that Tyson and Lee should try to combat the predators
to prove their bravery and credential in martial art. I found it to
be
unnecessary. Tyson has a track record of success in the ring and
Lee will be remembered for his achievement in movie. After all, actor
and athlete are two careers that require intensive training and
knowledge
in different disciplines.
The role of gladiator is extremely dangerous and the predators could
cost the life of participants. Predators donot do show business or
take bribe when they are povoked and in rage. Noone has to
put his own life at risk for a cause that they do not believe in even
if the label of cowardice were unfairly imposed upon him. I tend to
be
believe that most heavyweight Olympic boxing champions have the
potential to become a gladiator. Both Gladiator and Olympic are
western tradition dated back to two thousand years ago. Participation
should be voluntary at any circumstance.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
To whom it may concern:
I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
complete collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators,
inform me as soon as possible. The car accident and long term poison
done serious damage to my brain. Part of the collection was
broadcasted in Middle East and USA.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 10月12日, 下午5時03分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> To whom it may concern:
>
> As a result of the military exercise in the 1990 incident, an
> independent party has done comprehensive evaluation on weaponary of
> USSR and the West. The study proved that western equipment should be
> blamed for communist victory in China, Korea, Vietnam, cuba and other
> region of the world.
>
> Lee's over obsession in martial act and a track record of poor
> performance in moderm military history is dangerous. In the
> First Sino Japanese war, the Japanese navy and marine defeated Li.
> China lost Taiwan, Korea, entire China sea, and many strategic
> interest in Northern China to Japan. After a short liberation war of NanJing,
> --- 2008年10月12日 星期日，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: Hostages recuse mission during Gulf War
> 收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
> 副本(CC): "dragonst...@excite.com" <dragonst...@excite.com>,
> "jfliu...@yahoo.com" <jfliu...@yahoo.com>
> 日期: 2008 10 12 星期日 上午 1:53
>
> To whom it may concern:
>
> Since I was on the list of advisory committee for hostage recuse
> mission and my
> combat video tape with the ten Republican guards was broadcasted as
> propaganda
> during Gulf War, I am most likely to be the first few victims of
> retailation by
> fanatics and extremists. In fact, they poisoned me and tried to
> assassinate me
> several times many years ago.
>
> Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Subject:foreign hostages during Gulf War
> Date:Sat, 11 Oct 2008 9:04:49
> From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> To: <Ask...@usdoj.gov>, <ZaComm...@Anc.Org>,a...@ago.state.ma.us
>
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, <cnn.feedb...@cnn.com>,
> <media.operati...@olympic.org>, <dragonst...@excite.com>,
> <b.li...@sify.com>, <b...@bic.boxing.com>,
> <AmCitBeij...@state.gov>, <i...@wbcboxing.com>,
> <zho...@state.gov>, <she...@state.gov>, <ca...@state.gov>,
> <wan...@state.gov>, <ruem...@tm.net.my>,
> <moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn>, <russianemba...@mindspring.com>,
> <ruspo...@mweb.co.za>, <rusembi...@parsonline.net>,
> <rus...@rogers.com>
> CC: <jfliu...@yahoo.com>
> --- 2008年10月7日 星期二，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 寫道﹕
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: foreign hostages
> during Gulf War 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org,
> "a...@ago.state.ma.us" <a...@ago.state.ma.us>,
> cnn.feedb...@cnn.com, media.operati...@olympic.org,
> dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov,
> wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my, moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn,
> russianemba...@mindspring.com, ruspo...@mweb.co.za,
> rusembi...@parsonline.net,
> <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Illegal interception
> of information concerning National security of US government 收件人:
> vice_presid...@whitehouse.gov, comme...@whitehouse.gov 副本(CC):
> jfliu...@yahoo.com, dragonst...@excite.com 日期: 2008 10 6 星期一 下午
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
To whom it may concern:
I have not seen some of the video tape myself. If you have the
complete collection on yu fung liu VS the tigers and other predators,
inform me as soon as possible. The car accident and long term poison
done serious damage to my brain. I believe part of the collection was
broadcasted during Gulf War.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Subject:Japanese Cato response to the whistle of European master
Date:Wed, 1 Oct 2008 7:42:59
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
To:tan...@tangben.com <tan...@tangben.com>
CC: <jfli...@yahoo.com>, <drago...@excite.com>
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Correction or updates:
Sincerely Yu Fung Liu
) > > World all heavyweight ratings > page: 1 | 2 | 3 |
4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | > 9 | 10 | 11
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
| 7 | 8 | > 9 | 10 | 11 » [1004] > > Yahoo!
...www.users.qwest.net/~rjbphx/JYNBioSK.html- Cached > Tokyo
Vegetarian Guide: Shopping Guide > A guide including vegetarian
Karen ...www.shododesigns.com/karen.htm- Cached > < Prev 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 Next > > >
< mrliu...@gmail.com > wrote:> Quotation from Wikipedia > > > > I did
not find Lee (aka Li) or Leung (Liang) within the top 10 list based on
mrliu918
influence in Hollywood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickening_(Highlander) series
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Arc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_X
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_IV
Tokyo Rose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article or section includes a list of references or external
links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline
citations.
You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations
where appropriate. (February 2008)
For other uses, see Tokyo Rose (disambiguation).
Iva Toguri mug shot, Sugamo Prison--March 7, 1946.Tokyo Rose
(alternate spelling Tokio Rose) was a generic name given by Allied
forces in the South Pacific during World War II to any of
approximately a dozen English-speaking female broadcasters of Japanese
propaganda. Their intent was to disrupt the morale of Allied forces
listening to the broadcast near the Japanese mainland.[1] The name is
most strongly associated with Iva Toguri D'Aquino, who broadcast under
the pseudonym "Orphan Ann" during the 15-20 minute D.J. segment of the
75-minute "The Zero Hour" program on Radio Tokyo (NHK). Other women
who, separately or together, may have warranted the title include
American Ruth Hayakawa (who substituted for Iva on weekends) and
Canadian June Suyama ("The Nightingale of Nanking"), who also
broadcast on Radio Tokyo, and Myrtle Lipton ("Little Margie"), who
broadcast from Japan-controlled Radio Manila.
Contents [hide]
1 Tokyo Rose
2 Depiction in film and media
3 Footnotes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Tokyo Rose
戶栗郁子
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自東京玫瑰)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
戶栗郁子（Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino，1916年7月4日－2006年9月26日）是被暱稱為東京玫瑰（Tokyo
Rose）幾位女播音員之一。
[編輯] 生平
戶栗郁子出生於美國加州洛杉磯，為日裔美國人，畢業於加州大學洛杉磯分校。在第二次世界大戰時曾擔任東京廣播電台的播音員，被暱稱為「東京玫瑰」。
攝於1944年12月東京廣播電台她在珍珠港事變之前，回日本探望親戚，並由於戰事被困日本。為了維持生活，她四處尋找工作，另尋找機會離開日本。她最
後找到了一份在東京廣播電台作打字員的工作。後來，因為她說得一口流利地道的英語，而被派去做編輯工作。她被日軍指派擔任播音員專責對美軍做心戰喊話，
企圖勾起美軍的鄉愁和引起他們對上司的怨恨。
Karate Kid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Karate Kid may refer to:
The Karate Kid, a 1984 American movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat
Morita, or its sequels:
The Karate Kid, Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid, Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (TV series), a twelve-episode 1989 animated television
series based on the Karate Kid film franchise.
Karate Kid (comics), a fictional comic superhero who is a member of
the Legion of Super-Heroes.
The Karate Kid (video game), a game published by LJN for the NES.
The Karate Kid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Karate Kid
The Karate Kid movie poster
Directed by John G. Avildsen
Produced by Jerry Weintraub
R. J. Louis (executive producer)
Bud S. Smith (associate producer)
Written by Robert Mark Kamen
Starring Ralph Macchio
Noriyuki "Pat" Morita
Elisabeth Shue
Martin Kove
William Zabka
Randee Heller
Music by Bill Conti
Cinematography James Crabe
Editing by John G. Avildsen
Walt Mulconery
Bud S. Smith
Distributed by Columbia Pictures
Release date(s) June 22, 1984
Running time 127 min.
Country USA
Language English
Gross revenue $90,815,558 [1]
Followed by The Karate Kid, Part II
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
The Karate Kid is a 1984 film directed by Phillip Ali, and starring
Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita and Elisabeth Shue. It is a martial arts
film and an "underdog" story much in the mold of a previous Avildsen
success, the 1976 boxing film Rocky. It was a great commercial success
upon first release, and has retained its popular following. It also
received a favorable critical attention, earning Pat Morita an Academy
Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Sequels
3.2 Awards
3.3 References in popular culture
4 Music
4.1 Track listing for 1984 soundtrack
4.2 Track listing for 2007 Varèse Sarabande score
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
[edit] Plot
The Next Karate Kid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Next Karate Kid
The Next Karate Kid movie poster
Directed by Christopher Cain
Produced by Jerry Weintraub
Susan Ekins (associate producer)
R.J. Louis (executive producer)
Written by Mark Lee (using the "Mr. Miyagi" character created by
Robert Mark Kamen)
Starring Hilary Swank
Pat Morita
Michael Ironside
Constance Towers
Chris Conrad
Music by Bill Conti
Cinematography László Kovács
Editing by Ronald Roose
Distributed by Columbia Pictures
Release date(s) August 12, 1994
Running time 107 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $12,000,000
Preceded by The Karate Kid, Part III
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
The Next Karate Kid is a 1994 film starring Hilary Swank and Pat
Morita. It is the fourth and final movie in The Karate Kid series. It
was directed by Christopher Cain, written by Mark Lee with music by
Bill Conti. The film's tagline is: "An ancient tradition is about to
collide with a new generation...and get a kick in the pants."
Contents [hide]
1 Plot synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production notes
4 Reception
5 Music
5.1 Track listing for 2007 Varèse Sarabande score
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
The Last Samurai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the film; for Helen DeWitt's novel, see The Last
Samurai (novel)
The Last Samurai
Promotional Poster
Directed by Edward Zwick
Produced by Tom Cruise
Tom Engelman
Marshall Herskovitz
Scott Kroopf
Paula Wagner
Edward Zwick
Starring Tom Cruise
Timothy Spall
Ken Watanabe
Billy Connolly
Tony Goldwyn
Hiroyuki Sanada
Koyuki Kato
Shin Koyamada
Music by Hans Zimmer
Cinematography John Toll
Editing by Victor Du Bois
Steven Rosenblum
Distributed by Warner Bros.
Release date(s) December 5, 2003
Running time 154 minutes
Country USA / New Zealand
Language English
Japanese
French
Budget 140 million USD
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
The Last Samurai is a 2003 drama film/war film directed and co-
produced by Edward Zwick, who also co-wrote the screenplay based on a
story by John Logan.
This film was inspired by a project developed by writer and director
Vincent Ward. Ward became executive producer on the film - working in
development on it for nearly four years and after approaching several
directors (Coppola, Weir), he interested Edward Zwick. The film went
ahead with Zwick and was shot in Ward’s native New Zealand.
The film stars Tom Cruise (who also co-produced) in the role of
American soldier Nathan Algren whose personal and emotional conflicts
bring him into contact with samurai in the wake of the Meiji
Restoration in the Empire of Japan in 1876 and 1877. Other actors
include Ken Watanabe, Timothy Spall, Billy Connolly and Tony Goldwyn.
The film's plot is based on the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion led by Saigō
Takamori, and also on the story of Jules Brunet, a French army captain
who fought alongside Enomoto Takeaki in the Boshin War. The historical
roles in Japanese westernization by the United Kingdom, the
Netherlands and France are largely attributed to the United States in
the film, and characters in the film and the real story are simplified
for plot purposes; the film does not seek to duplicate history.
The Last Samurai was well received upon release, with a worldwide box
office of $456 million. In addition it was nominated for several
awards, including the Academy Awards, the Golden Globes and the
National Board of Review.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track listing
6 Historical background
6.1 Military modernization and Western involvement
6.2 Meiji restoration
6.3 The Satsuma rebellion
6.4 Further foreign assistance
6.5 Westerners fighting alongside Japanese
7 Notes
8 See also
9 External links
[edit] Plot
最后的武士
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
汉漢▼▲为了阅读方便，本文使用標題手工轉換。
转换标题为：简体：最后的武士；繁體：末代武士；台灣：末代武士；香港：最後武士；
实际标题為：最後武士；當前顯示為：最后的武士
为了阅读方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。转换内容：
简体：最后的武士；繁體：末代武士；台灣：末代武士；香港：最後武士； 当前用字模式下显示为→最后的武士
顯示↓關閉↑附加说明（對转换结果有疑问時）
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由于技術所限，字詞轉換有时会不稳定，在刚增加标题转换时，由于缓存原因標題不一定马上显示转换后的正确结果。你可以尝试单击这里进行强制刷新。最後武
士
電影海報
基本資料
導演 愛德華·茲維克
監製 汤姆·克鲁斯
湯姆·艾其曼
馬修爾·哈斯高維斯
史葛·高柏夫
保羅·文加
艾德華·茲維克
編劇 故事:
約翰·羅根
劇本:
約翰·羅根
愛德華·茲維克
馬修爾·哈斯高維斯
主演 汤姆·克鲁斯
渡邊謙
小山田真
音樂 漢斯·季默
攝影 約翰·杜爾
剪接 域陀·杜比奧斯
史提芬·羅斯布姆
發行商 华纳兄弟
上映日期 2003年12月5日
片長 154分鐘
語言 英語
日語
法語
製片預算 一億美元
各地片名翻譯
中國大陸 最后的武士
港澳 最後武士
台灣 末代武士
IMDb 信息（英語）
《最後武士》（英文：The Last Samurai）是一部於2003年播映的電影，主要描述了日本傳統的武士道精神，以1876年—1877年中
的西南戰爭和明治維新作為背景，故事描述一個前美國軍人，到日本進行明治新政，戰爭途中被俘，慢慢被日本傳統的文化所吸引。片中起用了很多日本演員，而
工作人員大多是美國人（在主要製作群中，只有一個是日本人），而外景大多數在新西蘭所拍攝，所以這電影算是由美國、日本和新西蘭合作的電影。香港的譯名
為《最後武士》、台灣的譯名為《末代武士》、而中國大陸的譯名為《最后的武士》。
目录 [隐藏]
1 劇情
2 主要演員
3 幕后花絮
4 另見
5 外部連結
[编辑] 劇情
[edit] Plot synopsis
Rocky IV
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007)
Rocky IV
Theatrical Release Poster
Directed by Sylvester Stallone
Produced by Robert Chartoff
Irwin Winkler
Written by Sylvester Stallone
Starring Sylvester Stallone
Talia Shire
Burt Young
Carl Weathers
Tony Burton
Brigitte Nielsen
Dolph Lundgren
Music by Vince DiCola
Cinematography Bill Butler
Editing by John W. Wheeler
Don Zimmerman
Distributed by MGM/UA Entertainment Co.
United International Pictures (rest of world)
Release date(s) November 27, 1985
Running time 91 min
Country United States
Language English
Russian
Budget $31,000,500
Preceded by Rocky III
Followed by Rocky V
IMDb profile
For the soundtrack to the movie, see Rocky IV (album).
Rocky IV is a 1985 boxing film, the fourth and most financially
successful movie of the Rocky franchise.[1] Rocky Balboa (played again
by Sylvester Stallone), plans to retire from boxing after regaining
his title from Clubber Lang in Rocky III. An unknown amateur boxer
from the Soviet Union, Ivan Drago (played by Dolph Lundgren), however,
makes a bid to enter the US boxing ranks. After an exhibition match
with Apollo Creed goes horribly and tragically wrong, Rocky must step
in and challenge the Russian boxer himself to avenge the death of his
friend.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Casting
2.2 Music
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 U.S. Box Office
3.3 Worldwide box office performance
4 References
5 External links
[edit] Plot
Rambo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality
standards.
Please improve this article if you can. (July 2008)
This article is about the Sylvester Stallone character and films. For
other uses, see Rambo (disambiguation).
Overview of the violence in Rambo movies[1]Rambo is a fictional former
Green Beret created by David Morrell in his novel First Blood.
Morrell's character and ideas were used in the 1980s and 2000s as the
basis for a series of popular action films starring Sylvester
Stallone.
The films featuring the character are: First Blood (1982), Rambo:
First Blood Part II (1985), Rambo III (1988), and Rambo (2008). The
films focus on a troubled Vietnam War veteran and Green Beret, John
James Rambo, who is skilled in many aspects of survival, weaponry,
hand-to-hand combat and guerrilla warfare.
Morrell says that in choosing the name Rambo he was inspired by "the
sound of force" in the name of rambo apples which he encountered in
Pennsylvania, and he felt that its pronunciation was similar to the
surname of Arthur Rimbaud, the title of whose most famous work A
Season in Hell, seemed to him "an apt metaphor for the prisoner-of-war
experiences that I imagined Rambo suffering." [2]
In popular culture, the name has become an eponym for a tactic of
military aggression or, alternatively, a person demonstrating great
heroism through extreme violence and skill, especially when
outnumbered. However, the term can also be used somewhat derogatorily
to describe someone who thoughtlessly charges into a fight with no
regard for personal safety or careful planning. This term is referred
to as "Going Rambo" or "doing it Rambo style."[citation needed] The
name is also used in a more figurative sense to describe any action or
approach which is deemed to be aggressive.
Contents [hide]
1 Character (John James Rambo)
1.1 Fictional biography
1.1.1 Awards
2 Feature films
2.1 First Blood
2.2 Rambo: First Blood Part II
2.3 Rambo III
2.4 Rambo
2.5 Rambo V
2.6 Rambo VI
3 Series rights
4 Animated series
5 Video games
6 Music
7 References
8 See also
9 External links
9.1 Media
[edit] Character (John James Rambo)
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc
U.S. Promotional Poster
This image is a candidate for speedy deletion. It may be deleted after
seven days from the date of nomination.
Directed by Luc Besson
Produced by Patrice Ledoux
Written by Luc Besson
Andrew Birkin
Starring Milla Jovovich
Dustin Hoffman
Faye Dunaway
John Malkovich
Music by Éric Serra
Distributed by Non-France theatrical and worldwide DVD/video
Columbia Pictures
France theatrical
Gaumont/Buena Vista International
Release date(s) October 18, 1999
Running time 160 min.
Country France
Language English
Budget FRF 390,000,000 (estimated)
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc is a 1999 historical drama
film directed by Luc Besson. The screenplay was written by Luc Besson
and Andrew Birkin. The original music score was composed by Éric
Serra.
The Messenger portrays the story of St. Joan of Arc, the famous French
war heroine of the 15th century and religious martyr, played by
Ukrainian-born Milla Jovovich. The story begins with young Joan
witnessing the atrocities of the English against her family, following
her through her visions, to her leadership in battle, through doubt
(with Dustin Hoffman playing a character credited as "the
Conscience"), and finally to her trial and execution.
Coincidentally, another film based upon the life of Joan of Arc,
starring Leelee Sobieski, was made for television at the same time as
Besson's film.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Reception
3 Cast
4 References
5 External links
[edit] Plot summary
Mississippi Burning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Mississipi Burning)
Jump to: navigation, search
Mississippi Burning
original US film poster
Directed by Alan Parker
Produced by Robert F. Colesberry and
Written by Chris Gerolmo
Music by Trevor Jones
Distributed by Orion Pictures
Release date(s) December 9, 1988
Running time 128 min.
Country United States
Language English
IMDb profile
Mississippi Burning is a 1988 crime drama film based on the FBI
investigation into the real-life murders of three civil rights workers
in the U.S. state of Mississippi in 1964. The movie focuses on two
fictional FBI agents (portrayed by Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe) who
investigate the murders. Hackman's character is loosely based on FBI
agent John Proctor, and Dafoe's character is very loosely based on
agent Joseph Sullivan.
The film also stars Frances McDormand, Brad Dourif, R. Lee Ermey and
Gailard Sartain, and was written by Chris Gerolmo and directed by Alan
Parker. It won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and was
nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Hackman), Best Actress in
a Supporting Role (McDormand), Best Director, Best Film Editing (Gerry
Hambling), Best Picture and Best Sound.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Critics
3 Context
4 Opening scenes
5 On the set
6 References
7 External links
[edit] Plot
The story is loosely based on the real-life murders of three civil
rights workers in Mississippi in 1964. After the three are reported
missing, two FBI agents are sent to investigate the incident in rural
Jessup County, Mississippi (modeled after Neshoba County where the
real murders took place). Agent Alan Ward (Dafoe) is a northerner who
takes a direct approach to the investigation. Agent Rupert Anderson
(Hackman), a southerner who understands the intricacies of race
relations in the south, takes a more subtle tack. The two clash but
eventually find a way to work together to take on the Klan.
[edit] Critics
Malcolm X
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Malcom X)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the biographical movie, see Malcolm X (film).
"Malik Shabazz" redirects here. For other persons of that name, see
Malik Shabazz (disambiguation).
Malcolm X
Malcolm X, March 1964
Alternate name(s): El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz
Date of birth: May 19, 1925(1925-05-19)
Place of birth: Omaha, Neb., U.S.
Date of death: February 21, 1965 (aged 39)
Place of death: New York, N.Y., U.S.
Movement: Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism
Major organizations: Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque, Inc.,
Organization of Afro-American Unity
Religion: Islam
Influences Elijah Muhammad, Marcus Garvey
Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965),
also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz,[1] was an African American
Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his
admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African
Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for
its crimes against black Americans.[2] His detractors accused him of
preaching racism and violence.[3][4][5] He has been described as one
of the most influential African Americans of the 20th century.[6][7]
Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. By the time he was 13, his
father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental
hospital. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became
involved in the criminal underworld in Boston and New York. In 1945,
Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.
While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam.
After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and
chief spokesmen. For nearly a dozen years, he was the public face of
the Nation of Islam. Tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad,
head of the Nation of Islam, led to his departure from the
organization in March 1964.
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X made the pilgrimage, the
Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni Muslim. He traveled extensively
throughout Africa and the Middle East. He founded Muslim Mosque, Inc.,
a religious organization, and the secular, black nationalist
Organization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year after he left
the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X was assassinated while giving a speech
in New York.
Contents [hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Young adult years
1.3 Nation of Islam
1.4 Marriage and family
1.5 Meeting Castro and other world leaders
1.6 Leaving the Nation of Islam
1.7 Pilgrimage to Mecca
1.8 International travel
1.8.1 Africa
1.8.2 France and the United Kingdom
1.9 In the United States
1.10 Death
1.10.1 Assassination
1.10.2 Funeral
1.10.3 Responses to Malcolm X's death
1.10.4 Allegations of conspiracy
2 Philosophy
2.1 Beliefs of the Nation of Islam
2.2 Independent views
3 Legacy
3.1 Malcolm X House Site
3.2 Portrayals of Malcolm X in film and on stage
3.3 Schools and streets named after Malcolm X
3.4 Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center
4 See also
5 Works
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
9.1 Interviews
9.2 Other links
Biography
麥爾坎X
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
麥爾坎X麥爾坎X （Malcolm X），原名麥爾坎·利特爾 （Malcolm Little，1925年5月19日－1965年2月21日）是美
國非裔伊斯蘭教教士，曾經是伊斯蘭國度的發言人，是美國民權運動中的重要人物。伊斯蘭國度為美國黑人民權運動的激進路線組織。1964年到麥加朝覲後改
奉遜尼派，他拋棄激烈的分離主張，嘗試與更多不同的宗教、組織合作，一起為黑人奮鬥。 1965年於一場演說前被激進的黑人殺手刺殺身亡。
其自傳在1992年被史派克·李拍成電影《黑潮》（Malcolm X）。
On 10月9日, 下午6時57分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> If anyone know the role of Mr Leung or Ms Leung in the Gulf War,
> contact me at mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk or dragonst...@excite.com.
> Leung has been offering girls to customers around the world for more
> than fifty years. I did not find any Leung ( aka Liang ) within the
> top ten
> list of generals in world history and there are no record of his
> participation
> in any successful military campaign that changed the course of
> history.
> Leung is neither within the top ten list of world boxing champions.
> What
> exactly is his or her role in the 1990 incident?
>
> Sincerely
>
> Yu Fung Liu
>
> Quotation from Wikipedia
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Propaganda by different political fractions and international
influence in Hollywood.
mrliu918
If anyone can confirm the news regarding Lee's visit to Japanese war
criminal shrine, email me at mrli...@yahoo.com.hk.
Quotation
"On June 7, 2007 former President of the Republic of China Lee Teng-
hui visited the Shrine to pay tribute to his older brother died in the
Japanese Imperial Navy, he too volunteered as a Japanese Imperial Army
officer."
http://www.wwiimemorial.com/
http://www.nps.gov/kwvm/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial
http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial
http://www.chinaspirit.net.cn/index.html
http://military.china.com/zh_cn/blade/kmyc/kmyc.html
http://www.china918.net/en/index_en.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr%27s_Shrine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine
http://leechen.bravehost.com/yasukuni/index.htm
The World War II Memorial honors the 16 million who served in the
armed forces of the U.S., the more than 400,000 who died, and all who
supported the war effort from home. Symbolic of the defining event of
the 20th Century, the memorial is a monument to the spirit, sacrifice,
and commitment of the American people. The Second World War is the
only 20th Century event commemorated on the National Mall central
axis.
Visiting the Memorial
The memorial opened to the public on April 29, 2004 and was dedicated
one month later on May 29. It is located on 17th Street, between
Constitution and Independence Avenues, and is flanked by the
Washington Monument to the east and the Lincoln Memorial to the west.
The memorial is operated by the National Park Service and is open to
visitors 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For more information about
visiting the memorial, accessibility, parking, directions, special
events and other details, please visit the National Park Service Web
site at www.nps.gov/nwwm or call the Park Service at (202) 619-7222.
Korean War Veterans Memorial Ranger Station
Open All Year
View all Facilities »
Fee Information
View all Fees »
Maps and Brochures »
Printable Maps and Brochures
From 1950 to 1953, the United States joined with United Nations
forces in Korea to take a stand against what was deemed a threat to
democratic nations worldwide. At war's end, a million and a half
American veterans returned to a peacetime world of families, homes,
and jobs - and to a country long reluctant to view the Korean War as
something to memorialize. But to the men and women who served, the
Korean War could never be a forgotten war.
The passing of more than four decades has brought a new perspective to
the war and its aftermath. The time has come, in the eyes of the
Nation, to set aside a place of remembrance for the people who served
in this hard-fought war half a world away. The Korean War Veterans
Memorial honors those Americans who answered the call, those who
worked and fought under the trying of circumstances, and those who
gave their lives for the cause of freedom.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Jump to: navigation, search
national war memorial located in Washington, D.C. It honors members of
the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War and who died in
service or are still unaccounted for.
Its construction and related issues have been the source of numerous
controversies, some of which have resulted in additions to the
memorial complex. The memorial currently consists of three separate
parts: the Three Soldiers statue, the Vietnam Women's Memorial, and
the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall, which is the most recognized part
of the memorial.
The memorial was inspired by the 1971 establishment of the Vietnam
Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire, New Mexico, which was
begun by the grief-stricken parents of Marine First Lieutenant David
Westphall, who was among thirteen men in his unit killed in an ambush
in Vietnam in 1968.[1]
The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is located
in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast
of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S.
National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each
year. The Memorial Wall was designed by U.S. architect Maya Lin. The
typesetting was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2007,
it was ranked tenth on the "List of America's Favorite Architecture"
by the American Institute of Architects.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Structure
2.1 Memorial Wall
2.1.1 Beginning and ending timeline for those listed on the wall
2.2 The Three Soldiers
2.3 Women's Memorial
2.4 In Memory memorial plaque
3 Controversies
3.1 Design
3.2 Maya Lin
3.3 Dedication
3.4 The Three Soldiers
3.5 Women's memorial
4 The Moving Wall
5 Traditions
7 Notes
8 References
10 External links
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location Washington, D.C., USA
Coordinates 38°53′28″N 77°2′52″W / 38.89111, -77.04778
Area 2.00 acres (8,100 m²)
Established November 13, 1982
Visitors 3,799,968 (in 2005)
Governing body National Park Service
Various items left at the wall.April 30, 1975 – Fall of Saigon
April 27, 1979 – The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, Inc. (VVMF), was
incorporated as a non-profit organization to establish a memorial to
veterans of the Vietnam War. Much of the impetus behind the formation
of the Fund came from a wounded Vietnam veteran, Jan Scruggs, who was
inspired by the film The Deer Hunter. Eventually, $8.4 million was
raised by private donations.
越戰紀念碑
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
越戰紀念碑俯瞰越戰紀念碑，正式名稱為越南退伍軍人紀念碑（Vietnam Veterans Memorial），位於美國首都華盛頓，是一個紀念在
越南戰爭中服務的美國士兵的國家戰爭紀念碑。紀念碑包括三部份 - 三位戰士雕像、越南婦女的紀念碑和越南退伍軍人紀念牆，其中以紀念牆最為出名。紀念
碑有時被普遍地稱越戰紀念碑、越戰牆或簡稱為牆。
紀念碑的主要部份完成於1982年，設置在林肯紀念堂的東北，國家大草坪附近的憲法花園。越南退伍軍人紀念碑由美國國家公園管理局維護，每年接受大約3
百萬個訪客。美國華裔建築師林瓔設計了越戰紀念碑。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 歷史
2 結構
3 反應
3.1 負面
3.2 正面
4 移動的牆, 亦稱旅行的牆
[編輯] 歷史
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Nov 20, 2008 6:30 pm - 8:30 pm
10th Annual Truman-Reagan Medal of Freedom Awards Reception
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· North Korea: Faith and famine
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- Peaceful Protesters Beaten, Arrested, and Harassed
· Support from Government of Hungary for VOCMF
View all articles Get your sneak preview of the
The Global Museum on Communism is the first museum on the Internet
that will tell the whole story of Communism from Karl Marx's The
Communist Manifesto to today's brutal suppression of Tibet by
Communist China.
Screenshots of the new Museum:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, Copyright 2008
Established by Authorization of Congressional Resolution H.R. 3000 &
Presidential Approval, Public Law 103-199, The Victims of Communism
Memorial Foundation is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization.
Site designed and maintained by Huberspace Web Design
Lincoln Memorial
Jump to: navigation, search
(National Memorial)
Location: Washington, D.C.
Coordinates: 38°53′21.48″N 77°3′0.44″W / 38.8893,
-77.0501222Coordinates: 38°53′21.48″N 77°3′0.44″W / 38.8893,
-77.0501222
Area: 107.43 acres (0.43 km²)
Built/Founded: 1922
Architect: Multiple
Architectural style(s): Greek Revival
Added to NRHP: October 15, 1966
Visitation: 3,638,806 (in 2005)
NRHP Reference#: 66000030[1]
Governing body: National Park Service
The Lincoln Memorial is a United States Presidential memorial built to
honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is
located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The architect was
Henry Bacon, the sculptor was Daniel Chester French, and the painter
of the interior murals was Jules Guerin.
The building is in the form of a Greek Doric temple and contains a
large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-
known speeches by Lincoln. The memorial has been the site of many
famous speeches, including Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"
speech, delivered on August 28, 1963 during the rally at the end of
the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and National
World War II Memorial – the memorial is administered by the National
Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. It has
been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October
15, 1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day. In 2007, it was
ranked seventh on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the
American Institute of Architects.
Aerial view of the Lincoln MemorialThe Lincoln Monument Association
was incorporated by the United States Congress in March 1867 to build
a memorial to Lincoln. A site was not chosen until 1901, in an area
that was then swampland. Congress formally authorized the memorial on
February 9, 1911, and the first stone was put into place on Lincoln's
birthday, February 12, 1914. The monument was dedicated by Former
President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft on May 30, 1922, a
ceremony attended by Lincoln's only surviving child, Robert Todd
Lincoln. The stone for the building is Indiana limestone and Yule
marble, quarried at the town of Marble, Colorado. The Lincoln
sculpture within is made of Georgian marble, quarried at the town of
Tate, Georgia. In 1923, designer Henry Bacon received the Gold Medal
of the American Institute of Architects, his profession's highest
honor, for the design of the memorial. Originally under the care of
the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks, it was transferred to
the National Park Service on August 10, 1933
The memorial and the reflecting poolStanding apart from the somewhat
triumphal and Roman manner of most of Washington, the memorial takes
the severe form of a Greek Doric temple. It is "peripteral", with 36
massive columns, each 37 feet (10 m) high, surrounding the cella of
the building itself, which rises above the porticos. As an
afterthought, the 36 columns required for the design were seen to
represent the 25 U.S. states at the time of Lincoln's death, as well
as the 11 seceded States, and their names were inscribed in the
entablature above each column. The names of the 48 states of the Union
when the memorial was completed are carved on the exterior attic
walls, and a later plaque commemorates the admission of Alaska and
Hawaii in 1959.
Contents [hide]
1 Interior
2 Sculptural features
3 Depictions on U.S. currency
5 References
6 External links
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抗美援朝战争军事历史
抗 美 援 朝 战 争 老 照 片 图 集
抗美援朝战争全景画[图集]
抗美援朝奇袭白虎团[图集]
朝鲜战争图片---仁川登陆
美国侵略军的罪行[图]
我军俘获的美式坦克[图集]
抗美援朝我军狙击手[图集]
朝战美王牌覆灭记[组图1]
抗美援朝中的狙击手[图]
美军拍摄的朝鲜战争彩照
援朝纪念馆：题词[图集]
朝战美王牌覆灭记[组图2]
停战谈判内幕[图集]
汉城朝鲜战争纪念馆[图集]
援朝纪念馆：友谊馆[图集]
美公开志愿军被俘战士照
被美刺字我军被俘人员[图]
援朝纪念馆：兵器场[图集]
援朝纪念馆：战争馆[图集]
援朝纪念馆：运动馆[图集]
援朝纪念馆：英烈馆[图集]
抗美援朝：战火逼境[图集]
抗美援朝：阵地防御[图集]
抗美援朝：依依惜别[图集]
抗美援朝：决策出兵[图集]
抗美援朝：立体较量[图集]
抗美援朝：英雄赞歌[图集]
抗美援朝：战斗生活[图集]
抗美援朝：人民支援[图集]
抗美援朝：政治工作[图集]
抗美援朝：友谊长存[图集]
抗美援朝：英雄儿女[图集]
抗美援朝：阵亡将士[图集]
抗美援朝：后勤阵线[图集]
抗美援朝：战斗英雄[图集]
抗美援朝：谈判较量[图集]
抗美援朝：运动歼敌[图集]
抗美援朝：停战谈判[图集]
抗美援朝：战场瞬间[图集]
抗 美 援 朝 英 烈
☉特级英雄：扬根思[图]
☉空中孤胆英雄：刘玉堤[图]
☉特级英雄：许家朋[图]
☉无名英雄：员宝山[图]
☉蓝天骄子：张积慧[图]
☉一级战斗英雄：孔庆三[图]
☉空中英雄：王海[图]
☉国际主义战士：罗盛教[图]
☉伟人之子：毛岸英[图]
☉狙击之王：张桃芳[图]
☉“一级英雄”：开路先锋杨连弟
☉壮哉，１８０师！--记惨遭全师覆灭的志愿军
☉黄继光的母亲写给毛泽东和志愿军的信[图]
各 参 战 方 军 队
☉毛泽东创建装甲兵始末：朝鲜战争中建设装甲兵
☉苏联四万名军人参加过朝鲜战争
☉朝鲜战争中的土耳其旅
抗 美 援 朝 历 史 资 料
☉历史真相——金日成在苏援助下发动朝鲜战争
☉被埋没了50年的朝鲜战争伤亡最权威的翔实数据
☉霍英东支持抗美援朝 披露当年“走私”真相
☉日本在朝鲜战争中的作用
☉朝鲜战争前后美国曾想暗杀蒋介石
☉妄图改变朝鲜战局 美曾想武装二百万日军侵华
☉美军曾在朝鲜战场施酷刑虐待我军战俘
☉美欲“托管”台湾 蒋介石借朝鲜战争绝处逢生
☉我军缴获的敌装备[图]
☉朝鲜战争：抗美援朝战争中第6次战役计划的真实内情
☉韩挖出52具朝鲜战争遗骸 其中22具属志愿军
☉历史解密——蒋介石三度计划出兵朝鲜重大内幕
☉史海钩沉：蒋介石图谋参加朝鲜战争始末
☉志愿军向美坦克攻击
☉让人震憾的志愿军[图]
☉上甘岭真实的英雄[图]
☉朝鲜战争中的中国军队
战争武器装备介绍
☉志愿军装备的杂式枪械
☉志愿军装备购自苏联的枪械
☉志愿军装备建国后自产枪械
☉美国装备的手枪
☉美国装备的冲锋枪
☉美国装备的步枪
☉美国装备的机枪
抗 美 援 朝 战 争 著 名 战 役、战 斗 与 事 件
☉朝鲜战争：从台湾战役到抗美援朝[上]
☉朝鲜战争：从台湾战役到抗美援朝[下]
☉1950年6月27日美国第七舰队入侵台湾海峡
☉1950年9月15日～11月28日仁川登陆战役
☉1950年10月25日～11月5日抗美援朝第一次战役
☉云山之战——中美第一仗39军重创第l骑兵师
☉云山战斗——抗美援朝中美士兵肉搏纪实
☉1950年11月7日～12月24日抗美援朝第二次战役
☉1950年11月26日～12月12日抗美援朝长境湖之战
☉1950年12月31日～1951年1月8日援朝第三次战役
☉1951年除夕的较量-志愿军奇险飞渡临津江[上][图]
☉1951年除夕的较量-志愿军奇险飞渡临津江[中][图]
☉1951年除夕的较量-志愿军奇险飞渡临津江[下][图]
☉朝鲜战争：攻克汉城
☉1951年1月25日～4月21日抗美援朝第四次战役
☉1951年2月抗美援朝广田反击战
☉抗美援朝中美炮兵对攻大血战
☉1953年7月抗美援朝金城战役炮兵大协奏
☉1951年4月22日～6月10日抗美援朝第五次战役
☉1951年5月30日～6月5日抗美援朝朴达峰阻击战
☉捍卫生命线-抗美援朝反“绞杀战”斗争[上][图]
☉捍卫生命线-抗美援朝反“绞杀战”斗争[中][图]
☉捍卫生命线-抗美援朝反“绞杀战”斗争[下][图]
☉志愿军高炮部队粉碎美军“空中绞杀战”
☉1951年10月8日～22日金城以南地区防御战
☉1951年10月11日～11月4日抗美援朝文登里战斗
☉1951年11月30日抗美援朝大、小和岛渡海登陆战
☉1952年6月13日抗美援朝古直木里反坦克战
☉1952年秋至1953年春抗美援朝东海岸反情报战
☉1952年10月14日～11月25日上甘岭战役[图]
☉1953年7月13日～27日抗美援朝金城战役
☉抗美援朝奇袭白虎团[图集]
☉1953年7月27日 抗美援朝的最后一战
寻 访、追 忆 与 纪 实
☉林彪装病躲开朝鲜战争
☉土耳其军队在朝领教志愿军战力
☉中国空战英雄焦景文大战美空军雷思那
☉朝鲜战争惨痛记忆:第5次战役中180师损失惨重
☉朝鲜战争回忆--中国志愿军浴血汉江
☉麦克阿瑟的一招绝棋：毛岸英之死背后的阴谋
☉彭德怀军事秘书等人撰文忆述：毛岸英牺牲真相
☉一名参加过上甘岭战役的老志愿军的回忆
☉美联社记者当了志愿军俘虏 照片解读战争[图]
☉史海钩沉：朝鲜战场上的“三杨开泰”
☉志愿军老战士讲朝鲜战争：我亲手打印停战令
☉是他们让中国人挺直了腰――志愿军攻克汉城[图]
☉领导麻痹大意 志愿军五十军军部遭敌空袭[图]
☉烽火传奇：一个中国士兵与一个美军师的较量
☉档案解密：志愿军战俘是怎样争取回归祖国的？
俄 国 解 密 挡 案
☉俄国解密档案：斯大林曾阻止金日成发动进攻
☉俄国解密档案：苏联参与策划和发动朝鲜战争
☉俄国解密档案：斯大林把责任推给毛泽东
☉俄国解密档案：苏联空军直接参与了朝鲜战争
☉俄国解密档案：莫斯科是中朝方面的真正决策者
解密挡案部分原件[译文]
☉南北朝鲜状况及所应采取的对策致斯大林电
☉附件一 南朝鲜军队和北朝鲜人民军战斗人员和组成
☉附件二 1949年8月人民军和南朝鲜军队武器拥有量
☉附件三 1949年8月1日人民军拥有弹药数量
☉南朝鲜军将进攻北方的情报等问题致维辛斯基电
☉朝鲜进攻日期致维辛斯基转斯大林电（1950年5月30日）
☉斯大林同意进攻日期致什特科夫电（1950年6月1日）
☉朝鲜军事情报呈斯大林的报告（1950年6月20日）
☉朝鲜外务省通报致葛罗米柯电（1950年6月26日）
☉联合国安理会决议致苏联外交部电（1950年6月26日）
☉朝鲜战况致扎哈罗夫电（1950年6月26日）
☉斯大林关于建议中国派部队援助朝鲜（1950年10月1日）
☉毛泽东关于中国暂不出兵致斯大林电（1950年10月3日）
抗 美 援 朝 战 争 的 评 论
美国人的评论
☉美国军人眼中的毛泽东和朝鲜战争
☉朝鲜战争中一位被俘美国将军的反思
☉这支军队不寻常--美看朝鲜战争毛泽东的兵
☉美国作家眼中的朝鲜战争
☉中外名将点评朝鲜战争中的军队
韩国人的评论
☉韩国前总统朴正熙评说朝鲜战争
☉韩国人怎样看朝鲜战争？
朝鲜人的评论
☉朝鲜人民军随军记者李仁模评说朝鲜战争
☉朝鲜人自己描述的朝鲜战争
苏联人的评论
☉长空喋血忆当年——前苏联老兵回忆朝鲜战争
其它国家的评论
☉加拿大人眼中的志愿军
☉一位英国历史学家笔下的“朝鲜战争”
中国人的评论
☉毛泽东眼中的抗美援朝战争
☉援朝历史不容歪曲—驳《朝鲜战争真相》
☉朝鲜战争真相
☉对同类兵器，单打独斗，确实是武器优者胜算大[节选]
☉在五十年后重看中美朝鲜战争
☉驳朝战中国“人海战术”死人远比美军多
☉朝鲜战争：“朝鲜战争”谁是最大赢家
☉朝鲜--越南--海湾：美国人眼中的三场战争
☉评“朝鲜战争，越南战争和海湾战争比较”
☉[原创]朝鲜战争是中国胜美国还是打平手？
☉我们中国为什么必须打朝鲜战争？
☉二战后是什么因素促使美国出兵朝鲜?
☉朝鲜战争是中国永恒的光荣、民族复兴标志
☉朝越伊战对比：反驳武器致胜论
☉[首发]抗美援朝几乎是我们唯一的骄傲[一]
☉[首发]抗美援朝几乎是我们唯一的骄傲[二]
☉[首发]抗美援朝几乎是我们唯一的骄傲[三]
☉[首发]抗美援朝几乎是我们唯一的骄傲[四]
☉毛寿龙：朝鲜战争反思之反思
☉从历史角度看朝战—驳《毛寿龙：……》
☉报刊争论：朝南、朝北，谁先打过三八线？
☉对朝鲜战争的新认识
☉朝鲜的一段故事：略谈战争的起因和性质
☉朝鲜战争对台湾问题的影响
☉谈谈历史 谈谈朝鲜战争
中国学者的评论
☉中国学者青石评说朝鲜战争
☉中国学者沈志华评说朝鲜战争
中国学者沈志华对抗美援朝战争的研究
☉历史真相—金日成在苏援助下发动朝鲜战争
☉朝鲜战争与美国对台政策的转变[上]
☉朝鲜战争与美国对台政策的转变[下]
☉美国是怎样卷入朝鲜战争：过程和依据[上]
☉美国是怎样卷入朝鲜战争：过程和依据[下]
☉越过三八线：美国扩大朝战的战略决策[上]
☉越过三八线：美国扩大朝战的战略决策[下]
☉中苏联盟与中国出兵朝鲜的决策[上]
☉中苏联盟与中国出兵朝鲜的决策[下]
☉中国被迫出兵朝鲜：决策过程及其原因[上]
☉中国被迫出兵朝鲜：决策过程及其原因[下]
☉抗美援朝战争决策中的苏联因素
☉论中国出兵朝鲜决策的是非成败[上]
☉论中国出兵朝鲜决策的是非成败[下]
☉朝战期间中朝高层矛盾、分歧及其解决[上]
☉朝战期间中朝高层矛盾、分歧及其解决[下]
☉沈志华学术简历
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[抗美援朝纪念馆关注指数：568] 位于风景秀丽的鸭绿江畔，锦江山西麓的抗美援朝纪念馆，由纪念塔、陈列馆、全景画馆3大主体建筑组成，占地18
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Martyr's Shrine
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Republic of China (Taiwan). It is located in Taipei City, Taiwan. [1]
A changing of the guard ceremony is conducted in the temple complex,
similar to the ones in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall and Chiang Kai-
shek Memorial Hall, although the later is currently suspended.
忠烈祠
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
神道信仰痕跡」，原日治時期神社逐一改為忠烈祠，不少建物今日仍有神社遺跡。目前大部分忠烈祠都分佈在台灣各地，中國只有南嶽忠烈祠等少數保存較完
好。
依內政部所頒布《忠烈祠祀辦法》，於各直轄市、縣市政府所在地設置忠烈祠，中央政府所在地則設首都忠烈祠，由總統主祭。
台灣眾多忠烈祠之一，嘉義忠烈祠目錄 [隱藏]
1 奉祀對象及其爭議
2 公祭
3 沿革
4 建築形式
5 各地忠烈祠
5.1 國防部管轄
5.2 內政部管轄
5.3 其它忠烈祠
6 韓國忠烈祠
7 參考資料
8 參考文獻
9 相關條目
[編輯] 奉祀對象及其爭議
Yasukuni Shrine
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Yasukuni, see Yasukuni (2007 film).
Yasukuni Shrine
靖国神社
The honden or main shrine
Information
Type Imperial Shrine
Dedicated to Those who lost their lives while serving Japan
Founded June 1869
Founder(s) Emperor Meiji
Priest(s) Nanbu Toshiaki
Address 3-1-1, Kudankita, Chiyoda
Tokyo 〒102-8246
Phone +81 (03) 3261-8326
Website Homepage
Yasukuni Shrine (靖国神社, Yasukuni Jinja?) is a Shinto shrine located in
Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is dedicated to the kami (spirits) of
soldiers and others who died fighting on behalf of the Emperor of
Japan.[1] Currently, its Symbolic Registry of Divinities lists the
names of over 2,466,000 enshrined men and women whose lives were
dedicated to the service of Imperial Japan, particularly to those
killed in wartime.[2]
The shrine is a source of considerable controversy. Of the almost 2.5
million enshrined, 1,068 have been convicted of war crimes by a post
World War II court.[3] Despite popular media references that 14 Class-
A war criminals are enshrined at Yasukuni, the figure is actually 12
because two of those enshrined, Matsuoka Yosuke and Nagano Osami,
actually died in prison before a verdict could be handed over.[4] The
Yūshūkan—a shrine-owned history museum—has been accused of revisionism
in its accounts of Japan's actions in World War II, as well as
glorification of Japan's aggressive militaristic past.[5] Visits to
the shrine by Japanese Cabinet members and Prime Ministers, in
particular, have been the cause of protests at home as well as abroad.
China, North Korea and South Korea have protested against various
visits since 1985.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Enshrined kami
2.1 Eligible categories
2.2 Kami by conflict
3 Controversy
3.1 Enshrinement of War Criminals
3.2 Revisionist History at Yūshūkan
3.3 Politicians' visits
4 Precinct
4.1 Shrine structures
4.2 Torii and gates
4.3 Memorials
4.4 Other buildings and structures
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Enshrinement of War Criminals
One of the controversies arises out of the enshrinement of World War
II war criminals. According to documents released by the National Diet
Library of Japan in 2007, Health and Welfare Ministry officials and
Yasukuni representatives officially met and agreed on 31 January 1969,
that 1,068 convicted war criminals were "able to be honored" with
enshrinement at Yasukuni. After the meeting, it was specifically
decided to not publicly announce the criminals' enshrinement.[13] In
1978, the kami of 1,068 convicted war criminals, including 14
convicted Class-A war criminals ("crimes against peace") were secretly
enshrined at Yasukuni.[14]
Since the enshrinement, there have been calls from different groups of
people to remove the war criminals, who include Imperial Japanese Army
General Hideki Tojo,[13] from Yasukuni Shrine. These calls, however,
have not been fulfilled. Shrine officials have stated that unlike
traditional Shinto shrines, all enshrined kami are immediately
combined and therefore become impossible to be separated for removal.
[9] In addition, the family of Prime Minister Tojo Hideki has refused
to sign a petition for the removal of seven Class-A war criminals'
names from the shrine.[9]
In recent years, South Korea has pressed Japan to build a new, secular
war memorial to replace Yasukuni, but currently there are no
definitive plans for such a monument.[15]
靖国神社
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。
在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。
靖国神社日語寫法
日語原文 靖国神社
假名 やすくにじんじゃ
罗马字 Yasukuni Jinja
舊體漢字 靖國神社
靖国神社是位于日本东京千代田区九段北的一个神社，供奉自明治維新以來為日本帝國战死的軍人或軍屬，其中絕大多數是在中日戰爭及太平洋戰爭中陣亡的日兵
及殖民地募集兵，並包括14名甲級戰犯，使得神社備具爭議性，所以被視為日本軍國主義的象徵。靖國神社在第二次世界大戰以前一直由軍方專門管理，是國家
神道的象徵；在二戰以後，遵循政教分離原則，改組為宗教法人。
目录 [隐藏]
1 歷史
2 供奉在靖国神社的日軍成員
2.1 陣亡者組成
2.2 甲級戰犯
3 參拜靖國神社
3.1 日本天皇参拜靖国神社
3.2 日本政要参拜靖国神社
4 中華人民共和國與靖国神社
5 中華民國與靖國神社
5.1 台灣團結聯盟參拜靖國神社
5.2 李登辉与靖国神社
5.3 台灣原住民赴靖國神社抗議
6 韓國與靖國神社
7 关于靖国神社的政治争议
7.1 日本国内
7.2 日本之外
8 参见
9 参考文献
10 外部链接
[编辑] 歷史
供奉在靖国神社的日軍成員
截至2006年靖国神社祭祀着约246.65万名在自戊辰战争始历次战争日本政府一方战死者的灵位，其中有210万死于二战，包括14名二战甲级战犯和
约2000名乙、丙级战犯的牌位。
[编辑] 陣亡者組成
靖國神社供祀的陣亡者來源。黃色是日中戰爭（1941-1945年部分）及太平洋戰爭。
靖國神社供祀的陣亡者來源（太平洋戰爭除外）。紫紅色是抗日戰爭（1937-1941年部份）。戊辰戰爭：7751
西南戰爭：6971
甲午戰爭：13619
佔領台灣：1130
義和團事變：1256
日俄戰爭：88429
第一次世界大戰：4850
五三慘案：185
九一八事變：17176
日中戰爭（1937—1941）：191250
日中戰爭（1941—1945）及太平洋戰爭：2133915
[编辑] 甲級戰犯
有14位经远东国际军事法庭审判的甲级战犯供奉在靖国神社。他们是：东条英机、土肥原贤二、松井石根、木村兵太郎、广田弘毅、坂垣征四郎、武藤章、松冈
洋右、永野修身、白鸟敏夫、平沼骐一郎、小矶国昭、梅津美治郎、东乡茂德。
[编辑] 參拜靖國神社
外部链接
维基新闻相关報導：
中国谴责靖国神社汉语版宣传册靖國神社
反對參拜靖國神社---還我祖靈影片
反對參拜靖國神社---還我祖靈行動篇
還我祖靈-歷史篇
慰灵会
世界要人参拜靖国神社记录
Google地图
日本对其靖国神社前石灯笼上浮雕的解释
香港靖國神社崇敬奉贊會
On 9月19日, 下午5時48分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art.
>
> "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
> and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> --War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
> --Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> --Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> --World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
> --World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> --Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> --Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> --Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
> --Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
> --Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
>
> my.indeed - sign in
> Jobs Salaries Trends Forums
>
> What: job title, keywords or company
> Where: city, state, or zip
>
> Salary Search
>
> policeman Salaries
> What Where
>
> Job 1
> Job Title, Keywords
> Remove
> City, State or Zip
>
> Add Comparison Search Job Titles Only
>
> Average Salary of Jobs Matching Your Search
> policeman $36,000
>
> Average policeman salaries for job postings nationwide are 43% lower
>
> Average Salary of Jobs with Related Titles
> Police Recruit $46,000
> Supervisor Police Officer $59,000
> Service Coordinator $32,000
> Automotive Sales Consultant $64,000
> Additional salary resources: Salary.com - Payscale.com
> Email to a friend
>
> From my email address
>
> To email address
>
> Send me a copy
>
> Comments (optional)
>
> Post on Your Blog/Website
> $36,000
>
> ©2008 Indeed
>
> Pro Athletes and Their Salaries
> Athletes and their salaries are making the news often these days,
> CNN.com reports that international soccer star David Beckham has
> signed a 5-year deal worth $250 million dollars (salary +
> endorsements) with the Los Angeles Galaxy. The 31-year-old will be
> earning about $1 million a week, the highest professional athlete
> salary for a soccer player. Even with that large income, he falls
> behind golfer Tiger Woods, who reportedly earned over $97 million in
> 2006 (according sportsillustrated.cnn.com's list of athlete salaries
> and incomes, putting him in first place of the top 10 highest paid
> athletes.
>
> While that may seem outrageous, debates over pro athletes AND salaries
> are really not that new, as mentioned on findarticles.com. Baseball
> great Babe Ruth reportedly earned a larger annual salary than
> President Hoover during the Great Depression in the 1930’s. Ruth
> defended his $75,000 annual salary by replying, "Why not? I had a
> better year than (President Hoover) did." Athlete salary statistics
> were headlines in 1962 when Wilt Chamberlain shocked the NBA in 1962
> by turning down an offer of $25,000, which was the more than highest-
> paid player at the time, Bob Cousey, who earned $22,500.
>
> How do you and your salary compare to athletes and their salaries?
> Play ball with our salary survey.
>
> Sports Illustrated List of Athlete Salaries and Compensation
> According to SportsIllustrated.cnn.com, the second highest paid on
> their list of athlete salaries and income is another golfer, Phil
> Mickelson who earned $5,971,710 in salary and winnings, and then took
> home another $40 million in endorsements, bringing his par up
> $45,971,710! At number 3 is Miami Heat basketball player Shaquille
> O'Neal, who earned $20 million in salary and winnings, then sunk
> another $14 million in endorsements, to total $34 million. No numbers
> for residuals from his short-lived rap music career; perhaps that is
> best forgotten.
>
> At number 4 is O’Neal’s former Los Angeles Lakers teammate Kobe
> Bryant, whose salary, winnings and endorsements totaled $33,656,932.
> Carson Palmer, quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals signed a huge
> nine-year $119 million contract which included $24 million in up-front
> bonus money, scoring him the number 5 spot at $31,550,000 in total
> yearly compensation. Another basketball player, LeBron James, comes in
> at number six with $4,621,800 in salary and winnings, as well as $24
> million in corporate endorsements, bringing the Cleveland Cavalier up
> to $28,621,800.
>
> The last two seem fair: you would have to pay me >$25,000,000/year to
> live in Ohio too :-)
>
> click here.
>
> 1
> Tiger Woods
> Pro Golf
> Last Year's Rank: 1$22,902,706
> $105,000,000
> $127,902,706With close to $800 million in total earnings on and off
> the course over his 13-year career, Tiger should become the first
> billion-dollar athlete in the next two years -- and he's still only
> 32.
> 2
> Phil Mickelson
> Pro Golf
> Last Year's Rank: 3$9,372,685
> $53,000,000
> $62,372,685Lefty's numbers jump thanks to an extra $2 million in FedEx
> Cup points in '07 and lucrative appearance fees for his first
> participation on the Asian Tour in Singapore and Shanghai.
> 3
> LeBron James
> Cleveland Cavaliers (NBA)
> Last Year's Rank: 6$12,455,000
> $28,000,000
> $40,455,000King James has earned $167 million during his five seasons
> in the NBA, and has his eyes on serious entrepreneurship: He counts
> billionaire Warren Buffett as a role model and friend.
> 4
> Floyd Mayweather Jr.
> Boxing
> Last Year's Rank: 22$20,000,000
> $20,250,000
> $40,250,000It's been a monster year for Pretty Boy, who made $20
> million in purse and pay-per-view shares for his fight with Ricky
> Hatton and another $20 million for his foray into professional
> wrestling.
> 5
> Kobe Bryant
> Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
> Last Year's Rank: 5$19,490,625 ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Quotation
Racism, class warfare, and fear of uprising in Hollywood propaganda
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(2001_film)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_(film)
planet of the Apes
人猿星球
維基百科，自由的百科全書
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Planet of the Apes
(Monkey Planet)
1970s film tie-in edition
Author Pierre Boulle
Original title La Planète des singes
Translator Xan Fielding
Country France
Language French
Genre(s) Science fiction novel
Publisher Livre de Poche
Publication date 1963
Media type Print (Hardback & Paperback)
This article is about the book. For the 1968 film, see Planet of the
Apes (1968 film). For the 2001 remake, see Planet of the Apes (2001
film).
Planet of the Apes is a novel by Pierre Boulle, originally published
in 1963 in French as La Planète des singes. As singe means both "ape"
and "monkey," Xan Fielding called his translation Monkey Planet. It is
an example of social commentary through dystopia.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Other media
2.1 Films
2.2 Television series
2.3 Comics
2.4 Novels
2.4.1 Original novel
2.4.2 Original film adaptations
2.4.3 Film adaptations and prequels to the 2001 version
2.4.4 Graphic novel
2.4.5 Television series adaptations
2.4.6 Animated series adaptations
2.5 Children's filmstrips
2.6 Video game
2.7 Articles
2.8 Other references
3 See also
4 External links
[edit] Plot summary
The main events of the book are placed in a frame story, in which Jinn
and Phyllis, a couple out on a pleasure cruise in a spaceship, find a
message in a bottle floating in space. The message inside the bottle
is the testimony of a man, Ulysse Mérou, who has written down his
story in the hope that someone else, somewhere, will find it.
Ulysse begins by explaining that he was a friend of Professor Antelle,
a genius scientist on Earth, who invented a spaceship that could
travel at nearly the speed of light. Ulysse, the professor, and a
physicist named Levain fly off in this ship to explore outer space.
They travel to the nearest star system that the professor theorized
might be capable of life, the red sun Betelgeuse, which would take
them about 350 years to reach. Due to time dilation, however, the trip
only seems two years long to the travelers.
They arrive at the distant solar system and find that it contains an
Earth-like planet, which they name Soror (Latin for sister), "because
of its resemblance to our Earth." They land on the planet and discover
that they can breathe the air, drink the water, and eat the local
vegetation. They soon encounter other human beings on the planet,
although these others act as primitively as chimpanzees and destroy
the clothing of the three astronauts. They are captured by the
primitive humans and stay with them for a few hours.
At the end of this time, they are startled to see a hunting party in
the forest, consisting of gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees using
guns and machines. The apes wear human clothing identical to that of
20th-century Earth, with the exception that they wear gloves instead
of shoes on their prehensile feet. The hunting party shoots several of
the humans for sport, including Levain, and capture others, including
Ulysse.
Ulysse is taken off to the apes' city, which looks exactly the same as
a human city from 20th-century Earth, with the exception that some
smaller furniture exists for the use of the chimpanzees. While most of
the humans captured by the hunting party are sold for manual labor,
the protagonist is sent to a research facility. There, the apes
perform experiments on the humans similar to Pavlov's conditioning
experiments on dogs, and Ulysse proves his intelligence by failing to
be conditioned, and by speaking and drawing geometrical figures.
Ulysse is adopted by one of the researchers, Zira, a female
chimpanzee, who begins to teach him the apes' language. He learns from
her all about the ape planet. Eventually, he is freed from his cage,
and meets Zira's fiancé, Cornélius, a respected young scientist. With
Cornélius' help, he makes a speech in front of the ape President and
numerous representatives, and is given specially tailored clothing. He
tours the city and learns about the apes' civilization and history.
The apes have a very ancient society, but their origins are lost in
time. Their technology and culture have progressed slowly through the
centuries because each generation, for the most part, with what is
recognized as characteristically ape-like behaviour, imitates those of
the past. The society is divided between the violent gorillas, the
pedantic and conservative orangutans, and the intellectual
chimpanzees.
Although Ulysse's chimpanzee patrons Zira and Cornélius are convinced
of his sentience, the society's leading orangutan scientists believe
that he is faking his understanding of language, because their
philosophy will not allow the possibility of sentient human beings.
Ulysse falls in love with a primitive human female, Nova, whom he had
met in the forest at the beginning of his visit to the planet. He
impregnates her and this proves that he is the same species as the
primitive humans, which lowers his standing in the eyes of many of the
apes. However, their derision turns to fear with a discovery in a
distant archaeological dig and an analysis of memory in some human
brains. Evidence is uncovered that fills in the missing history of the
apes. In the distant past, the planet was ruled by human beings who
built a technological society and enslaved apes to perform their
manual labor. Over time the humans became more and more dependent upon
the apes, until eventually they became so lazy and degenerate that
they were overthrown by their ape servants and fell into the primitive
state in which our protagonist found them.
While some of the apes reject this evidence, others - in particular,
an old orangutan scientist, Dr. Zaius - take it as a sign that the
humans are a threat and must be exterminated. Ulysse learns of this,
and escapes from the planet with his wife and new-born son, returning
to Earth in the professor's spaceship.
Again, the trip takes several centuries, but only a relative time of a
few years to the protagonist. Ulysse lands on Earth, over 700 years
after he had originally left it, and lands outside the city of Paris.
However, once outside the ship, he discovers that Earth is now ruled
by sentient apes just like the planet from which he has fled (this is
where his story on paper ends). He immediately leaves Earth in his
ship, writes his story, places it in a bottle, and launches it into
space for someone to find. It is at this point in the story that we
discover that Jinn and Phyllis, the couple who found the bottle, are
chimpanzees. Jinn and Phyllis dismiss Ulysse's story, saying that a
human would not have the intelligence.
[edit] Other media
Planet of the Apes (2001 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Planet of the Apes
Directed by Tim Burton
Produced by Richard D. Zanuck
Ralph Winter
Iain Smith
Written by Screenplay:
William Broyles Jr.
Lawrence Konner
Mark Rosenthal
Novel:
Pierre Boulle
Starring Mark Wahlberg
Tim Roth
Helena Bonham Carter
Michael Clarke Duncan
Paul Giamatti
Estella Warren
Music by Danny Elfman
Cinematography Philippe Rousselot
Editing by Chris Lebenzon
Joel Negron
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release date(s) July 27, 2001
Running time 119 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $100 million[1]
Gross revenue $362.21 million
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
Planet of the Apes is a 2001 science fiction film and remake of the
1968 film of the same name. Tim Burton directed the film, which stars
Mark Wahlberg, as well as Tim Roth, Helena Bonham Carter, Michael
Clarke Duncan, Paul Giamatti and Estella Warren. Planet of the Apes
tells the story of astronaut Leo Davidson landing on a planet
inhabited by intelligent humanoid apes. The apes treat the humans as
slaves, but with the help of a female ape named Ari, Leo starts a
rebellion.
Development for a remake of Planet of the Apes started as far back as
1988 with Adam Rifkin. Rifkin's project almost commenced pre-
production before it was canceled. Terry Hayes' script titled Return
of the Apes had Oliver Stone, Don Murphy and Jane Hamsher attached as
producers and Phillip Noyce as director with Arnold Schwarzenegger set
to star. Creative differences ensued between Hayes and financier/
distributor 20th Century Fox. Chris Columbus, Sam Hamm, James Cameron
and the Hughes Brothers later became involved.
With William Broyles Jr.'s script, Tim Burton was hired as director,
and the film was put into active development. Lawrence Konner and Mark
Rosenthal rewrote the script, and filming took place from November 6,
2000 to April 2001. Planet of the Apes was released to mixed-negative
reviews but was a financial success. Much criticism focused on the
confusing ending, although Rick Baker's prosthetic makeup designs were
praised. Despite its financial success, Fox chose not to produce a
sequel.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development
3.1 Adam Rifkin
3.2 Oliver Stone
3.3 Columbus and Cameron
3.4 Pre-production
3.5 Filming
4 Reaction
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical analysis
4.3 Legacy
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
[edit] Plot
Aboard the United States Air Force space station Oberon, Leo Davidson
works closely with primates who are trained for space missions. His
favorite simian co-worker is a chimpanzee named Pericles. With a fatal
electromagnetic storm approaching the station, a small space pod
piloted by Pericles is used to probe the storm. Pericles' pod heads
into the storm and disappears. Against his orders, Leo takes a second
pod and goes in pursuit of Pericles. Entering the storm, Leo loses
contact with the Oberon and crashes in a world in the year 3002. He
comes across a world where humanoid apes who speak human tongue
control human beings as slaves.
Leo comes across a female chimpanzee named Ari, who protests the awful
treatment humans receive. Ari decides to buy him and a female slave
named Daena to have them work as servants in the house of her father,
Senator Sandar. Leo escapes his cage and frees other humans. Ari sees
them, but Leo manages to convince Ari to join their cause. Leo forms a
human rebellion against the apes and develops a love triangle with Ari
and Daena. General Thade and Colonel Attar march ape warriors in
pursuit of the humans. Leo discovers Calima (the temple of "Semos"), a
forbidden but holy site for the apes. Calima turns out to be the
remains of the Oberon, his former space station, which has crashed on
the planet's surface and looks ancient (the name Calima coming from
the sign "CAution LIve aniMAls", the letters Calima being those not
covered in dust). According to the computer logs, the station has been
there for thousands of years. Leo deduces that when he entered the
vortex he was pushed forward in time, while the Oberon, searching
after him, was not, crashing on the planet long before he did.
The Oberon's log reveals that the apes on board, led by Semos,
organized a mutiny and took control of the vessel after it crashed.
The human and ape survivors of the struggle left the ship and their
descendants are the people Leo has encountered since landing. A battle
ensues between the humans and the apes. A familiar vehicle descends
from the sky and is identified immediately by Leo. It is the pod
piloted by Pericles, the chimp astronaut. Pericles was pushed forward
in time as Leo was, and had just now found his way to the planet. When
Pericles lands, the apes interpret his landing as the return arrival
of Semos, the first ape, who is their god. They bow, and hostilities
between humans and apes disappear.
General Thade chases Leo into the Oberon, where he attacks Pericles
and breaks his leg. Thade becomes trapped in the pilot's deck and last
seen huddled under a control panel, still alive. Leo decides it is
time for him to leave the Planet of the Apes, after he says goodbye to
Daena, who loves him and kisses Ari. Leo climbs aboard Pericles' pod,
which is undamaged, and uses it to travel back in time through the
same electromagnetic storm. Leo crashes on what appears to be
Washington, D.C. on Earth in 2029. He looks up to see the Lincoln
Memorial is now a monument in honor of General Thade. A swarm of ape
police officers descend on Leo.
[edit] Cast
決戰猩球
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
決戰猩球
Image:Planet of the Apes (2001) poster.jpg
Film poster for Planet of the Apes (2001)
導演 提姆·波頓
監製 Richard D. Zanuck
編劇 Pierre Boulle (novel)
William Broyles Jr.
Lawrence Konner
Mark Rosenthal
主演 馬克·華伯格
提姆·羅素
海倫娜·博納姆·卡特
Michael Clarke Duncan
Paul Giamatti
Estella Warren
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa
David Warner
Kris Kristofferson
and Charlton Heston
音樂 Danny Elfman
發行商 二十世紀福斯影業
上映日期 7月27日 2001年 (美國)
片長 119分鐘
語言 英語
製片預算 $100,000,000美金
票房 $359,100,000美金
All Movie Guide 資訊（英語）
IMDb 資訊（英語）
決戰猩球 Planet of the Apes 是一部2001年美國好萊塢拍攝科幻片，導演是鬼才名導提姆·波頓；原著小說由William
Broyles Jr.、Lawrence Konner以及 Mark Rosenthal共同改編自Pierre Boulle著作法語小說《浩劫
餘生》（Planet of the Apes）部份靈感也得自1968年時第一次拍成電影，因為劇情怪異當時名噪一時：描述男主角以太空人身份太空船
迫降於一不知名及方位星球，發現這個也是住人類星球竟是由猩猩猿猴掌控武器進行軍事統治，並開始一連串逃避猿猴追捕他的行動；參與演出演員有馬克·華伯
格, 提姆·羅素, 海倫娜·博納姆·卡特(漂亮女演員，導演卻叫她演猩猩)，值得一提的是片中許多演員都扮像成猴子猩猩，此片於2001年7月27日
獻映，卻爾登希斯頓是1968年版本電影男主角，也以貴賓身份出現於首映戲院，也是以男主角Linda Harrison太空人造型出現；這部電影票房
極佳，淨利賺2億5千900萬美金。
[編輯] 注釋
Congo (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page. (December 2007)
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.
Congo
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Frank Marshall
Produced by Frank Marshall,
Frank Yablans,
Kathleen Kennedy,
Sam Mercer
Written by Michael Crichton (novel)
John Patrick Shanley
Starring Laura Linney,
Dylan Walsh,
Ernie Hudson,
Tim Curry,
Bruce Campbell
Music by Jerry Goldsmith
Cinematography Allen Daviau
Editing by Anne V. Coates
Distributed by Paramount Pictures
Release date(s) June 9, 1995
Running time 109 min
Country USA
Language English
American Sign language
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
For other films with similar names, see Congo.
Congo is a 1995 movie, based on Michael Crichton's 1980 novel Congo.
It was directed by Frank Marshall and stars Dylan Walsh, Laura Linney,
Tim Curry, Ernie Hudson, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Grant Heslov and
Joe Don Baker. The screenplay for the movie was written by John
Patrick Shanley. The music was composed by Jerry Goldsmith.[citation
needed]
Contents [hide]
1 Characters
2 Differences from the Book
3 Box Office & Critical Reaction
4 Awards
4.1 Won (2)
4.2 Nominated (11)
5 External links
[edit] Characters
On 10月13日, 下午7時02分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> Propaganda by different political fractions and international
> influence in Hollywood.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickening_(Highlander) serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_IV
> >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw...
mrliu918
Japanese propaganda has done its job in Hollywood.
Japanese role has been transformed from a valet, unnamed, masked
driver and sidekick
of European master to the teacher and saviors of the West in Karate
kid by Hollywood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)
The Karate Kid, a 1984 American movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat
Morita, or its sequels:
The Karate Kid, Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid, Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (TV series), a twelve-episode 1989 animated television
Kato (The Green Hornet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kato
Kato played by Bruce Lee.
Publication information
First appearance American old-time radio, 1930s
Created by Fran Striker
In-story information
Partnerships The Green Hornet
Abilities Genius-level intelligence
Martial arts master
Automotive engineering expert
Kato is a fictional character from The Green Hornet series. This
character has also appeared with the Green Hornet in film, television,
book and comic book versions. Kato was the Hornet's sidekick and has
been played by a number of actors. On radio, Kato was initially played
by Raymond Hayashi, then Roland Parker who had the role for most of
the run, and in the later years Mickey Tolan.[1] Keye Luke took the
role in the movie serials, and in the television series it was handled
by Bruce Lee.
Contents [hide]
1 Character History
2 Miscellanea
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Character History
Kato was Britt Reid's valet, who doubled as The Green Hornet's
unnamed, masked driver and sidekick to help him in his vigilante
adventures, disguised as the activities of a racketeer and his
chauffeur/bodyguard/enforcer. According to the storyline, years before
the events depicted in the series, Britt Reid had saved Kato's life
while travelling in the Far East. Depending on the version of the
story, this prompted Kato to become Reid's assistant or friend.
Upon the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as
being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
Singapore).
Kato was a skilled driver, mechanic and fighter in all versions of the
story, with the creations of both the special automobile, the Black
Beauty, and the Hornet's trademark sleeping gas and the gun that
delivered it attributed to him. In the television series he also
became an expert in martial arts. It was due in part to Bruce Lee's
portrayal of this character that martial arts became popular in the
United States in the 1960s. In addition, this version also had him
using green sleeve darts to give him a ranged attack he can use to
counter enemies with guns long enough to close in to fight hand to
hand. In a cross over episode of Batman from the same time and
companies, Kato had a battle with Robin that ended in a draw (the same
thing happened simultaneously with their senior partners). The
impression Lee made at the time is demonstrated by the second of two
TV series tie-in coloring books produced by "Watkins & Strathmore."
While the first is called Crimebusting With the Green Hornet, the
other is titled, Kato's Revenge Featuring the Green Hornet.[2] The
Green Hornet's success in Hong Kong, where it was popularly known as
The Kato Show, led to Lee starring in the feature films that would
make him a pop culture icon.
On 10月13日, 下午7時02分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> Propaganda by different political fractions and international
> influence in Hollywood.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickening_(Highlander) serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_IV
> >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw...
mrliu918
Japanese propaganda has done its job in Hollywood.
Japanese role has been transformed from a valet, unnamed, masked
driver and sidekick
of European master to the teacher and saviors of the West in Karate
kid by Hollywood.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(The_Green_Hornet)
The Karate Kid, a 1984 American movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat
Morita, or its sequels:
The Karate Kid, Part II (1986)
The Karate Kid, Part III (1989)
The Next Karate Kid (1994)
The Karate Kid (TV series), a twelve-episode 1989 animated television
Kato (The Green Hornet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kato
> Propaganda by different political fractions and international
> influence in Hollywood.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickening_(Highlander) serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_IV
> >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw...
On 10月13日, 下午7時02分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> Propaganda by different political fractions and international
> influence in Hollywood.
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickening_(Highlander) serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Next_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Messenger:_The_Story_of_Joan_of_Archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcom_Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_IV
> >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuw...
Markku Grönroos
Perhaps you homosexual consult an able shrink. You are mentally very ill.
Penis enlargement might also satisfy your boyfriends. Slants typically have
a puny organ.
"mrliu918" <mrli...@gmail.com> kirjoitti
viestissä:55c9aba6-2db8-478e...@c22g2000prc.googlegroups.com...
mrliu918
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger#Physical_characteristics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla#Physical_characteristics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Discrimination
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan
Gorillas, the largest of the living primates, are ground-dwelling
herbivores that inhabit the forests of Africa. Gorillas are divided
into two species and (still under debate as of 2008) either four or
five subspecies. The DNA of gorillas is 98%–99% identical to that of a
human,[2] and they are the next closest living relatives to humans
after the two chimpanzee species.
Physical characteristics
Gorilla knucklewalking, Cincinnati ZooGorillas move around by knuckle-
walking. Adult males range in height from 165-175 cm (5 ft 5 in – 5 ft
9 in), and in weight from 140–204.5 kg (310–450 lb). Adult females are
often half the size of a silverback, averaging about 140 cm (4 ft 7
in) tall and 100 kg (220 lb). Occasionally, a silverback of over 183
cm (6 ft) and 225 kg (500 lb) has been recorded in the wild. However,
obese gorillas in captivity have reached a weight of 270 kg (600 lb).
[8] Gorillas have a facial structure which is described as mandibular
prognathism, that is, their mandible protrudes farther out than the
maxilla.
The Eastern Gorilla is more darkly colored than the Western Gorilla,
with the Mountain Gorilla being the darkest of all. The Mountain
Gorilla also has the thickest hair. The Western Lowland Gorilla can be
brown or grayish with a reddish forehead. In addition, gorillas that
live in lowland forests are more slender and agile than the more bulky
Mountain Gorilla.[9]
Almost all gorillas share the same blood type (B)[10] and, like
humans, have individual finger prints.[11]
Behavior
Intelligence
A female gorilla exhibiting tool use by using a tree trunk as a
support whilst fishing.
Skeleton of a gorillaGorillas are closely related to humans and are
considered highly intelligent. A few individuals in captivity, such as
Koko, have been taught a subset of sign language (see animal language
for a discussion).
Tool use
The following observations were made by a team led by Thomas Breuer of
the Wildlife Conservation Society in September 2005. Gorillas are now
known to use tools in the wild. A female gorilla in the Nouabalé-Ndoki
National Park in the Republic of Congo was recorded using a stick as
if to gauge the depth of water whilst crossing a swamp. A second
female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support
whilst fishing in the swamp. This means that all of the great apes are
now known to use tools.[18]
In September 2005, a two and a half year old gorilla in the Republic
of Congo was discovered using rocks to smash open palm nuts inside a
game sanctuary.[19] While this was the first such observation for a
gorilla, over forty years previously chimpanzees had been seen using
tools in the wild, famously 'fishing' for termites. It is a common
tale among native peoples that gorillas have used rocks and sticks to
thwart predators, even rebuking large mammals.[citation needed] Great
apes are endowed with a semi-precision grip, and certainly have been
able to use both simple tools and even weapons, by improvising a club
from a convenient fallen branch.
Studies
大猩猩
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
雄性大猩猩
保护现状
瀕危
科學分類
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
目： 灵长目 Primates
科： 人科 Hominidae
亞科： 人亞科 Homininae
族： 大猩猩族 Gorillini
屬： 大猩猩属 Gorilla
I. Geoffroy, 1852
种
西部大猩猩 G. gorilla
东部大猩猩 G. beringei
大猩猩是灵长目人科大猩猩属类人猿的总称。大猩猩是灵长目中最大的动物，它们生存于非洲大陸赤道附近丛林中，食素。至2006年为止依然有大猩猩分一种
还是两种的争论，种以下它分四至五个亚种。大猩猩92%至98%的脱氧核糖核酸排列与人一样，因此它是继黑猩猩屬的两个种后与人类最接近的现存的动
物。
形态
直立的大猩猩可达1.75米高，因为大猩猩的膝盖无法真正伸直，所以其实际身长比这个高度还要长一些。大猩猩的臂幅比它的身长长得多，可达2.75米。
雌性和雄性大猩猩的体重区别比较大，雌性大猩猩约重70至90千克之间，雄性大猩猩可达275千克，关养的雄性大猩猩甚至可达350千克。
大猩猩的体型雄壮，面部和耳上无毛，眼上的额头往往很高。下颚骨比颧骨突出。
大猩猩的毛色大多是黑色的。年长（一般12岁以上）的雄性大猩猩的背毛色变成银灰色，因此它们也被称为“银背”，银背的犬齿尤其突出。山地大猩猩的毛尤
其长，并有丝绸光泽。
几乎所有的大猩猩的血型都是B型的。大猩猩和人一样有各不相同的指纹。
智慧
一般认为大猩猩的智慧非常高。有些驯养的大猩猩如可可甚至会使用手语。
[编辑] 使用工具
一只雌性大猩猩使用树枝作为捕鱼时的支持野生大猩猩被观察到使用工具，比如在渡过一个沼泽时使用树枝探测水深，或者使用石头砸开核桃。和在石器時代的人
類沒有太大的分別[3]
Physical characteristics
tigerToday, tigers are perhaps the most recognisable of all the cats
(with the possible exception of the lion). They typically have rusty-
reddish to brown-rusty coats, a whitish medial and ventral area, a
white "fringe" that surrounds the face, and stripes that vary from
brown or gray to pure black. The form and density of stripes differs
between subspecies (as well as the ground coloration of the fur; for
instance, Siberian tigers are usually paler than other tiger
subspecies), but most tigers have over 100 stripes. The pattern of
stripes is unique to each animal, and thus could potentially be used
to identify individuals, much in the same way as fingerprints are used
to identify people. This is not, however, a preferred method of
identification, due to the difficulty of recording the stripe pattern
of a wild tiger. It seems likely that the function of stripes is
camouflage, serving to help tigers conceal themselves amongst the
dappled shadows and long grass of their environment as they stalk
their prey. The stripe pattern is found on a tiger's skin and if
shaved, its distinctive camouflage pattern would be preserved. Like
other big cats, tigers have a white spot on the backs of their ears.
SkeletonTigers have the additional distinction of being the heaviest
cats found in the wild[13]. However, the subspecies differ markedly in
size, tending to increase proportionally with latitude, as predicted
by Bergmann's Rule. Thus, large male Siberian Tigers (Panthera tigris
altaica) can reach a total length of 3.5 m and a weight of 306
kilograms[14], which is considerably larger than the sizes reached by
island-dwelling tigers such as the Sumatran, the smallest living
subspecies with a body weight of only 75-140 kg[14]. Tigresses are
smaller than the males in each subspecies, although the size
difference between male and female tigers tends to be more pronounced
in the larger subspecies of tiger, with males weighing up to 1.7 times
as much as the females[15]. In addition, male tigers have wider
forepaw pads than females. This difference is often used by biologists
in determining the gender of tigers when observing their tracks.[16]
Subspecies
[编辑] 外形特征
虎为大型猫科动物，斑纹独特，身体被满浅黄到红色毛，有黑色至棕色条纹。不同亚种的虎的体形大小有差异，北方虎的体形大，颜色较浅；南方的体形较小，颜
色较深。虎的虹膜呈黄色，圆形瞳孔。耳背为黑色，上有明显的白斑，有科学家认为这有助于幼崽在野外跟随母亲活动。虎的前后肢十分有力。掌垫的大小与虎的
年龄有关，在种群调查中，研究人员以此鉴别个体。虎的尾较长，具环形斑纹，尾尖没有长毛，为黑色。
Bear
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"Ursine" redirects here. For the village, see Ursine, Nevada.
Bear
Fossil range: 38–0 Ma PreЄЄOSDCPTJKPgNLate Eocene - Recent
Genera
Ailuropoda
Helarctos
Melursus
Ursus
Tremarctos
Agriarctos †
Amphicticeps †
Amphicynodon †
Arctodus †
Indarctos †
Parictis †
Plionarctos †
Ursavus †
Kolponomos †
Bears (family Ursidae) are mammals in the order Carnivora. Bears are
classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with the pinnipeds
being their closest living relatives. Although there are only eight
living species of bear, they are widespread, appearing in a wide
variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially
in the Southern Hemisphere. That which pertains to bears is called
ursine. Bears are found in the continents of North America, South
America, Europe, and Asia.
Common characteristics of modern bears include a large body with
stocky legs, a long snout, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five
nonretractile claws, and a short tail. While the polar bear is mostly
carnivorous and the giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo, the
remaining six species are omnivorous, with largely varied diets
including both plants and animals.
With the exceptions of courting individuals and mothers with their
young, bears are typically solitary animals. They are sometimes
diurnal, but are usually active during the night (nocturnal) or
twilight (crepuscular). Bears are aided by an excellent sense of
smell, and despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they can run
quickly and are adept climbers and swimmers. Bears use shelters such
as caves and burrows as their dens, which are occupied by most species
during the winter for a long period of sleep similar to hibernation.
Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their meat and fur.
To this day, they play a prominent role in the arts, mythology, and
other cultural aspects of various human societies. In modern times,
the bear's existence has been pressured through the encroachment of
their habitats and the illegal trade of bears and bear parts,
including the Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six bear species
as vulnerable or endangered, and even "least concern" species such as
the brown bear are at risk of extirpation in certain countries. The
poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations
is prohibited, but still ongoing.
Contents [hide]
1 Biology
1.1 Reproduction
1.2 Dentition
1.3 Winter dormancy
2 Relationship with humans
2.1 Bears as food and medicine
3 Classification
4 Evolutionary relationships
5 Culture
5.1 Myth and legend
5.2 Symbolic use
5.3 Figures of speech
5.4 Teddy bears
5.5 Names
7 Further reading
9 External links
Classification
Brown Bear Ursus arctos, at the Medved zoo
Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus, at the Wrocław Zoo, Poland
Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus, at the Columbus Zoo
Giant Panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca, "Tian Tian"Family Ursidae
Subfamily Ailuropodinae
Giant Panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Dwarf Panda, Ailuropoda minor†
Subfamily Tremarctinae
Spectacled Bear, Tremarctos ornatus
Florida Cave Bear, Tremarctos floridanus†
Giant Short-faced Bear, Arctodus simus†
Unnamed short-faced bear species, Arctodus pristinus†
Brazilian Short-faced Bear, Arctotherium brasilense†
Argentine Short-faced Bear, Arctotherium latidens†
Subfamily Ursinae
Brown Bear, Ursus (Ursus) arctos
Subspecies Syrian (Brown) Bear Ursus arctos syriacus
Subspecies Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos horribilis
Subspecies Kodiak Bear, Ursus arctos middendorffi
Subspecies Himalayan Brown Bear and Himalayan Red Bear, Ursus arctos
isabellinus
Subspecies Himalayan Blue Bear, Ursus arctos pruinosus
Subspecies Bergman's Bear, Ursus arctos piscator†?
Subspecies Eurasian Brown Bear Ursus arctos arctos
Gobi bear, Ursus arctos gobiensis (very rare)
Atlas Bear, Ursus arctos crowtheri†
American Black Bear, Ursus (Ursus) americanus
Subspecies Cinnamon Bear, Ursus americanus cinnamomum
Subspecies Kermode Bear, Ursus americanus kermodie
Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus
Asiatic Black Bear, Ursus thibetanus
Formosan Black Bear, Ursus thibetanus formosanus
Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus
Ursus thibetanus japonica
Ursus thibetanus laniger
Ursus thibetanus mupinensis
Ursus thibetanus thibetanus
Ursus thibetanus ussuricu
Sloth Bear, Melursus ursinus
Subspecies Sri Lankan Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus inornatus
Subspecies Indian Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus ursinus
Sun Bear, Helarctos malayanus
Subspecies Borneo Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus euryspilus
Auvergne Bear, Ursus minimus†
Etruscan Bear, Ursus etruscus†
European Cave Bear, Ursus spelaeus†
MacFarlane's Bear, Ursus (Vetularctos) inopinatus (cryptid; if an
authentic species, extinct)
The genera Melursus and Helarctos are sometimes also included in
Ursus. The Asiatic black bear and the polar bear used to be placed in
their own genera, Selenarctos and Thalarctos which are now placed at
subgenus rank.
A number of hybrids have been bred between American black, brown, and
polar bears (see Ursid hybrids).
熊的平均壽命是25到40年。
北極熊是最大型的熊，是現存陸地上最大的食肉動物。馬來熊（太陽熊）是最小型的，比人的平均體重還小一點。
[編輯] 分類
熊科 Ursidae
貓熊亞科 Ailuropodinae
大熊貓 Ailuropoda melanoleuca
眼鏡熊亞科 Tremarctinae
眼鏡熊 Tremarctos ornatus
熊亞科 Ursinae
棕熊 Ursus arctos
美洲黑熊 Ursus americanus
北極熊 Ursus maritimus
亞洲黑熊 Ursus thibetanus，或 Selenarctos tibetanus
阿特拉斯棕熊（北非棕熊） Ursus crowtheri (約1870年滅絕)
懶熊 Melursus ursinus，或 Ursus ursinus
馬來熊 Helarctos malayanus
Biology
For more details on this topic, see Human biology.
Physiology and genetics
For more details on this topic, see Human anatomy, Human physical
appearance, and Human genetics.
A diagram of a male human skeleton.Human body types vary
substantially. Although body size is largely determined by genes, it
is also significantly influenced by environmental factors such as diet
and exercise. The average height of an adult human is about 1.5 to 1.8
m (5 to 6 feet) tall, although this varies significantly from place to
place.[32][33] The average weight for a human is 76–83 kg (168–183
lbs) for males and 54–64 kg (120–140 lbs) for females.[34] Weight can
also vary greatly (i.e obesity). Unlike most other primates, humans
are capable of fully bipedal locomotion, thus leaving their arms
available for manipulating objects using their hands, aided especially
by opposable thumbs.
Homo (genus)
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Homo
Skull of Homo neanderthalensis
Scientific classification
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Tribe: Hominini
Subtribe: Hominina
Genus: Homo
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Homo sapiens
See text for extinct species.
Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close
relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old,
evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo
habilis. Appearance of Homo coincides with the first evidence of stone
tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the
beginning of the Lower Paleolithic.
Extant Hominoid family treeAll species except Homo sapiens (modern
humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered
the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago while a recent
discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have
lived as recently as 12,000 years ago.
人屬
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
人
科學分類
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
目： 靈長目 Primates
科： 人科 Hominidae
屬： 人屬 Homo
Linnaeus, 1758
種
盧多爾夫人
巧人
直立人
前人
匠人
海德堡人
羅德西亞人
西布蘭諾人
格魯及亞人
尼安德塔人
佛羅勒斯人
智人
人屬（學名Homo，來自拉丁語的人）是靈長目人科中的一個屬。今天生活在世界上的現代人是其唯一倖存的一個種。然而，有動物學家認為黑猩猩亦應歸入人
屬。
人屬最大的特點是其發達的腦。在二百萬年的進化中其腦的含量擴大了三倍
Genetics
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journal, see Genetics (journal).
For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the
topic, see Introduction to genetics.
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genitive” and that
from γένεσις genesis, “origin”[1][2][3]), a discipline of biology, is
the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.[4][5] The
fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been
used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals
through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics,
which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with
the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century.[6] Although
he did not know the physical basis for heredity, Mendel observed that
organisms inherit traits in a discrete manner—these basic units of
inheritance are now called genes.
DNA, the molecular basis for inheritance. Each strand of DNA is a
chain of nucleotides, matching each other in the center to form what
look like rungs on a twisted ladder.Genes correspond to regions within
DNA, a molecule composed of a chain of four different types of
nucleotides—the sequence of these nucleotides is the genetic
information organisms inherit. DNA naturally occurs in a double
stranded form, with nucleotides on each strand complementary to each
other. Each strand can act as a template for creating a new partner
strand—this is the physical method for making copies of genes that can
be inherited.
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene is translated by cells to
produce a chain of amino acids, creating proteins—the order of amino
acids in a protein corresponds to the order of nucleotides in the
gene. This is known as the genetic code. The amino acids in a protein
determine how it folds into a three-dimensional shape; this structure
is, in turn, responsible for the protein's function. Proteins carry
out almost all the functions needed for cells to live. A change to the
DNA in a gene can change a protein's amino acids, changing its shape
and function: this can have a dramatic effect in the cell and on the
organism as a whole.
Although genetics plays a large role in the appearance and behavior of
organisms, it is the combination of genetics with what an organism
experiences that determines the ultimate outcome. For example, while
genes play a role in determining a person's height, the nutrition and
health that person experiences in childhood also have a large effect.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Mendelian and classical genetics
1.2 Molecular genetics
2 Features of inheritance
2.1 Discrete inheritance and Mendel's laws
2.2 Notation and diagrams
2.3 Interactions of multiple genes
3 Molecular basis for inheritance
3.1 DNA and chromosomes
3.2 Reproduction
3.3 Recombination and linkage
4 Gene expression
4.1 Genetic code
4.2 Nature versus nurture
4.3 Gene regulation
5 Genetic change
5.1 Mutations
5.2 Natural selection and evolution
6 Research and technology
6.1 Model organisms and genetics
6.2 Medical genetics research
6.3 Research techniques
6.4 DNA sequencing and genomics
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
[edit] History
遺傳學
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
格里 當前用字模式下顯示為→格里
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
是一門科學，專門研究生物體的遺傳與變異[1][2]。遺傳學最早的應用在有歷史記載之初就已經出現了，即馴養動物及植物的選擇育種。遺傳信息以化學方
法被編碼在DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）中。基因組學是研究特定物種所有DNA的學科。
直到1865年，才由格里哥·孟德爾首先記錄了豌豆某些特性的遺傳模式，表明它們遵守簡單的統計學規律。雖然並不是所有的特性都顯示出這種孟德爾遺傳，
他的工作說明將統計學應用於遺傳將會有很大幫助。從那時起，出現了許許多多更複雜的模式。由他的統計分析中，孟德爾定義了一個概念：遺傳的基本單位——
等位基因。他描述的等位基因類于現在的基因。而現在等位基因的意思是一個特定基因的特定實例。直到孟德爾死後，20世紀初另外的科學家重新發現這個定律
之後，孟德爾的工作的重要性才被大家了解。
孟德爾沒有發現基因的物理性質。現在我們知道遺傳信息通常是由DNA攜帶的（某些病毒的遺傳信息儲存在RNA中）。操縱DNA可以隨之改變生物的遺傳性
狀。
這些基因包含了製造蛋白質的信息，蛋白質最終導致了生物表型的變化。
以某種觀點看來，在分子層面上，生命被定義為RNA多聚核苷酸使得自身延續的一組策略。這個定義基於RNA世界假說。
由生物化學和遺傳學聯合所發展出的科學叫做分子生物學。
改變一個生物的DNA從而達到某種目的被稱為基因工程。
不與DNA/RNA嚴格相關的研究遺傳特性的學科叫做實驗胚胎學。
[編輯] 遺傳學史
Eugenics
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Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921, depicting it as a tree
which unites a variety of different fields.[1]Eugenics is a social
philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits
through various forms of intervention.[2] Throughout history, eugenics
has been regarded by its various advocates as a social responsibility,
an altruistic stance of a society, meant to create healthier, stronger
and/or more intelligent people, to save resources, and lessen human
suffering.
Earlier proposed means of achieving these goals focused on selective
breeding, while modern ones focus on prenatal testing, genetic
counseling, birth control, in vitro fertilization, and genetic
engineering. Opponents argue that eugenics is immoral. Historically, a
minority of eugenics advocates have used it as a justification for
state-sponsored discrimination, forced sterilization of persons deemed
genetically defective, and the killing of institutionalized
populations. Eugenics was also used to rationalize certain aspects of
the Holocaust. The modern field and term were first formulated by Sir
Francis Galton in 1883,[3] drawing on the recent work of his cousin
Charles Darwin. From its inception eugenics was supported by prominent
people, including H. G. Wells, Emile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, John
Maynard Keynes, William Keith Kellogg and Margaret Sanger.[4][5][6] G.
K. Chesterton was an early critic of the philosophy of eugenics,
expressing this opinion in his book, Eugenics and Other Evils.
Eugenics became an academic discipline at many colleges and
universities. Funding was provided by prestigious sources such as the
Rockefeller Foundation, the Kellogg Foundation, the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, and the Harriman family.[7] Three
International Eugenics Conferences presented a global venue for
eugenicists with meetings in 1912 in London, and in 1921 and 1932 in
New York. Eugenics' scientific reputation started to tumble in the
1930s, a time when Ernst Rüdin began incorporating eugenic rhetoric
into the racial policies of Nazi Germany.
Since the postwar period, both the public and the scientific
communities have associated eugenics with Nazi abuses, such as
enforced racial hygiene, human experimentation, and the extermination
of undesired population groups. However, developments in genetic,
genomic, and reproductive technologies at the end of the 20th century
have raised many new questions and concerns about what exactly
constitutes the meaning of eugenics and what its ethical and moral
status is in the modern era.
Contents [hide]
1 Meanings and types of eugenics
1.1 Implementing Eugenics
2 History
2.1 Pre-Galtonian eugenic philosophies
2.2 Galton's theory
2.3 Nazi Germany
2.4 Eugenics in the United States (1890s–1978)
2.5 Japan
2.6 Canada
2.7 Australia
2.8 Sweden
2.9 Britain
2.10 Other countries
2.11 Marginalization after World War II
3 Modern eugenics, genetic engineering, and ethical re-evaluation
3.1 Suggestions and ideas
3.2 Cyprus
3.3 United States
3.4 Dor Yeshorim
3.5 Ethical re-assessment
4 Criticism
4.1 Diseases vs. traits
4.2 Slippery slope
4.3 Genetic diversity
4.4 Heterozygous recessive traits
5 Counterarguments
5.1 Dysgenics
5.2 Potential benefits
7 References
9 Films and documentaries
10 External links
10.1 Pro-eugenics websites
10.2 Anti-eugenics and historical websites
10.3 Other
優生學
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優生學的立意是通過人為的手段，對某些特定的人群限制生育，以「改善人類的基因」。因為其對基因改善沒有科學根據，對某些弱勢人群的歧視，使用強制手
段，以及二次世界大戰時德國納粹黨藉優生學為藉口，屠殺猶太人等緣故，在戰後被普遍認為是偽科學。今天，一些優生學的部分學說在一些國家得以保留甚至推
廣，同時這種做法在學術界有爭議。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 歷史
2 學說
3 批評
4 參見
5 外部連結
[編輯] 歷史
One-child policy
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please use birth control." Government sign in area of Nanchang where
pregnant women hide out.The one-child policy is the population control
policy (or planned birth policy) of the People's Republic of China
(PRC).
The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1979 to alleviate the
social and environmental problems of China.[1] The policy is
controversial both within and outside China because of the issues it
raises; because of the manner in which the policy has been
implemented; and because of concerns about negative economic and
social consequences. Nonetheless, a recent (2008) survey undertaken by
the Pew Research Center showed that over 75% of the Chinese population
supports the policy.[2]
The policy is enforced at the provincial level through fines that are
imposed based on the income of the family and other factors. However,
there are still many citizens that continue to have more than one
child, despite this policy.[3] In February 2008 Chinese Government
official Wu Jianmin said that the one-child policy would be
reconsidered during the Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference in March 2008,[4] but at that time a representative of
China's National Population and Family Planning Commission said that
the policy would remain in place for at least another decade.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Population growth and fertility rate reduction
3 Non-population related benefits
3.1 Impact on health care and childbearing attitudes
3.2 Increased savings rate
3.3 Economic growth
3.4 Increased involvement of women in the labor force
3.5 Decreased environmental Impact
4 Criticism
4.1 Human rights
4.2 The "Four-Two-One" problem
4.3 Genetic Testing policies
4.4 Discrimination against Han Chinese
4.5 Miscellaneous arguments against the policy
5 Discrimination against city communities
5.1 Government corruption
6 Side effects on female population
6.1 Gender-based birthrate disparity
6.1.1 Chinese demographers examine gender ratio problem in January
2006 review article
6.2 Abandoned or orphaned children and adoption
6.3 Infanticide
7 The desire for children, fertility medicines, and family planning
8 Children born outside of China
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
[edit] Overview
中国计划生育
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此条目需要补充一些参考或来源。（2007年11月11日）
请协助添加来自可靠来源的引用以改善这篇条目。无法查证的内容会被提出异议而移除。
这篇条目的参考文献需要进行清理，以符合正确的引用、脚注或外部链接格式。
计划生育是中华人民共和国政府通过行政手段控制公民生育，对中国人口实行计划管理的人口控制政策。
据政府官方说法，计划生育的目的是“控制人口数量，提高人口素质。”
《中华人民共和国宪法》：“国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。”
《中华人民共和国人口与计划生育法》：“公民有生育的权利，也有依法实行计划生育的义务，夫妻双方在实行计划生育中负有共同的责任。”
目录 [隐藏]
1 历史
1.1 毛泽东
1.2 邓小平
2 执行
3 结果
3.1 生育文化
3.2 人口结构
3.3 中国法律
3.4 中国经济
3.5 养老保险
4 理论与评价
4.1 人口比例
4.2 男女比例
4.3 资源
4.4 经济
4.5 公民权利
4.6 增长不平衡
4.7 獨生子女身心
4.8 著名支持者
5 未来
6 参见
7 参考
8 外部连接
8.1 正面
8.2 负面
[编辑] 历史
Human rights in the People's Republic of China
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China). For human rights issues in Taiwan, see Human rights in Taiwan.
For Human Rights in China (HRIC), the non-governmental organization,
see Human Rights in China (organization).
Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the human rights issue of
China has come to the forefront. Multiple sources, including the U.S.
State Department's annual People's Republic of China human rights
reports, as well as studies from other groups such as Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch, have documented the PRC's abuses
of human rights in violation of internationally recognized norms.
The PRC government argues that the notion of human rights should
include economic standards of living and measures of health and
economic prosperity,[1] and notes progress in that area.[2]
Controversial human rights issues in China include policies such as
capital punishment, the one-child policy and the policy of Han Chinese
cultural integration towards Tibet.
Contents [hide]
1 Legal system
2 Civil liberties
2.1 Freedom of speech
2.2 Freedom of movement
2.3 Religious freedom
2.4 Political freedom
2.4.1 Impact of the Olympics
3 Legislation
3.1 One-child policy
3.2 Capital punishment
4 Discrimination
4.1 Ethnic minorities
4.2 Tibet
4.3 Treatment of rural workers
4.4 "Pass System" treatment of migrant workers
5 Other human rights issues
5.1 Worker's rights and privacy
5.2 Falun Gong
5.2.1 Organ harvesting and extrajudicial execution
6 International
6.1 Darfur
7 Counterarguments
7.1 Reform
8 Further reading
9 Notes
10 References
11 See also
12 External links
[edit] Legal system
中华人民共和国人权
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
國、台灣問題等。
此條目的中立性有争议。內容、語調可能帶有明顯的個人觀點或地方色彩。（2006年7月4日）
加上此模板的編輯者需在討論頁說明此文中立性有爭議的原因，以便讓各編輯者討論和改善。
在編輯之前請務必察看讨论页。
中华人民共和国的人权状况广受争议，中国政府、外国政府、一些国际组织以及中国内部社会各持不同的看法。
对中华人民共和国人权状况持批评观点的主要包括一些西方发达国家的政府和一些国际组织，他们认为中国政府及中国共产党对自己国家公民的人权缺乏尊重和保
障，并犯有许多侵害公民人权的行为，包括侵犯言论自由、宗教信仰自由及司法审判不公等等；与批评观点相对，中国政府承认人权的普世价值，《中华人民共和
国宪法》明文规定“国家尊重和保障人权”[1]，但中国政府一般反对外国政府或组织对中国人权状况的批评。
中国政府的基本观点是，中国人民享受着广泛的人权保障，中国的人权問題大多是由于经济不发达造成的，中国政府坚持致力于提高中国的人权水平，中国有权利
按照自己的特殊情况来建立人权观，对中国人权状况恶意批评者是意图利用人权问题为其政治目的服务。中国内部社会对人权问题的看法亦有分歧，支持中国政府
观点的民众认为外国势力批评中国人权是为了达到他们的政治目的；与此意见相反的民众认为，中国政府及中国共产党不愿接受批评而改善本国人权状况，是为了
维护自己的一党专政。
中华人民共和国从建立至今，涉及人权问题的重大事件或议题包括三反五反、镇压反革命、反右运动、西藏问题、“文化大革命”、1989年“六四”天安门事
件、镇压取缔法轮功，这些事件或议题都是中华人民共和国人权状况争议的焦点；其中，“文化大革命”是中国政府唯一承认严重践踏了人权的议题[來源請
求]。
目录 [隐藏]
1 中國“人权”的观念的演变及態度
2 人權狀況
2.1 政治权利与公民权利
2.1.1 公民地位平等问题
2.1.2 人身权利
2.1.2.1 死刑
2.1.3 新闻言论出版权利
2.1.4 游行示威集会权利
2.1.5 结社组党权利
2.1.6 宗教信仰权利
2.1.7 司法保障与受公正审判权利
2.1.8 选举监督罢免权利
2.2 经济社会文化权利
2.2.1 私有财产权利
2.2.2 迁徙居住权利
2.2.3 劳动工作就业权利
2.2.3.1 囚犯被剥削的问題
2.2.4 工会权利
2.2.5 社会保障（社会保险）权利
2.2.6 妇女儿童保障权利
2.2.7 教育权利
2.2.8 科学、文学或艺术作品生活权利
3 国际交流及西方对中国人权的关注
4 具體事件或案例
5 注释及参考文献
6 参见
[编辑] 中國“人权”的观念的演变及態度
Race (classification of human beings)
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Please discuss this issue on the talk page; if necessary, split the
content into subarticles and keep this article in a summary style.
Race Main topics
Race
Race and genetics
Human genetic variation
Historical definitions
Race and health
Race and intelligence
Social
Social interpretations of race
Racism
Racial segregation
Anti-miscegenation laws
Racialism
Racial profiling
Race in the United States
Race in Brazil
Related
Ethnic group
Human evolution
Genetics
Racism topics
Category: Race
This box: view • talk • edit
The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of
categorizing humans into populations or groups on the basis of various
sets of characteristics.[1] The most widely used human racial
categories are based on visible traits (especially skin color, cranial
or facial features and hair texture), and self-identification.[1][2]
Conceptions of race, as well as specific ways of grouping races, vary
by culture and over time, and are often controversial for scientific
as well as social and political reasons. The controversy ultimately
revolves around whether or not races are natural types or socially
constructed, and the degree to which perceived differences in ability
and achievement, categorized on the basis of race, are a product of
inherited (i.e. genetic) traits or environmental, social and cultural
factors.
Some argue that although race is a valid taxonomic concept in other
species, it cannot be applied to humans.[3] Many scientists have
argued that race definitions are imprecise, arbitrary, derived from
custom, have many exceptions, have many gradations, and that the
numbers of races delineated vary according to the culture making the
racial distinctions; thus they reject the notion that any definition
of race pertaining to humans can have taxonomic rigour and validity.
[4] Today most scientists study human genotypic and phenotypic
variation using concepts such as "population" and "clinal gradation".
Many contend that while racial categorizations may be marked by
phenotypic or genotypic traits, the idea of race itself, and actual
divisions of persons into races or racial groups, are social
constructs.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 In ancient civilizations
1.2 Age of Discovery
1.3 Scientific concepts
1.4 17th and 18th century
1.5 19th century
2 Modern debates
2.1 Models of human evolution
2.2 Race as subspecies
2.2.1 Morphological subspecies
2.2.2 Subspecies genetically differentiated populations
2.3 Population genetics: population and cline
2.3.1 Clines
2.3.2 Populations
2.4 Molecular genetics: lineages and clusters
2.4.1 Molecular lineages, Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA
2.4.2 How much are genes shared? Clustering analyses and what they
tell us
2.5 Summary of different biological definitions of race
2.6 Current views across disciplines
2.7 Races as social constructions
2.7.1 In the United States
2.7.2 In Brazil
2.7.3 Marketing of race: genetic lineages as social lineages
3 Political and practical uses
3.1 Racism
3.2 Race and intelligence
3.3 In biomedicine
3.4 In law enforcement
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 Bibliography
7 External links
7.1 Official statements and standards
7.2 Popular press
7.3 Others
[edit] History
種族
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自種族)
汉漢▼▲為了閱讀方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。轉換內容：
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
稱做人種，是在體質形態或遺傳特徵上具有某些共同特色的人群，劃分時可以根據外在特徵（如膚色、髮色、面部骨骼結構等）、基因、以及自我認同為標準。
「種族」這一概念以及種族的具體劃分都是具有相當爭議性的課題，其在不同的時代和不同的文化中都有差異，種族的概念也牽涉到諸如社會認同感以及民族主義
等其他範疇。
Human rights in Taiwan
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Taiwan. Taiwan has been governed by different governments throughout
its history. For a topic outline on this subject, see List of basic
Taiwan topics.
The human rights record in Taiwan is generally held to have
experienced significant transformation over the last two decades.
Taiwan, currently governed by the Republic of China government, has a
multi-party democracy. The 2000 presidential victory of Democratic
Progressive Party (DPP) candidate Chen Shui-bian followed more than 50
years of rule by the Kuomintang (KMT) and marked the first transition
from one political party to another in the Taiwanese history, reported
by a Government Information Office (GIO) website as the "first ever in
Chinese history."[1] This followed gradual democratic reforms since
the 1980s and 1990s; most notably, martial law was lifted in 1987, and
The citizens in Taiwan can change their government through elections
and are held to enjoy most basic rights, according to a 2004 Freedom
House report.[2] Freedom House rates Taiwan as among the most "Free"
nations in Asia, with a 2 in Political Rights and a 1 in Civil
Liberties (scale of 1-7, with 1 being the highest). This represents a
significant improvement, as the 1973 rating was 6,5, rising to 2,1 by
2000. For much of the history of the Kuomintang regime on Taiwan, from
the retreat from the mainland in 1949 until the 1970s and 80s, the
state was highly autocratic and varying degrees of repression of
political and civil rights existed.
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Taiwan under Japanese Occupation
1.2 Taiwan under the Republic of China
2 See also
4 External links
台灣人權報告
mrliu918
What should be the role of Chinese people?
日本人听到歐洲主人的哨子聲后會立刻跳出來大打出手, 中國人的角色又該是什麼?
對沾滿中國人民鮮血的日本武士刀, 能否和中華武術相提並論, 中國武術界人士該怎樣處理?
Quotation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Declaration of war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the single by English band Hadouken!, see Declaration of War
(single).
United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a declaration of
war against Germany on December 11, 1941.A declaration of war is a
formal performative speech act or signing of a document by an
authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of war
between two or more nations. The legality of who can declare war
varies between nations and forms of government. In many nations power
is given to the head of state or sovereign. In other cases something
short of a full declaration of war such as a letter of marque or a
covert action may be executed by privateers or mercenaries.
In the United States Declarations of War are made by Congress which
makes the rules for the military. These Declarations have the force of
law and are intended to be executed by a Commander in Chief when
called into actual service. Even in the United States Declarations of
War made by Congress are rare and often confused with declarations of
war made by a President as campaign slogans. Presidential wars such as
the War on Poverty, the War on Drugs and the War on Terror may involve
a number of illegal or covert military actions outside the formal
authority of the executive branch of the government.
It has been noted that "developments in international law since 1945,
notably the United Nations (UN) Charter, including its prohibition on
the threat or use of force in international relations, may well have
made the declaration of war redundant as a formal international legal
instrument."[1] In addition to this, non-state or terrorist
organisations may claim to or be described as "declaring war" when
engaging in violent acts.[2][3] These declarations may have no legal
standing in themselves, but may still act as a call to arms for
supporters of these organisations.
In recent times, political strategies with the name War on..., such as
the War on Drugs may also be said to start with a declaration of war.
Contents [hide]
1 Definitions
1.1 Theoretical Perspectives
1.2 The Types of Declarations
2 History
2.1 The UN and war
3 Denigration of Formal Declarations of War
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Definitions
宣戰
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
此條目需要補充一些參考或來源。（2007年9月26日）
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。無法查證的內容會被提出異議而移除。
美國總統富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福於1941年12月8日的珍珠港事變後簽署對日宣戰聲明宣戰是指一個國家宣告該國於其他（可多於一個）國家處於戰爭狀
態。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 聯合國與戰爭
3 不宣而戰
4 獲授權使用軍隊
5 二戰期間的宣戰
5.1 1937年
5.2 1939年
5.3 1940年
5.4 1941年
5.5 1942年
5.6 1943年
5.7 1945年
6 仍生效的宣戰
7 參考
8 外部連結
[編輯] 背景
文藝復興時，已有國家作出正式的宣戰聲明，自此，西方國家已接受宣戰作為一個外交手段。
在國際法中，宣戰聲明代表該等國家互相承認處於敵對狀態，並規範各自的軍隊的行為。海牙公約是影響這些聲明的主要多邊條約。
第一次世界大戰後，1919年成立的國際聯盟，和1928年在巴黎簽訂的非戰公約，皆顯示世界各國都致力避免大戰造成的浩劫。然而，第二次世界大戰仍然
爆發了，於是各國於戰後成立了聯合國機構以防止國家透過宣戰來發動侵略。
[編輯] 聯合國與戰爭
Civilian casualties
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Civilian casualties is a military term describing civilian or non-
combatant persons killed or injured by military action. The
description of civilian casualties includes any form of military
action regardless of whether civilians were targeted directly. This
differs from the description of collateral damage that only applies to
unintentional effects of military action including unintended
casualties.
Civilian casualties therefore include victims of atrocities such as
the Nanking Massacre committed on a civilian population where hundreds
of thousands of men were slaughtered, while girls and women ages
ranging from 10 to 70 were systematically raped or killed by Japanese
soldiers in 1937. Another example is the My Lai Massacre (Vietnamese:
thảm sát Mỹ Lai) that was committed by U.S. soldiers during the
Vietnam War on hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians. Such military
action, which has the sole purpose of inflicting civilian casualties
is illegal under modern rules of war, and may be considered a war
crime or crime against humanity.
Other kinds of civilian casualties may involve the targeting of
civilian populations for military purposes, such as the atomic
bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed over 100,000
civilians. The legality of such action was at the time governed by
international law found in the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare of
1907, which state "the attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of
towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended is
prohibited".[1] Also relevant, were the Hague Draft Rules of Air
Warfare of 1922–1923, which state "air bombardment is legitimate only
when is directed against a military objective". [2][3] The Rome
Statute defines "intentionally directing attacks against the civilian
population" to be illegal, but only came into effect on July 1, 2002
and has not been ratified by every country.[4]
Contents [hide]
1 The ethics of civilian casualties
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
[edit] The ethics of civilian casualties
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Fat Man mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over
Nagasaki rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) into the air from the
hypocenter.The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki is a subject of contention concerning the atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which took place on 6 August and 9, 1945 and
marked the end of World War II. The debate amongst scholars, popular
media, and cultures tends to focus on the ethics and necessity of the
bombings. The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the United
States' justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and
popular debate for decades. J. Samuel Walker writes in an April 2005
overview of recent historiography on the issue, "the controversy over
the use of the bomb seems certain to continue." Walker notes that "The
fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly
four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve
victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United
States."[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Support
1.1 Preferable to invasion
1.2 Speedy end of war saved lives
1.3 Part of "total war"
1.4 Japan's leaders refused to surrender
2 Opposition
2.1 Fundamentally immoral
2.2 The bombings as war crimes
2.3 State terrorism
2.4 Militarily unnecessary
2.5 Nagasaki bombing unnecessary
2.6 Racism and dehumanization
3 Footnotes
4 Further reading
4.1 Debates over the bombings
4.2 External links
[edit] Support
> > Running
mrliu918
Quotation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident
Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of Second Sino-Japanese War
National Revolutionary Army troops at the Marco Polo Bridge, 1937
Date July 7 – July 9, 1937
Location Vicinity of Beijing, China
Result Japanese victory
Belligerents
National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese
Army, Empire of Japan
Commanders
Song Zheyuan Kanichiro Tashiro
Strength
-
Casualties and losses
-
[hide]v • d • eSecond Sino-Japanese
War
Major engagements in bold
Before Second Sino-Japanese War
Mukden - Manchuria - (Jiangqiao - Nenjiang Bridge - Chinchow - Harbin)
- Shanghai (1932) - Pacification of Manchukuo - Rehe - Great Wall -
Inner Mongolia - (Suiyuan)
Began in 1937-1939
Marco Polo Bridge - Beiping-Tianjin - Chahar - Shanghai (1937) (Sihang
Warehouse) - Beiping-Hankou Railway - Tianjin-Pukou Railway - Taiyuan
- (Pingxingguan) - Xinkou - Nanjing - Xuzhou - Taierzhuang - N.-
E.Henan - (Lanfeng) - Amoy - Chongqing - Wuhan - (Wanjialing) - Canton
- (Hainan) - Nanchang - (Xiushui River) - Suixian-Zaoyang - (Swatow) -
1st Changsha - S.Guangxi - (Kunlun Pass) - Winter Offensive - (Wuyuan)
Began in 1940-1942
Zaoyang-Yichang - Hundred Regiments - C. Hupei - S.Henan - W. Hopei -
Shanggao - S.Shanxi - 2nd Changsha - 3rd Changsha - Yunnan-Burma Road
- (Toungoo) - (Yenangyaung) - Zhejiang-Jiangxi - Sichuan Invasion
Began in 1943-1945
W.Hubei - N.Burma-W.Yunnan - Changde - Ichi-Go - C.Henan - 4th
Changsha - Guilin-Liuzhou - W.Henan-N.Hubei - W.Hunan - 2nd Guangxi -
Manchuria
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support,
you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese
characters.
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變 or
the Lugouqiao Incident) was a battle between the Republic of China's
National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army, marking
the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). The eleven-arch
granite bridge itself, Lugouqiao, is an architecturally significant
structure, restored by the Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722).
Contents [hide]
1 Nomenclature
2 Background
3 The Incident
4 Consequences
5 People and units involved
5.1 Kuomintang
5.2 Japan
6 See also
8 References
9 External links
The battle is known by different names.
In the West
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident
Battle of Lugou Bridge
In China
Incident of July 7 (七七事變/七七事变 pinyin: Qīqī Shìbiàn)
Lugou Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變/卢沟桥事变 Lúgōuqiáo Shìbiàn)
7-7 Lugouqiao (七七盧溝橋事變/七七卢沟桥事变 Qīqī Lúgōuqiáo Shìbiàn)
In Japan:
Rokō Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事, Rokōkyō Jihen?)
[edit] Background
七七事变，又称卢沟桥事变、七七卢沟桥事变，是1937年7月7日發生在中国北平的卢沟桥（亦稱芦沟桥）的中日军事衝突，日本就此全面進攻中国。七七事
变是中国展开全国對日八年抗戰的起点。
目录 [隐藏]
1 政治背景
2 地理背景
3 经过
4 军队配置
4.1 中國
4.2 日本
5 七七事变历史照片
6 参见
7 外部連接
[编辑] 政治背景
自1937年日本二·二六兵变以来日本国内政局动荡不安，政府迫切需要转移国内民众视线，解决接踵而至的经济、政治问题。而《何梅协定》签定后中华民国
政府在华北的势力锐减，客观上为日本发动战争提供了有利条件。
1936年西安事变和平解决后，中國國民黨和中國共产党达成协议共同抗日,两党再度走向联合，即第二次国共合作。
[编辑] 地理背景
Lugou Bridge
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The Lugou Bridge (Simplified: 卢沟桥; Traditional: 盧溝橋; Pinyin: Lúgōu
Qiáo), also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is a famous stone bridge
located 15 km outside of the Beijing city center across the Yongding
river—a main tributary of Hai River. (However, in recent years, the
water of Yongding river is diverted to Beijing so there is no water
under Lugou bridge.) The Lugou Bridge is well-known because it was
highly praised by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo during his visit to
China in the 13th century (the bridge was later known in Europe simply
as the Marco Polo Bridge), and for the Marco Polo Bridge incident,
which marked the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
"Over this river there is a very fine stone bridge, so fine indeed,
that it has very few equals in the world." - The Diary of Marco Polo
Entire view of the bridgeConstruction of the original bridge on this
site commenced in 1189 and was completed in 1192 and was later
reconstructed in 1698. The Lugou Bridge is 266.5 m (874 ft) in length
and 9.3 m (30.5 ft) in width, supported on 281 pillars. On each pillar
stands a stone lion. The most intriguing feature of these beasts is
the fact that there are more lions hiding on the head, back or under
the belly or on paws of each of the big lions. Investigations to
determine the total number of animals have been carried out on several
occasions but the results have proved inconsistent, ranging anywhere
from 482 to 496. However, record has it that there were originally a
total of 627 lions. The posture of each lion varies, as do their ages.
Most date from the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties,
some are from the earlier Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368); while the few
lions dating from as long ago as the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) are now
quite rare.
卢沟桥
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
全国重点文物保护单位
卢沟桥 （包括宛平县城）
所在 北京市
分类 革命遗址及革命纪念建筑物
时代 1937年
编号 1-24
登录 1961年
卢沟桥亦作芦沟桥，位于北京市丰台区永定河上，距离北京市中心约15公里。该桥因跨越卢沟河（今永定河）而得名。卢沟桥是中国最大的古代多涵孔圆弧拱
桥，弧拱跨度为11米，扁平率为0.69。由于马可·波罗在《马可·波罗游记》对卢沟桥有详细的记述，卢沟桥在欧洲称为马可·波罗桥。
目录 [隐藏]
1 历史
2 附注
3 参考文献
4 参见
[编辑] 历史
元·卢沟筏运图：描绘了元世祖至正三年（1266年）在卢沟桥附近漕运西山石木用于修造大都宫殿的情景卢沟桥始建于金大定二十九年（公元1189年）六
月，明昌三年（公元1192年）三月完工。全长266.5m，宽7.5m，有11个涵孔，两侧石雕护栏各有140条望柱，柱头上均雕有石狮，形态各异，
据记载原有627个，现存501个。[1]石狮多为明清之物，也有少量的金元遗存。“卢沟晓月”从金章宗年间就被列为燕京八景之一。
On 10月16日, 下午2時56分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> What should be the role of Chinese people?
>
> 日本人听到歐洲主人的哨子聲后會立刻跳出來大打出手, 中國人的角色又該是什麼?
> 對沾滿中國人民鮮血的日本武士刀, 能否和中華武術相提並論, 中國武術界人士該怎樣處理?
>
> Quotation:
>
mrliu918
Quotation from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War#Aftermath
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bombing_of_Chongqing
Operation Ichi-Go
Jump to: navigation, search
Date 17 April - 10 December, 1944[1]
Location Henan, Hunan and Guangxi
Result Decisive Japanese victory
Belligerents
Republic of China
National Revolutionary Army Japan
Commanders
Tang Enbo
Xue Yue
Bai Chongxi Shunroku Hata
Yasuji Okamura
Isamu Yokoyama
Strength
390,000 400,000 men, 12,000 cars and 70,000 horses
[hide]v * d * eSecond Sino-Japanese
Major engagements in bold
Before Second Sino-Japanese War
Mukden - Manchuria - (Jiangqiao - Nenjiang Bridge - Chinchow - Harbin)
- Shanghai (1932) - Pacification of Manchukuo - Rehe - Great Wall -
Inner Mongolia - (Suiyuan)
Began in 1937-1939
Marco Polo Bridge - Beiping-Tianjin - Chahar - Shanghai (1937) (Sihang
Warehouse) - Beiping-Hankou Railway - Tianjin-Pukou Railway - Taiyuan
- (Pingxingguan) - Xinkou - Nanjing - Xuzhou - Taierzhuang - N.-
E.Henan - (Lanfeng) - Amoy - Chongqing - Wuhan - (Wanjialing) - Canton
- (Hainan) - Nanchang - (Xiushui River) - Suixian-Zaoyang - (Swatow) -
1st Changsha - S.Guangxi - (Kunlun Pass) - Winter Offensive - (Wuyuan)
Began in 1940-1942
Zaoyang-Yichang - Hundred Regiments - C. Hupei - S.Henan - W. Hopei -
Shanggao - S.Shanxi - 2nd Changsha - 3rd Changsha - Yunnan-Burma Road
- (Toungoo) - (Yenangyaung) - Zhejiang-Jiangxi - Sichuan Invasion
Began in 1943-1945
W.Hubei - N.Burma-W.Yunnan - Changde - Ichi-Go - C.Henan - 4th
Changsha - Guilin-Liuzhou - W.Henan-N.Hubei - W.Hunan - 2nd Guangxi -
Manchuria
the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army
of the Republic of China, fought from April to December 1944. It
consisted of three separate battles in the Chinese provinces of Henan,
Hunan and Guangxi, which were the Japanese Operation Kogo or Battle of
Central Henan, Operation Togo 1 or the Battle of Changheng, and
Operation Togo 2 and Togo 3 or the Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou
respectively. The two primary goals of Ichi-go were to open a land
route to French Indochina, and capture air bases in southeast China
from which American bombers were attacking the Japanese homeland and
shipping.[2]
In Japanese the operation was called Tairiku Datsū Sakusen (一号作戦 or 大陸打
通作戦) while the Chinese refer to it as the Battle of Henan-Hunan-
Guangxi (traditional Chinese: 豫湘桂會戰; simplified Chinese: 豫湘桂会战;
pinyin: Yù Xīang Guì Huìzhàn). The words Ichi-Go directly translate to
"Number One".
Contents [hide]
1 Course of the campaign
2 Aftermath
4 External links
[edit] Aftermath
The failure to hold onto the coastal airfields led to a loss of
confidence in the American General Joseph Stilwell by Chiang Kai-Shek
and Stilwell was recalled to the United States in October 1944 by
President Roosevelt. He was replaced as Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-
Shek and commander of the U.S. Forces, China Theater (USFCT) by Major
General Albert Wedemeyer. His other command responsibilities in the
China Burma India Theater were divided up and allocated to other
officers.
A highly different interpretation of events was that General Joseph
Stilwell, pressing for a more full engagement of Chinese forces, had
made diplomatic inroads with the Chinese Communist Red Army commanded
by Mao Zedong. He had gotten them to agree to follow an American
commander. Because of the displeasure of Chiang Kai-Shek of being
bypassed by the American general, he had Stilwell recalled to the
United States. New York Times reporter Brooks Atkinson wrote at the
time:
The decision to relieve General Stilwell represents the political
triumph of a moribund, anti-democratic regime that is more concerned
with maintaining its political supremacy than in driving the Japanese
out of China. America is now committed... to support a regime that has
become increasingly unpopular and mistrusted in China, that maintains
three secret police services and concentration camps for political
prisoners, that stifles free speech and resists democratic forces...
The Chinese Communists... have good armies that are now fighting
guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in North China... The
Generalissimo regards these armies as the chief threat to his
supremacy... has made no sincere attempt to arrange at least a truce
with them for the duration of the war... No diplomatic genius could
have overcome the Generalissimo's basic unwillingness to risk his
armies in battle with the Japanese....
But the Time Magazine article in which Atkinson was quoted went on to
analyze the true failure of Stilwell's aims by stating that:
The Chinese, exhausted by seven years of almost singlehanded war
against Japan, were reluctant to give General Stilwell the troops he
wanted for the Burma offensive; the Japs might suddenly crack down on
them in earnest. When the Japs began the drive that last week seemed
on the verge of cutting China in two, Chiang Kai-shek's Government
might well have felt that its go-slow policy was justified..." [3]
This devastating loss coupled with the negative public opinion in the
U.S. that followed caused the U.S. to lose confidence in the Chinese
troops' ability to fight the Japanese, and subsequently the China-
Burma-India Theatre lost its priority. Instead the U.S. focussed all
its resources on the Island-hopping offensive in the Pacific.
Mountain Road, by Theodore White, Time Magazine correspondent in China
at the time, deals with a group of American soldiers retreating before
this Japanese offensive.
豫湘桂會戰
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
中國抗日戰爭的一部分
一號作戰日軍進攻示意圖
日期： 1944年4月17日 - 12月10日（昭和19年)[1]
地點： 中國河南、湖南、廣西、廣東及貴州
結果： 日本成功佔領京廣鐵路全線，並拔除美國空軍前線基地
起因： {{{casus}}}
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
中華民國 日本帝國
指揮官
蔣中正
陳誠
白崇禧
湯恩伯
薛岳
蔣鼎文
賀維珍 東久邇宮稔彥王
岡村寧次
橫山勇
畑俊六
兵力
約100萬士兵 51萬士兵
傷亡
~300,000 ~70,000
中國抗日戰爭
1931年-1936年
九一八事變 - 一二八事變 - 熱河 - 長城 - 綏遠
1937年-1939年
七七事變 - 北平-天津 - 淞滬（四行倉庫） - 太原（平型關 - 忻口 - 娘子關 - 太原）- 南京 - 徐州 （台兒莊） - 蘭封
- 重慶 - 武漢（萬家嶺-廣州） - 南昌（修水） - 隨棗 - 第一次長沙 - 桂南（崑崙關）
1940年-1942年
棗宜 - 百團大戰 - 豫南 - 上高 - 中條山 - 第二次長沙 - 第三次長沙 - 浙贛
1943年-1945年
鄂西 - 滇西緬北（密支那-松山-龍陵） - 常德 - 豫湘桂（長衡會戰） - 湘粵贛 - 豫西鄂北 - 湘西 - 桂柳
主要戰役以粗體顯示
豫湘桂會戰，日方稱一號作戰或大陸打通作戰，是日軍為了打通大陸交通線而在1944年4月到1944年12月期間在河南、湖南、廣西三地進行的三場戰
鬥，即豫中會戰、長衡會戰和桂柳會戰。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 緣起
2 開戰前中日雙方之準備
2.1 日方
2.2 中方
3 戰爭經過
3.1 豫中會戰
3.2 長衡會戰
3.3 桂柳會戰
4 結果和影響
5 參考
6 外部連結
[編輯] 緣起
結果和影響
戰術上日軍在初期訂定戰術正確，因此在整體作戰上幾乎達到成功，就結果而言也達到了一開始預定的作戰目標，但是日軍從開戰時即出現的兵力不足問題在此場
全面性會戰中再次暴露，雖然有效打擊了國民革命軍戰力（以中路作戰擊潰第九戰區薛岳所駐防之長沙最為明顯，第九戰區自此役之後再也沒有回復既有戰力），
但是無法有效佔領領土之下最後仍然自行撤出部分地區，而日軍於南路沒有擊潰第四戰區兵力的結果種下隔年湘西會戰日軍慘敗的因子。
二戰已近尾聲，中國戰區相較於盟國歐洲方面同一時期的情形，如蘇軍白俄羅斯殲滅戰，和英美聯軍於諾曼第處之突破，顯然成就遠不可比擬。此戰,國民政府軍
事委員會於戰略上指導失誤已如前所述，對於日軍主攻方向雖已大致知悉，但終因為支援滇緬作戰，主力和預備隊配置不當。重以錯估日方如是全力進犯和永久戰
據之決心和準備，致使豫、湘、桂大片國土被占，空軍基地、場站被毀。
日軍儘管達成作戰企圖，卻無力保障大陸交通線暢通，也未能阻擋美機空襲日本本土。由於分散了兵力，為中國軍隊反攻提供了條件。但事實上，國民黨軍隊除了
45年依靠日軍兵力不足撤退而奪回廣西之外，沒有組織任何一次像樣的反攻。而44年八路軍在華北一帶的零星反攻，雖然沒有百團大戰那樣規模巨大，但獲得
的成果遠遠高於百團大戰。
國民政府在日軍一號作戰中連番受挫失地的情形，極大程度的損害了美國對中國（尤其是以蔣中正為首的國民政府）的觀感；史迪威與蔣間在此役之前即惡化的關
係更因此達到臨界點，史迪威以此役中國軍拙劣的表現與轄下滇緬軍的精強做對比，直指蔣政權的腐化無能，甚至進而主張由其取代蔣擔任中國戰區最高統帥，而
蔣也幾近憤怒的要求美方撤換史迪威。這場中美指揮權的衝突最後以美方退讓，在１９４４年底撤換史迪威告終，但美國政界及民間對中國國民政府的印象已轉趨
不信任與輕視，而在一定程度上影響了戰後國共內戰的結果。
直至今日，國民黨依然將這場戰役慘敗的責任全部怪罪于史迪威和美國政府對國民黨的支援不利。而從來不正視自己的腐敗和無能。通過此戰以及到現在國民黨對
豫湘桂戰役的評價，也可以間接的了解到國民黨為何會在此後的國公內戰中失敗。同時這場戰爭也是美國更進一步在雅爾達會議中向蘇聯出賣中國主權的原因之
一，外蒙古即在1945年以履行雅爾達密約為由被帝俄強迫國民政府承認獨立。
[編輯] 參考
Bombing of Chongqing
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Casualties of a mass-panic during a Japanese air raid in Chongqing in
1941
The bombing of Chongqing (Traditional Chinese: 重慶大轟炸, Simplified
Chinese: 重庆大轰炸, Japanese: 重慶爆撃, from 18 February 1938 to 23 August
1943) was part of an Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial
Japanese Navy Air Service terror bombing operation on the Chinese
provisional capital of Chongqing authorized by the Imperial General
Headquarters.
A conservative estimate places the number of bombing runs at more than
5,000, with more than 11,500 bombs dropped, mainly incendiary bombs.
The targets were usually residential areas, business areas, schools,
hospitals (non-military targets). These terror bombings were probably
aimed at cowing the Chinese government, or as part of the planned
Sichuan invasion.
Contents [hide]
1 The raids
2 Total bomb tonnage and raids
4 External links
[edit] Total bomb tonnage and raids
Three thousand tons of bombs were launched on the city between 1939
and 1942. [2]
A total of 268 air raids were conducted against Chongqing.
重慶大轟炸
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1931年-1936年
九一八事變 - 一二八事變 - 熱河 - 長城 - 綏遠
1937年-1939年
七七事變 - 北平-天津 - 淞滬（四行倉庫） - 太原（平型關 - 忻口 - 娘子關 - 太原）- 南京 - 徐州 （台兒莊） - 蘭封
- 重慶 - 武漢（萬家嶺-廣州） - 南昌（修水） - 隨棗 - 第一次長沙 - 桂南（崑崙關）
1940年-1942年
棗宜 - 百團大戰 - 豫南 - 上高 - 中條山 - 第二次長沙 - 第三次長沙 - 浙贛
1943年-1945年
鄂西 - 滇西緬北（密支那-松山-龍陵） - 常德 - 豫湘桂（長衡會戰） - 湘粵贛 - 豫西鄂北 - 湘西 - 桂柳
主要戰役以粗體顯示
重慶大轟炸指中國抗日戰爭期間，由1938年2月18日起至1943年8月23日，日本對戰時中國陪都重慶進行了長達5年半的戰略轟炸。據不完全統計，
此段期間日本對重慶實施轟炸超過200次，出動9000多架次的飛機，投彈11500枚以上。重慶死於轟炸者10,000以上，超過10,000幢房屋
被毀，市區大部份繁華地區被破壞。日本對重慶實施的空襲，是繼德國在1937年4月西班牙內戰中對格爾尼卡（Guernica）平民實施轟炸之後，歷史
上最先實行的戰略轟炸。其目的是希望透過製造大量平民殺傷，以瓦解對方抵抗的士氣。之後二次大戰中德國對英國考文垂的空襲；英、美對德國的空襲，皆為同
樣的手法。日本轟炸重慶時首次大量使用燃燒彈，用以燃燒市區的房屋。到了二次大戰的末期，美國亦以相同的手段對付日本，對日本本土進行大規模燃燒轟
炸。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 經過
2 戰略意義
3 中國的反擊
4 外部連結
First Sino-Japanese War
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links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline
citations.
You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations
First Sino-Japanese War
First Sino-Japanese War, major battles and troop movements
Date 1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895
Location Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan, Yellow Sea
Result Japanese victory and a significant loss of prestige for the
Qing. Korean Empire declare independence from Qing's control
Territorial
changes Qing China loses the influence of the Korean peninsula to the
Empire of Japan.
Qing Dynasty China cedes Taiwan, Pescadores, and Liaodong Peninsula to
Empire of Japan
Belligerents
Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan
Commanders
Li Hongzhang
Ting Ju ch'ang Yamagata Aritomo
Ito Sukeyuki
Strength
630,000 men
Beiyang Army
Beiyang Navy 240,000 men
Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Navy
Casualties and losses
35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead,
3,973 wounded
[show]v * d * eFirst Sino-Japanese War
Pungdo (naval) - Seonghwan -Pyongyang - Yalu River (naval) -
Jiuliangcheng (Yalu) - Lushunkou - Weihaiwei - Yingkou
The First Sino-Japanese War (simplified Chinese: 中日甲午战争; traditional
Chinese: 中日甲午戰爭; pinyin: Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng; Japanese: 日清戦争
Romaji: Nisshin Sensō) (1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895) was a war
fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan over the control of
Korea. The Sino-Japanese War would come to symbolize the degeneration
and enfeeblement of the Qing Dynasty and demonstrate how successful
modernization had been in Japan since the Meiji Restoration as
compared with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China. The principal
results were a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan
and a fatal blow to the Qing Dynasty and the Chinese classical
tradition. These trends would later manifest in the 1911 Revolution.
Contents [hide]
1 Background and causes
1.1 Conflict over Korea
1.2 1882 Crisis
1.3 Gaspin Coup
2 Status of combatants
2.1 Japan
2.1.1 The Imperial Japanese Navy
2.1.2 The Imperial Japanese Army
2.2 China
2.2.1 Beiyang Army
2.2.2 Beiyang Fleet
3 Early stages of the war
4 Events during the war
4.1 Opening moves
4.2 Sinking of the Kow-shing
4.3 Conflict in Korea
4.4 Defeat of the Beiyang fleet
4.5 Invasion Of Manchuria
4.6 Fall of Lushunkou
4.7 Fall of Weihaiwei and Aftermath
4.8 Invasion of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores
5 End of the war
5.1 War Reparations
6 Aftermath
7 See also
8 References
9 Notes
10 External links
[edit] Background and causes
[edit] Aftermath
The Japanese success during the war was the result of the
modernisation and industrialisation embarked on two decades earlier.
The war demonstrated the superiority of Japanese tactics and training
as a result of the adoption of a western style military. The Imperial
Japanese Army and Navy were able to inflict a string of defeats on the
Chinese through foresight, endurance, strategy and power of
organization. Japanese prestige rose in the eyes of the world. The
victory established Japan as a regional power (if not a great power)
on equal terms with the west and as the dominant power in Asia.[4]
The war for China revealed the ineffectiveness of its government, its
policies, the corruption of the administration system and the decaying
state of the Qing dynasty (something that had been recognized for
decades). Anti-foreign sentiment and agitation grew and would later
culminate in the form of the Boxer Rebellion five years later.
Throughout the 19th century the Qing dynasty was unable to prevent
foreign encroachment. This, together with calls for reform and the
Boxer Rebellion, would be the key factors that would lead to the 1911
revolution and the downfall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
Although Japan had achieved what it had set out to accomplish, namely
to end Chinese influence over Korea, Japan reluctantly had been forced
to relinquish the Liaodong Peninsula (Port Arthur) in exchange for an
increased financial indemnity. The European powers (Russia
especially), while having no objection to the other clauses of the
treaty, did feel that Japan should not gain Port Arthur, for they had
their own ambitions in that part of the world. Russia persuaded
Germany and France to join her in applying diplomatic pressure on the
Japanese, resulting in the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895.
In 1898 Russia signed a 25-year lease on the Liaodong Peninsula and
proceeded to set up a naval station at Port Arthur. Although this
infuriated the Japanese, they were more concerned with Russian
encroachment towards Korea than in Manchuria. Other powers, such as
France, Germany, and Great Britain, took advantage of the situation in
China and gained port and trade concessions at the expense of the
decaying Qing Empire. Tsingtao and Kiaochow was acquired by Germany,
Kwang-Chou-Wan by France, and Weihaiwei by Great Britain.
Tensions between Russia and Japan would increase in the years after
the First Sino-Japanese war. During the Boxer Rebellion an eight
member international force was sent to suppress and quell the
uprising; Russia sent troops into Manchuria as part of this force.
After the suppression of the Boxers the Russian government agreed to
vacate the area. However by 1903 it had actually increased the size of
its forces in Manchuria. Negotiations between the two nations (1901-
1904) to establish mutual recognition of respective spheres of
influence (Russia over Manchuria and Japan over Korea) were repeatedly
and intentionally stalled by the Russians. They felt that they were
strong and confident enough not to accept any compromise and believed
Japan would not dare go to war against a European power. Russia also
had intentions to use Manchuria as a springboard for further expansion
of its interests in the Far East.
In 1902, Japan formed an alliance with Britain the terms of which
stated that if Japan went to war in the Far East, and that a third
power entered the fight against Japan, then Britain would come to the
aid of the Japanese. This was a check to prevent either Germany or
France from intervening militarily in any future war with Russia.
British reasons for joining the alliance were also to check the spread
of Russian expansion into the Pacific, thereby threatening British
interests.
Increasing tensions between Japan and Russia as a result of Russia's
unwillingness to enter into a compromise and the prospect of Korea
falling under Russia's domination, therefore coming into conflict with
and undermining Japan's interests, compelled Japan to take action.
This would be the deciding factor and catalyst that would lead to the
Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05.
甲午戰爭
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{{{partof}}}的一部分
甲午战争形势图
日期： 1894年8月1日 - 1895年4月17日
地点： 朝鮮半島、中國東北
結果： 日本勝利
起因：
領土變更： 大韓帝國獨立，日本控制朝鮮半島
中國割讓台灣、澎湖及遼東半島給日本
參戰方
大清帝國 大日本帝國
指揮官
李鴻章
丁汝昌 明治天皇
山縣有朋
兵力
630,000
北洋軍
北洋艦隊 240,000
日本軍
日本海軍
傷亡
35,000人死亡或受傷 13,823人死亡
3,973受傷
甲午戰爭（又稱第一次中日戰爭；日稱日清戰爭）是清朝和日本之間為爭奪朝鲜半島控制權而爆发的一场戰爭。由於發生年為1894年，即清光绪二十年，干支
為甲午，史稱"甲午戰爭"。
目录 [隐藏]
1 起因
2 交战双方
2.1 清朝
2.2 日本
3 过程
3.1 第一階段
3.2 第二階段
3.3 第三階段
4 分析
5 结果及影响
6 主要戰役
7 参见
8 注释
[编辑] 起因
结果及影响
甲午戰爭對遠東戰略格局產生了深刻的影響，中國認明朝鮮為獨立國家、撤出朝鲜半岛，並割让台湾、澎湖及其附属岛屿予日本，向日本开放多个中国内陆的港口
城市，日本又獲2.3億兩白銀的戰爭賠款（其中三千萬兩為清朝換回遼東半島的費用），經濟迅速發展並進一步擴軍備戰，開始成為遠東的主要戰爭策源地，同
時日本崛起改變了遠東地區由英國和俄國對立和爭霸的原有格局,導致數年後的英日聯盟和日俄開戰。而中国在甲午战争中的失败（北洋水师的覆灭）标誌着洋务
运动的失败，大清帝國的國際地位自此一落千丈，再次成為列強鯨吞蠶食的對象。清朝国内的改革派对自身的弱点有了更深的认识，准备积极进行进一步的改革
（即戊戌變法）。
[编辑] 主要戰役
[編輯] 經過
On 10月16日, 下午4時06分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Quotation:
>
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident
> Marco Polo Bridge Incident
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> Marco Polo Bridge Incident
> Part of Second Sino-Japanese War
>
> National Revolutionary Army troops at the Marco Polo Bridge, 1937
> Result Japanese victory
>
> Belligerents
> National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese
> Army, Empire of Japan
> Commanders
> Song Zheyuan Kanichiro Tashiro
> Strength
> -
> Casualties and losses
> -
>
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War#Aftermath
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bombing_of_Chongqing
8 November 1885 - 23 February 1946
General Tomoyuki Yamashita
Nickname The Tiger of Malaya
Place of birth Kōchi prefecture, Japan
Place of death Manila, Philippines
Allegiance Empire of Japan
Service/branch Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service 1905 -1945
Rank General
Commands held IJA 4th Division, IJA 25th Army, IJA 1st Army, IJA 14th
Area Army
Battles/wars Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II
In this Japanese name, the family name is Yamashita.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下 奉文, Tomoyuki Yamashita?, 8 November
1885 - 23 February 1946) was a general of the Japanese Imperial Army
during the World War II. He was most famous for conquering the British
colonies of Malaya and Singapore, earning the nickname The Tiger of
Malaya.Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and career
1.2 Early war years
1.3 Malaya and Singapore
1.4 Manchuria
1.5 The Philippines
2 Trial and controversy
3 Death
4 Personal life
5 Things named after Yamashita
7 Further reading
[edit] Malaya and Singapore
Main articles: Battle of Malaya and Battle of Singapore
Lt Gen Yamashita Tomoyuki (seated, centre) thumps the table with his
fist to emphasise his demand for unconditional surrender. Lt Gen
Percival sits between his officers, his clenched hand to his mouth
(Photo from Imperial War Museum).On 6 November 1941, Yamashita was put
in command of the Twenty-Fifth Army. On 8 December, he launched an
invasion of Malaya, from bases in French Indochina. In the campaign,
which concluded with the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942,
Yamashita's 30,000 front-line soldiers captured 130,000 British,
Indian and Australian troops, the largest surrender of British-led
personnel in history. He became known as the "Tiger of Malaya".
山下奉文
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日語原文 山下奉文
假名 やましたともゆき
羅馬字 Yamashita Tomoyuki
山下奉文（1885年11月8日－1946年2月23日），日本帝國時代的陸軍大將，官階為「陸軍大將従三位勲一等功三級」。他只花3個多月時間率領第
25軍南下馬來半島，直取英國在東南亞的殖民據點新加坡，由此得到綽號「馬來之虎」，1946年以「縱兵行馬尼拉大屠殺」戰犯罪名遭馬尼拉軍事法庭判處
死刑。目錄
[隱藏]
1 經歷
1.1 馬來之虎
1.2 菲律賓防衛戰
1.3 軍事審訊
1.4 山下寶藏
1.5 巨杉
1.6 山下大將的遺言
2 參見
3 外部連結
[編輯] 經歷
[編輯] 馬來之虎
太平洋戰爭初期，1941年7月17日就任関東防衛軍司令官，11月6日轉任第25軍司令官，12月8日指揮馬來作戰，率領三萬五千兵力1942年2月
15日兩週內迅速攻陷新加坡，俘虜十三萬名英國、印度與澳洲聯軍將士，是為英軍有史以來最大一次投降，故此日本傳媒稱他為「馬來之虎」。 縱使因
馬來作戰成功，山下被奉為國民英雄，為戰史上裡唯一擊敗美、英、法、荷四大歐美強國、攻佔10國領地之戰將；但是昭和天皇沒有給機會讓山下拜見，原因被
認為是二二六兵變當時山下所採取的行動。
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthouse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
Diaoyutai State Guesthouse
Jump to: navigation, search
guesthouse complex in Beijing, China. It includes a number of
buildings, from high-rise buildings to small, detached houses. The
name "Diaoyutai" means "Angling platform", and is so named because the
site was a favourite fishing spot of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin China.
It is not directly linked to the Diaoyu Islands.
The Guesthouse is used to house visiting foreign dignitaries and
provincial government officials. During the Cultural Revolution, it
was the permanent residence of Jiang Qing, or Madame Mao. Recently
釣魚台國賓館
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此條目沒有列出任何參考或來源。（2008年2月24日）
請協助添加來自可靠來源的引用以改善這篇條目。
無法查證的內容可能被提出異議而移除。
釣魚台國賓館是坐落於中國北京海澱區玉淵潭（39°55'N 116°19'E）東側的一處古代皇家園林及現代國賓館建築群。金代章宗皇帝（西元
1190年至1208年）完顏璟曾在此築台垂釣，「釣魚台」因而得名，迄今已有800餘年。至清代，乾隆皇帝（西元1736年至1795年）敕命疏濬玉
淵潭並在此興建行宮，收為皇家園林。現代的國賓館園區是由中華人民共和國政府於1958年至1959年在古釣魚台風景區基礎上擴大修建，用做來訪國賓的
下榻及會晤、會議場所。
釣魚台國賓館位於北京西部阜成門外，玉淵潭東側，阜成路與三里河路交匯的西南側。國賓館園區南北長約1公里，東西寬約0.5公里，總面積42萬平方米，
總建築面積16.5萬平方米，湖水面積5萬平方米。釣魚台國賓館附近的地標有海軍總醫院、國家外匯管理局、中央廣播電視塔、中央電視台、中華世紀壇、國
家稅務總局、鐵道部、軍事博物館、國家統計局、國務院港澳辦等。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 歷史
1.1 皇家園林及行宮
1.2 興建國賓館
1.3 文革時期
1.4 文革之後
2 建築
2.1 芳菲苑
2.2 二號樓
2.3 三號樓
2.4 俱樂部
2.5 八方苑
2.6 五號樓
2.7 六號樓
2.8 七號樓
2.9 八號樓
2.10 九號樓
2.11 十號樓
2.12 十一號樓
2.13 十二號樓
2.14 十四號樓
2.15 十五號樓
2.16 十六號樓
2.17 十七號樓
2.18 十八號樓
3 外部連結
[編輯] 歷史
花木。
十二號樓曾是毛澤東的住處，也是美國總統列根及英國首相撒切爾夫人的下榻處。
The battles and generals that changed the course of history.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shuai
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%83...
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%94...
http://www.americanfamilytraditions.com/war_casualties.htm
Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training
in
martial art.
Quotation from
http://cbs2.com/national/Vietnam.iraq.war.2.780417.html
dollars,
and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
--American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
--War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
--Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
--Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
--World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
--World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
--Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
--Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
--Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
--Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
--Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
--Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
--Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
(© 2008 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may
not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)"
Jump to: navigation, search
> Commanders
> Syngman Rhee
> Chung Il-kwon
> Paik Sun-yup
> Douglas MacArthur
> Matthew Ridgway
> Mark Wayne Clark
> Harry S. Truman
> Dwight D. Eisenhower
> Choi Yong-kun
> strength as sizes changed during the war.
> Casualties and losses
> South Korea:
> 58,127 combat deaths
> 175,743 wounded
> 80,000 MIA or POW[6]
> United States:
> 36,516 dead (including 2,830 non-combat)
> 92,134 wounded
> 8,176 MIA
> 7,245 POW[7]
> United Kingdom:
> 1,109 dead[8]
> 2,674 wounded
> 1,060 MIA or POW[9]
> Turkey:
> 721 dead[10]
> 2,111 wounded
> 168 MIA
> 216 POW
> Canada
> 516 dead[11]
> 1,042 wounded
> Australia
> 339 dead[12]
> 1,200 wounded
> France:
> 300 KIA or MIA[13]
> Philippines:
> 112 KIA[3]
> South Africa
> 28 KIA and 8 MIA[14]
> Total: Over 474,000
> North Korea:
> 215,000 dead,
> 303,000 wounded,
> 120,000 MIA or POW[9]
> China
> (Chinese estimate):
> 114,000 killed in combat
> 34,000 non-combat deaths
> 380,000 wounded
> 21,400 POW[15]
> (U.S. estimate):[9]
> 400,000+ dead
> 486,000 wounded
> 21,000 POW
> Soviet Union:
> 315 dead
> Total: 1,190,000-1,577,000+
> Civilians killed/wounded (total Koreans) = 2 Million (Est.)[16]
> [show]v • d • eKorean War
> Quotation from Wikipedia:
> Battle of Moscow
> Jump to: navigation, search
> Part of the Eastern Front of World War II
> December, 1941. Soviet troops in winter gear supported by tanks take
> on the Germans in the counter-attack.
> Date October 2, 1941 – January 7, 1942
> Location Moscow region, Russia
> Result Strategic Soviet victory
> Combatants
> Germany Soviet Union
> Commanders
> Fedor von Bock,
> Heinz Guderian,
> Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring (Luftwaffe) Georgy Zhukov,
> Aleksandr Vasilyevskiy
> Strength
> As of October 1:
> 1,000,000 men,
> 1,700 tanks,
> 14,000 guns,
> Initial Aircraft: 549 serviceable[1][2][3]At time of Counter
> offensive: 599[4] As of October 1:
> 1,250,000 men,
> 1,000 tanks,
> 7,600 guns,
> Initial Aircraft: 936 (545 servicable)[5] At time of Counter
> offensive: 1,376[6]
> Casualties and losses
> 248,000–400,000(see §7) 650,000–1,280,000(see §7)
> Battle of Nanking
> Jump to: navigation, search
> Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
> Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests
> for
> expansion. (January 2007)
> Battle of Nanjing
> Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War
> Map showing the routes of the Japanese army's approach to Nanjing
> Date December 1937
> Location Nanjing and surrounding areas
> Result Japanese Victory, Fall of Nanjing, Nanjing Massacre
> Combatants
> China, National Revolutionary Army;Soviet Air Force volunteers[1]
> Japan, Central China Theater Army
> Commanders
> Tang Shengzhi Matsui Iwane
> Strength
> 70,000-80,000 men [2] 8 divisions
> Casualties and losses
> ~50,000 military personnel, ~300,000 civilians 6000 [3]
> Jingkang Incident
> Jump to: navigation, search
> Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
> Jingkang Incident
> Chinese name
> Traditional Chinese 靖康事變, 靖康之變
> Simplified Chinese 靖康事变, 靖康之变
> Pinyin jìng kāng shì biàn, jìng kāng zhī biàn
> Humiliation of Jingkang
> Traditional Chinese 靖康之恥
> Simplified Chinese 靖康之耻
> Pinyin jìng kàng zhī chǐ
> The Jingkang Incident or the Humiliation of Jingkang took place in
> 1127 when invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin Dynasty besieged and
> sacked Bianliang (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song Dynasty. The Jin
> forces abducted Emperor Qinzong, his father Emperor Emeritus Huizong,
> along with many members of the imperial court.
> This ended the era known as the Northern Song Dynasty, when the Song
> Dynasty controlled most of China. The rest of the imperial family was
> forced to flee ...
> 閱讀更多 »
On 10月14日, 下午4時23分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Cost comparsion of Vietnam war and Gulf war - 莫忘烈士鮮血滿地
>
> If anyone can confirm the news regarding Lee's visit to Japanese war
> Quotation
>
> "On June 7, 2007 former President of the Republic of China Lee Teng-
> hui visited the Shrine to pay tribute to his older brother died in the
> Japanese Imperial Navy, he too volunteered as a Japanese Imperial Army
> officer."
>
> The World War II Memorial honors the 16 million who served in the
> armed forces of the U.S., the more than 400,000 who died, and all who
> supported the war effort from home. Symbolic of the defining event of
> the 20th Century, the memorial is a monument to the spirit, sacrifice,
> and commitment of the American people. The Second World War is the
> only 20th Century event commemorated on the National Mall central
> axis.
>
> Visiting the Memorial
>
> The memorial opened to the public on April 29, 2004 and was dedicated
> one month later on May 29. It is located on 17th Street, between
> Constitution and Independence Avenues, and is flanked by the
> Washington Monument to the east and the Lincoln Memorial to the west.
> The memorial is operated by the National Park Service and is open to
> visitors 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For more information about
> visiting the memorial, accessibility, parking, directions, special
> events and other details, please visit the National Park Service Web
>
> 閱讀更多 »
Quotation from Wikipedia and cnn
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/06/china/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Richard Nixon meets with Mao Zedong in 1972.The 1972 Nixon visit to
China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between
the
United States and the People's Republic of China. It also marked the
first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC. From February 21 to
February 28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing,
Hangzhou and Shanghai.
Contents [hide]
1 Meeting
2 Media and Culture
4 Further reading
6 External links
[edit] Meeting
1972年尼克松访华
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
大陆：尼克松；台灣：尼克森；香港：尼克遜； 当前用字模式下显示为→尼克松
字詞轉換是中文维基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過计算机程序自動消除繁简、地区词等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的标题转换和全文转换技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由于技術所限，字詞轉換有时会不稳定，在刚增加标题转换时，由于缓存原因標題不一定马上显示转换后的正确结果。你可以尝试单击这里进行强制刷
目录 [隐藏]
1 会面
2 在传媒和文化的这次会见
3 参考资料
4 另見
[编辑] 会面
这是美国总统历史上第一次访问中国。当时两国之间还没有建立外交关系。访问结束前，两国政府发表了上海公报。
公报表示两国致力于发展全面正常的外交关系。美国承认台湾海峡两岸都是中国人这一概念。美国方面确认一个中国政策和台湾是中国的一部分。美国政府重申
对
中国人自己同意和平解决台湾问题的兴趣。公报的表述使得两国政府可以将台湾的政治地位和外交关系等“阻碍两国关系正常化的问题”[1] 暂时搁置起
来，
还包括双方开放贸易以及其他方面的接触。
此后，美国继续与中华民国政府保持正式外交关系，直到1979年和中华民国断交，和中华人民共和国全面建交，北京的美国联络办公室升级为大使馆。
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Concluding his nine-day trip to China in July 1998, President Clinton
called it "a remarkably successful attempt to continue to build our
partnership for the future."
The U.S. president walked a tightrope of diplomacy during the trip,
attempting to strengthen political and economic ties with Beijing
even
as he called attention to perceived shortcomings in the areas of
human
rights and democratic freedoms.
While some critics are unlikely to be impressed with the visit to
China, Clinton's aides say he was right to go, and they predict the
visit will eventually pay huge dividends for both the United States
and China.
Crusades
Jump to: navigation, search
Crusade (disambiguation) and Crusade (definition).
"Crusade" and "Crusader" redirect here. For other uses, see Crusade
(disambiguation).
The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the
First Crusade.[show]v • d • eCrusades
People's – First – Second – Third – Livonian – German
Fourth – Albigensian – Children's – Fifth – Prussian – Sixth – Seventh
– Shepherds' – Eighth – Ninth – Aragonese – Alexandrian – Nicopolis –
Northern – Hussite – Varna – Otranto – Ottoman-Habsburg – Lepanto –
Vienna
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crusades
portal
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious
character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and
internal opponents. Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims,
though campaigns were also directed against pagan Slavs, Jews, Russian
and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites,
Waldensians, Old Prussians and political enemies of the popes.[1]
Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins.[1]
The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the
Holy Land from Muslim rule and were launched in response to a call
from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the
expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. The term is also
used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted
through to the 16th century in territories outside the Levant[2]
usually against pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of
excommunication[3] for a mixture of religious, economic, and political
reasons.[4] Rivalries among both Christian and Muslim powers led also
to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such
as the Christian alliance with the Sultanate of Rum during the Fifth
Crusade.
The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts,
some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal
conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the
crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the
Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople
and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the
Crusaders. The Sixth Crusade was the first crusade to set sail without
the official blessing of the Pope.[5] The Seventh, Eighth and Ninth
Crusades resulted in Mamluk and Hafsid victories, as the Ninth Crusade
marked the end of the Crusades in the Middle East.[6]
Contents [hide]
1 Historical context
1.1 Middle Eastern situation
1.2 Western European situation
1.3 Immediate cause
1.4 After the First Crusade
2 List of crusades
2.1 First Crusade 1095-1099
2.1.1 Siege of Jerusalem
2.1.2 Crusade of 1101
2.2 Second Crusade 1147–1149
2.3 Third Crusade 1187–1192
2.4 Fourth Crusade 1202–1204
2.5 Albigensian Crusade
2.6 Children's Crusade
2.7 Fifth Crusade 1217–1221
2.8 Sixth Crusade 1228–1229
2.9 Seventh Crusade 1248–1254
2.10 Eighth Crusade 1270
2.11 Ninth Crusade 1271–1272
2.12 Northern Crusades (Baltic and Germany)
2.13 Other crusades
2.13.1 Crusade against the Tatars
2.13.2 Crusades in the Balkans
2.13.3 Aragonese Crusade
2.13.4 Alexandrian Crusade
2.13.5 Hussite Crusade
2.13.6 Swedish Crusades
3 Dissent Against the Concept of Crusades
4 Historical perspective
4.1 Islamic perspective
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Results of the Crusades on the Islamic World
4.2 Eastern Orthodoxy
4.3 Popular reputation in Western Europe
4.4 Role of women
5 Legacy
5.1 Europe and the West
5.1.1 Politics and culture
5.1.2 Trade
5.2 Islamic world
5.3 Jewish community
5.4 Caucasus
6 Etymology and use of the term "crusade"
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Historical context
十字軍東征
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
在第一次十字軍東征時弄的敘利亞古都安條克的模型。十字軍東征（拉丁文：Cruciata，1096年－1291年）是一系列在教宗的准許下進行的有名
的宗教性軍事行動，由西歐的封建領主和騎士對地中海東岸的國家發動的戰爭。當時原屬於羅馬天主教聖地的耶路撒冷落入伊斯蘭教手中，羅馬天主教為了收復失
地，便進行多次東征行動。但有一些東征是針對天主教以外的其他基督教派，並非針對伊斯蘭，如第四次十字軍東征。
每次十字軍開始時，都有講道、宣誓及受予每個將士十字架的儀式，任命成員為教會的將士。雖然十字軍的主要攻擊對象是伊斯蘭教徒，但此狂熱同時發洩在招募
十字軍地區的猶太人身上，亦使猶太人受迫害和遭殺害。十字軍令東西方教會在歷史上留下有名的暴行。到近代，天主教已承認十字軍東征造成了基督教徒與伊斯
蘭教徒之間的仇恨和敵對，是使教會聲譽蒙污的錯誤行為。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 背景
2 八次東征
2.1 第一次十字軍東征
2.2 第二次十字軍東征
2.3 第三次十字軍東征
2.4 第四次十字軍東征
2.5 第五次十字軍東征
2.6 第六次十字軍東征
2.7 第七次十字軍東征
2.8 第八次十字軍東征
3 影響
4 十字軍失敗的原因
5 注釋
6 參考來源
7 相關條目
8 外部連結
[編輯] 背景
mrliu918
----- Original Message -----
Subject:Fans of Lee and Leung kidnapped and raped a donkey
Date:Mon, 20 Oct 2008 17:19:16
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
CC:drago...@excite.com <drago...@excite.com>
It is confirmed that either fans of Bruce Lee or leung kidnapped and
raped a donkey many years ago. However, I am not sure about their
family tie with lee's family.
If they continue to harass you, simple confront them and talk to them
about the donkey. I believe that the FBI still have a file on Lee and
Leung. Just tell them to answer the question with honesty.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
----- Original Message -----
Date:Mon, 20 Oct 2008 16:26:34
From:LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
CC: <drago...@excite.com>, <jfli...@yahoo.com>
--- 2008年10月21日 星期二，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: This person kidnap and rape a donkey
> 收件人: 7a5a...@yahoogroups.com.hk
> 副本(CC): drago...@excite.com, jfli...@yahoo.com
> 日期: 2008 10 21 星期二 上午 12:13
> If the police does not take care of you, you should talk to
> friends in the entertainment business and boardcast your
> story to the public.
>
> In the past, a victim keep boardcasting the message that
> this person kidnaped and raped a donkey for months. The gang
> suddenly stop harassing him. Some gang leaders must be got
> caught for kidnapping and raping a donkey in the past. It
> appears that the gang don't want to be sting again.
>
> If you don't have any friend in the entertainment
> business, you can put up a large sign in your residence and
> a message on your shirt so that the gang member and stalker
> has to confront his past as long as he is spying on you. It
> worked for some victims many years ago.
>
>
>
>
> --- 2008年10月19日 星期日，LIU MR
> > 主題: You should talk to FBI, local police, and
> embassy
> > 收件人: 7a5a...@yahoogroups.com.hk
> > 副本(CC): drago...@excite.com, jfli...@yahoo.com
> > 日期: 2008 10 19 星期日 下午 9:38
> > I doubt there are any government involvement unless it
> is
> > during war time. It is simple foolish for any kkk
> member to
> > walk into Harlem or any American civilian to stay in
> Iraq at
> > a time of mutual antagonism. The movie Mississippi
> burning
> > is in fact a correct portrayal of the danger civil
> right
> > workers and African American have to live with
> everyday at
> > the Sixty.
> >
> > You should talk to the FBI, local police and embassy.
> > Someone spy on you and boardcast your private
> activities to
> > gang members. It happened to many people in the past.
> It is
> > a form of mob violence. In many circumstance, the
> victim is
> > on drug and their communication are illegally
> intercepted.
> > In 1990, there are reports that fanatics and
> extremetists
> > adopt similar tactics against some victims because the
> > fanatics are unhappy about the release of hostage
> during
> > Gulf War.
> >
> > --- 2006年5月26日 星期五，au john
> > <john...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
> >
> > > 寄件人: au john <john...@yahoo.com.hk>
> > > 主題: [極之M.P] Fwd:
> >
> ２００６年５月２２日起在彌敦道亞皆老街交界反曾蔭權暗殺市民，請傳送全港市民，多謝網友幫忙。
> > > 收件人:
> "02020...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <02020...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> >
> "0a876ae06a1th...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> >
> <0a876ae06a1th...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "21...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <21...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "23memb...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <23memb...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "409m...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <409m...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "5454...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <5454...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "6a_is_t...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <6a_is_t...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "6Astude...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <6Astude...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "6c-feel...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <6c-feel...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "6star...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <6star...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "7a5a...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <7a5a...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a19a876...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a19a876...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> >
> "a4paepa6nabaca5j...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> >
> <a4paepa6nabaca5j...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a54...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a54...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a5aa5a2...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a5aa5a2...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> >
> "a5ae5a3adxbb...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a5ae5a3adxbb...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a5thabga...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a5thabga...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a7e5u8oe...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a7e5u8oe...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a8ae0g...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a8ae0g...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "a_...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <a_...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "abow...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <abow...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "adaeaeaeoa...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <adaeaeaeoa...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> >
> "adbb4aebanabwba...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> >
> <adbb4aebanabwba...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "adbb4ae...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <adbb4ae...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "adja8i...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <adja8i...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "aegaau...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <aegaau...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "af3oea...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <af3oea...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "air...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <air...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "all_nipp...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <all_nipp...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "allst...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <allst...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "and...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <and...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "anime_co...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <anime_co...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "AT...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <AT...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "b_5...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <b_5...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bab...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bab...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "badmin...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <badmin...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "ballbal...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <ballbal...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bau...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bau...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> >
> "bcoe5bd0o1cegua1...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> >
> <bcoe5bd0o1cegua1...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bdaeab...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bdaeab...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "be_a_...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <be_a_...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bear...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bear...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "beyblad...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <beyblad...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "blythe_bl...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <blythe_bl...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "blyth...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <blyth...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "boili...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <boili...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bookdo...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bookdo...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bus_s...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bus_s...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "bwwtcf...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <bwwtcf...@yahoogroups.com.hk>,
> > "c...@yahoogroups.com.hk"
> > <c...@yahoogroups.com.hk>
> > > 日期: 2006 5 26 星期五 上午 10:37
> > > Fwd:
> > >
> >
> ２００６年５月２２日起在彌敦道亞皆老街交界反曾蔭權暗殺市民，請傳送全港市民，多謝網友幫忙。
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> ２００６年５月１０日到立法會請願
> > >
> > > 早上１０時至１１時在示威區請願
> > >
> > > 標語是：
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 曾蔭權暗殺香港市
> > >
> > > 民已經殺了不少市
> > >
> > > 民請議員為民請命
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> ２００６年４月２６日到立法會請願
> > >
> > >
> 早上１０時至１１時３０分在示威區請願
> > >
> > > 標語是：
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 曾蔭權暗殺市民
> > >
> > > 請議員為民請命
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 下午約２時１５分許到立法會公眾席叫口號
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 香港政府暗殺香港市民，請議員為民請命．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 大約叫了３次被保安押送離塲
> > >
> > > 於下午２時５６分被警告便釋放
> > >
> > >
> >
> 市民被政府壓迫謀殺，投訴無門，被迫到市民選出的議會，請議員施以援手為民請命．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> ２００６年３月２日起在彌敦道佐敦道交界反曾蔭權暗殺市民，請傳送全港市民，多謝網友幫忙。
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 現在我被香港人民公敵曾蔭權為首香港政府使用腦部聲音收發機謀殺，無法與人接觸，因為與人接觸就連別人與我說話也被政府竊聽，知情者隨時被恐怖組織殺害，現在更遭政府部門迫害，被迫冒險出街乞討生活費及反恐經費，希望網友經過時慷慨解囊，以便到政府總部展示政府殺人實錄，現在更被一班腐敗公務員恐嚇殺人，隨時橫屍街頭，請各位網友施以援手，並用手機拍下將訊息傳送全香港揭露香港政府謀殺市民暴行，請各位多多幫忙，否則是不能將殘殺市民兇徒繩之於法的，多謝網友幫忙．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > 各位網友見到我記得映相上網傳送，或寄
> > > twa...@hotmail.com 給我登上網頁．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 世界人民公敵
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 內容全屬事實，誹謗是會被當事人起訴的，關係全港市民生命安全，請幫忙轉寄．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 世界人民公敵
> > >
> > > 香港恐怖分子首領
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 香港行政長官曾蔭權
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 香港政府公開謀殺市民，法治淪為恐怖統治．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 行政長官曾蔭權指使公務員敗類壓逼殺害市民，無所不用其極．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 香港行政長官曾蔭權暗殺香港市民，指使禽獸不如香港警務處使用腦部聲音收發機暗殺香港市民，已經殺人殺到發了狂，香港政府公務員敗類協助香港警務處繼續謀殺市民，喪盡天良，是世界人民公敵，涉及全世界人民生命安全，請幫忙轉寄全世界，我對所寫的全部負責，詳情及真實姓名請到網站參觀，這封電郵向全世界發出數以萬計，人命關天，是你的性命關天，請將你的通訊錄轉寄開去，多謝全世界網友幫忙．
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 人命關天，這封電郵向全香港發出數以萬計，請傳送全港市民，多謝網友幫忙。
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> 現在被香港警務處使用腦部聲音收發機不停虐殺的香港市民
> > > twaaaaa 5月26日
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 轉址：http://1984.3cc.cc
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > 網址：http://home.pchome.com.tw/online/twaaaaa1000
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 請傳送全世界, 7 種語言信件:
> > >
> > > HongKong English French German Japanese
> > Portuguese
> > > Spanish
> > >
On 9月29日, 下午5時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Li ( aka Lee ) and Liang ( aka Leung ) are Taiwanese. Lee is a
> politician in Taiwan and Leung has friends in the film industry.
> 梁*是台灣人, 因無能為國家民族立功失寵, 几代人都屢戰屢敗, 幾乎從未戰勝,
> 想出演戲, 一女多嫁, 聯姻,和親等方法, 希望通過讓他人追求和爭奪他女儿,
> 或在電影里扮演知名人仕, 以此提高名氣, 招兵買馬, 擴張私人力量, 靠女人謀功績富貴.
> 他怎能與在戰場上出生入死的廖耀湘, 在革命年代和孫中山一起為民奮鬥的廖仲凱,
> 在最短時間內橫掃世界各國代表, 殺虎屠熊, 百戰百勝的廖宇相比.
> 你知道各國軍隊中有多少這種兵將.
> 色偶天成
> > being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
> > relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
> > character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
> > long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
> > other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
> > this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
> > equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
> > of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
> > Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
> > eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
> > first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
> > released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
> > opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
> > also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
> > Singapore)."
>
>
> >http://www.boxrec.com/ratings.php?country=&sex=m&division=Heavyweight...)
>
> > World all heavyweight ratings
> > page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
> > 9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
> > 9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
> > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> > WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll Search
> > ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising ProgramsAbout
> > This PageCustomizeMy EnhancementsDefault EnhancementsMore...Browse
> > GalleryManage SettingsYahoo!Suggestions:
> > Start typing to see suggestions.
> > Explore concepts:
> > Search Assist Settings
> > Help
> > Search In: the Web pages from Hong Kong
>
> > Sorry, there was a problem retrieving search results. Please try
> > again.
>
> > SearchScanBETA On
>
> > WEB RESULTSNames for Japanes
> > ... many Japanese prefer to write in the western style, the personal
> > name first and ... Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, ...
> > List of male names beginning the with letter K ... KATO: African
> > Luganda name meaning "second born of twins." KATSU: Japanese name
> > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> > are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> > petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> > plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> > Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> > ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> > Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> > In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> > 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-Cached
> > bio
> > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> > composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> > Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html-Cached
> > < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
> > --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> > Yahoo!© 2008 Yahoo! Privacy / Legal - Submit Your SiteSearchScanBETA
> > displays McAfee alerts optimal for the Yahoo! Search user and does not
> > include all McAfee SiteAdvisor red ratings.
>
> > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> > WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll Search
> > ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising ProgramsAbout
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> > GalleryManage SettingsYahoo!Suggestions:
> > Start typing to see suggestions.
> > Explore concepts:
> > Search Assist Settings
> > Help
> > Search In: the Web pages from Hong Kong
>
> > Sorry, there was a problem retrieving search results. Please try
> > again.
>
> > 61 - 70 of 1,710,000 for kato and japanese name (About) - 0.27 s |
> > SearchScanBETA On
>
> > WEB RESULTSChieko Kato - Japan
>
SEO
> Japanese propaganda has done its job in Hollywood.
>
> Japanese role has been transformed from a valet, unnamed, masked
> driver and sidekick
> of European master to the teacher and saviors of the West inKarate
> Morita, or its sequels:
> TheKarateKid, Part II (1986)
> TheKarateKid, Part III (1989)
> The NextKarateKid (1994)
> > Jump to: navigation, search
>
> > TheKarateKid, a 1984 American movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat
> > Morita, or its sequels:
> > TheKarateKid, Part II (1986)
> > TheKarateKid, Part III (1989)
> > The NextKarateKid (1994)
> > series based on theKarateKid film franchise.
> > the Legion of Super-Heroes.
> > TheKarateKid (video game), a game published by LJN for the NES.
>
> > TheKarateKid
> > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> > Jump to: navigation, search
>
> > TheKarateKid movie poster
> > Directed by John G. Avildsen
> > Produced by Jerry Weintraub
> > R. J. Louis (executive producer)
> > Bud S. Smith (associate producer)
> > Written by Robert Mark Kamen
> > Starring Ralph Macchio
> > Noriyuki "Pat" Morita
> > Elisabeth Shue
> > Martin Kove
> > William Zabka
> > Randee Heller
> > Music by Bill Conti
> > Cinematography James Crabe
> > Editing by John G. Avildsen
> > Walt Mulconery
> > Bud S. Smith
> > Distributed by Columbia Pictures
> > Release date(s) June 22, 1984
> > Running time 127 min.
> > Country USA
> > Language English
> > Gross revenue $90,815,558 [1]
> > Allmovie profile
> > IMDb profile
> > TheKarateKid is a 1984 film directed by Phillip Ali, and starring
> > Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita and Elisabeth Shue. It is a martial arts
> > film and an "underdog" story much in the mold of a previous Avildsen
> > success, the 1976 boxing film Rocky. It was a great commercial success
> > upon first release, and has retained its popular following. It also
> > received a favorable critical attention, earning Pat Morita an Academy
> > Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.
>
> > Contents [hide]
> > 1 Plot
> > 2 Cast
> > 3 Reception
> > 3.1 Sequels
> > 3.2 Awards
> > 3.3 References in popular culture
> > 4 Music
> > 4.1 Track listing for 1984 soundtrack
> > 4.2 Track listing for 2007 Varèse Sarabande score
> > 5 Trivia
> > 6 References
> > 7 External links
>
> > [edit] Plot
>
> > The NextKarateKid
> > Jump to: navigation, search
>
> > The NextKarateKid movie poster
> > Directed by Christopher Cain
> > Produced by Jerry Weintraub
> > Susan Ekins (associate producer)
> > R.J. Louis (executive producer)
> > Written by Mark Lee (using the "Mr. Miyagi" character created by
> > Robert Mark Kamen)
> > Starring Hilary Swank
> > Pat Morita
> > Michael Ironside
> > Constance Towers
> > Chris Conrad
> > Music by Bill Conti
> > Cinematography László Kovács
> > Editing by Ronald Roose
> > Distributed by Columbia Pictures
> > Release date(s) August 12, 1994
> > Running
>
>
> read more >>
When shopping online, we know that it is important to get the best
prices on martial arts supplies. We also know that great customer
service and detailed knowledge of martial arts is also important. That
is why we have an expert martial arts staff on hand to assist you with
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Please check out our current martial arts specials for this month. We
have great discounts on swords, boxing equipment, sparring gear and
karate supplies.
mrliu918
Both articles are propaganda and their point of view should treated as
reference only.
Quotation from
http://hs.hnol.net
http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/blog.ifeng.com/article/1802625.html
中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的真正原因發表于 2008-10-25 00:24:04 類別：捧糊塗讀史
核心提示：當年抗美援朝選帥時，無論從哪方面看，據傳最佳挂帥人選毫無疑問應該是林彪，其次是粟裕，早在7月13日，中央作出了《關於保衛東北邊防的決
定》，將四野的部份轉為東北邊防軍，任命粟裕為東北邊防軍司令員兼政委，10月8日，毛澤東下令東北邊防軍改為中國人民志願軍入朝作戰。是哪些不為人知
的原因讓粟裕稱病不能到任、林彪拒絕出馬呢？真的都是身體上的健康原因嗎？
最近發佈時評："前腐後繼"何時了？"土地財政"幾...
書評：從當前"中國熱"，看兩百年前歐洲人...
史考：從貧民窟到華爾街，論猶太人在美國的...
王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
反思落後就會挨打?論蒙古崛起對世界歷...
難打的硬仗：彭德懷抗美援朝中的三次大怒
《西遊記》譏諷中國傳統是改造人性為奴...
宋朝那些事，聯金滅遼和聯蒙滅金錯誤為何...
中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的...
蒋介石痛骂尼克松：台湾被逐出联合国细节
manbudelang 发表在 参考文摘 华声论坛 http://bbs.voc.com.cn
1971年10月25日，第二十六届联合国大会以压倒性多数通过第2758号决议，决定恢复新中国在联合国的合法席位。台湾前"监察院长"钱复在其
回忆录中，披露了台湾被逐出联合国的细节，包括很多台湾与美国之间的重要政治"外交"内幕。早年从台大政治系毕业后，钱复前往美国耶鲁大学取得国际关系
博士学位，回台后，先任台湾"行政院秘书"职务，并于1964年开始接触台湾对美"外交"工作。在蒋经国刻意栽培下，钱复从台湾"新闻局长"、"外交次
长"扶摇直上，并于1982年被蒋经国任命为台湾"北美事务协调会驻美代表"长达六年时间，与美国政界关系很深。直到1988年再度回台，出任"外交部
长 "。
多国赞成恢复新中国在联合国合法席位
On 10月17日, 下午6時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades
> Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training
> in
> martial art.
>
> "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008
> dollars,
> and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> --War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
> --Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> --Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> --World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
> --World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> --Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> --Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> --Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
> --Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
> --Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
>
>
> > Vietnam War
> > U.S. Huey UH-1D helicopters near Cu Chi, Vietnam, 1966
> > Result North Vietnamese victory.
> > Communist takeover of South Vietnam and Laos.
> > Khmer Rouge takeover in Cambodia.
> > Territorial
> > changes Unification of North and South Vietnam
> > Belligerents
>
mrliu918
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to: navigation, search
>
> Yuan ShuaiYuan Shuai (元帥) was a Chinese military rank that
> corresponds
> to a marshal in other nations. It is given to distinguished generals
> during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank
> of
> Da Yuan Shuai (大元帥), which corresponds to a Generalissimo), also
> existed.
>
> Contents [hide]
> 1 Song Dynasty
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 >>- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
> --- 2008年10月12日 星期日，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 主題: Hostages recuse mission during Gulf War
> 收件人: "Ask...@usdoj.gov" <Ask...@usdoj.gov>
> 副本(CC): "dragonst...@excite.com" <dragonst...@excite.com>,
> "jfliu...@yahoo.com" <jfliu...@yahoo.com>
> 日期: 2008 10 12 星期日 上午 1:53
>
> To whom it may concern:
>
> Since I was on the list of advisory committee for hostage recuse
> mission and my
> combat video tape with the ten Republican guards was broadcasted as
> propaganda
> during Gulf War, I am most likely to be the first few victims of
> retailation by
> fanatics and extremists. In fact, they poisoned me and tried to
> assassinate me
> several times many years ago.
>
> Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> Subject:foreign hostages during Gulf War
> Date:Sat, 11 Oct 2008 9:04:49
> From:LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> To: <Ask...@usdoj.gov>, <ZaComm...@Anc.Org>,a...@ago.state.ma.us
>
> <a...@ago.state.ma.us>, <cnn.feedb...@cnn.com>,
> <media.operati...@olympic.org>, <dragonst...@excite.com>,
> <b.li...@sify.com>, <b...@bic.boxing.com>,
> <AmCitBeij...@state.gov>, <i...@wbcboxing.com>,
> <zho...@state.gov>, <she...@state.gov>, <ca...@state.gov>,
> <wan...@state.gov>, <ruem...@tm.net.my>,
> <moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn>, <russianemba...@mindspring.com>,
> <ruspo...@mweb.co.za>, <rusembi...@parsonline.net>,
> <rus...@rogers.com>
> CC: <jfliu...@yahoo.com>
>
> --- 2008年10月7日 星期二，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> 寫道﹕
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: foreign hostages
> during Gulf War 收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org,
> "a...@ago.state.ma.us" <a...@ago.state.ma.us>,
> cnn.feedb...@cnn.com, media.operati...@olympic.org,
> dragonst...@excite.com,
> b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
> i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
> ca...@state.gov,
> wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my, moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn,
> russianemba...@mindspring.com, ruspo...@mweb.co.za,
> rusembi...@parsonline.net,
> <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 主題: Illegal interception
> of information concerning National security of US government 收件人:
> vice_presid...@whitehouse.gov, comme...@whitehouse.gov 副本(CC):
> jfliu...@yahoo.com, dragonst...@excite.com 日期: 2008 10 6 星期一 下午
mrliu918
Li's movies after 1990 are mostly lie and propaganda.
anyone
victory of people. They are interested in dictatorship more than the
glory of
been
losing most of the battles in modern history. Li's family lost two
famous battles in the first sino-Japanese war and the communist
liberation war
Liang's family never participated in any successful and major military
campaign in modern history. The most famous person in Liang family
fled to Japan
after a failed political coup during the Qing dynasty.
> Both articles are propaganda and their point of view should treated as
> reference only.
>
> 中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的真正原因發表于 2008-10-25 00:24:04 類別：捧糊塗讀史
>
> 核心提示：當年抗美援朝選帥時，無論從哪方面看，據傳最佳挂帥人選毫無疑問應該是林彪，其次是粟裕，早在7月13日，中央作出了《關於保衛東北邊防的決
> 定》，將四野的部份轉為東北邊防軍，任命粟裕為東北邊防軍司令員兼政委，10月8日，毛澤東下令東北邊防軍改為中國人民志願軍入朝作戰。是哪些不為人知
> 的原因讓粟裕稱病不能到任、林彪拒絕出馬呢？真的都是身體上的健康原因嗎？
>
> 最近發佈時評："前腐後繼"何時了？"土地財政"幾...
> 書評：從當前"中國熱"，看兩百年前歐洲人...
> 史考：從貧民窟到華爾街，論猶太人在美國的...
> 王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
> 王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
> 反思落後就會挨打?論蒙古崛起對世界歷...
> 難打的硬仗：彭德懷抗美援朝中的三次大怒
> 《西遊記》譏諷中國傳統是改造人性為奴...
> 宋朝那些事，聯金滅遼和聯蒙滅金錯誤為何...
> 中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的...
>
> 蒋介石痛骂尼克松：台湾被逐出联合国细节
> 1971年10月25日，第二十六届联合国大会以压倒性多数通过第2758号决议，决定恢复新中国在联合国的合法席位。台湾前"监察院长"钱复在其
> 回忆录中，披露了台湾被逐出联合国的细节，包括很多台湾与美国之间的重要政治"外交"内幕。早年从台大政治系毕业后，钱复前往美国耶鲁大学取得国际关系
> 博士学位，回台后，先任台湾"行政院秘书"职务，并于1964年开始接触台湾对美"外交"工作。在蒋经国刻意栽培下，钱复从台湾"新闻局长"、"外交次
> 长"扶摇直上，并于1982年被蒋经国任命为台湾"北美事务协调会驻美代表"长达六年时间，与美国政界关系很深。直到1988年再度回台，出任"外交部
> 长 "。
> 多国赞成恢复新中国在联合国合法席位
>
> On 10月17日, 下午6時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
mrliu918
Misusing alliance compassion is their way of eliminating contenders or
anyone
better than them. Li's family do not concern about national interest
and the
victory of people. They are interested in dictatorship more than the
glory of
national victory. Li's family are incompetent generals and they have
been
losing most of the battles in modern history. Li's family lost two
most
famous battles in the first sino-Japanese war and the communist
liberation war
of NanJing. The countries they fought for was eventually invaded and
collapsed.
Liang's family never participated in any successful and major military
campaign in modern history. The most famous person in Liang family
fled to Japan
after a failed political coup during the Qing dynasty.
On 10月26日, 下午5時02分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> reference only.
>
> 中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的真正原因發表于 2008-10-25 00:24:04 類別：捧糊塗讀史
>
> 核心提示：當年抗美援朝選帥時，無論從哪方面看，據傳最佳挂帥人選毫無疑問應該是林彪，其次是粟裕，早在7月13日，中央作出了《關於保衛東北邊防的決
> 定》，將四野的部份轉為東北邊防軍，任命粟裕為東北邊防軍司令員兼政委，10月8日，毛澤東下令東北邊防軍改為中國人民志願軍入朝作戰。是哪些不為人知
> 的原因讓粟裕稱病不能到任、林彪拒絕出馬呢？真的都是身體上的健康原因嗎？
>
> 最近發佈時評："前腐後繼"何時了？"土地財政"幾...
> 書評：從當前"中國熱"，看兩百年前歐洲人...
> 史考：從貧民窟到華爾街，論猶太人在美國的...
> 王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
> 王安石變法：從理念之爭到人事之爭的改革...
> 反思落後就會挨打?論蒙古崛起對世界歷...
> 難打的硬仗：彭德懷抗美援朝中的三次大怒
> 《西遊記》譏諷中國傳統是改造人性為奴...
> 宋朝那些事，聯金滅遼和聯蒙滅金錯誤為何...
> 中國出兵北韓，揭開了林彪拒絕赴朝作戰的...
>
> 蒋介石痛骂尼克松：台湾被逐出联合国细节
> 1971年10月25日，第二十六届联合国大会以压倒性多数通过第2758号决议，决定恢复新中国在联合国的合法席位。台湾前"监察院长"钱复在其
> 回忆录中，披露了台湾被逐出联合国的细节，包括很多台湾与美国之间的重要政治"外交"内幕。早年从台大政治系毕业后，钱复前往美国耶鲁大学取得国际关系
> 博士学位，回台后，先任台湾"行政院秘书"职务，并于1964年开始接触台湾对美"外交"工作。在蒋经国刻意栽培下，钱复从台湾"新闻局长"、"外交次
> 长"扶摇直上，并于1982年被蒋经国任命为台湾"北美事务协调会驻美代表"长达六年时间，与美国政界关系很深。直到1988年再度回台，出任"外交部
> 长 "。
> 多国赞成恢复新中国在联合国合法席位
>
> On 10月17日, 下午6時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
mrliu918
Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
the motivation behind her agenda.
Did Leung want to use black against white or simple tried to
incite white supremacists to attack black?
In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
> > "Upon the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as
> > being Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
> > relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
> > character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
> > long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
> > other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
> > this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
> > equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
> > of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
> > Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
> > eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
> > first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
> > released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
> > opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
> > also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
> > Singapore)."
>
mrliu918
Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
the motivation behind the agenda.
Did Leung want to use black against white or simply tried to
incite white supremacists to attack black?
In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
Quotation:
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_house.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000490/bio
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Arlington House, The R.E. Lee Memorial
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location Arlington, Virginia, USA
Nearest city Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°52′52″N 77°4′22″W / 38.88111, -77.07278
Area 27.91 acres (112,900 m²)
Established March 4, 1925
Visitors 466,690 (in 2007)
Governing body National Park Service
Arlington House (The R.E. Lee Memorial), is a Greek revival style
mansion located in Arlington, Virginia, USA and was once the home of
Confederate General Robert E. Lee. It overlooks the Potomac River,
directly across from the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the
American Civil War, the grounds of the mansion were selected as the
site of Arlington National Cemetery, in part to ensure that Lee would
never again be able to return to his home. However, the United States
has since designated the mansion as a National Memorial to its former
opponent, a mark of widespread respect for him in both the North and
South.
Contents [hide]
1 Construction and early history
2 Civil War
3 Post-war
4 References
5 External links
[edit] Construction and early history
Arlington National Cemetery was established by Brig. Gen. Montgomery
C. Meigs, who commanded the garrison at Arlington House, appropriated
the grounds June 15, 1864, for use as a military cemetery. His
intention was to render the house uninhabitable should the Lee family
ever attempt to return. A stone and masonry burial vault in the rose
garden, 20 feet wide and 10 feet deep, and containing the remains of
1,800 Bull Run casualties, was among the first monuments to Union dead
erected under Meigs' orders. Meigs himself was later buried within 100
yards of Arlington House with his wife, father and son; the final
statement to his original order.
The federal government dedicated a model community for freed slaves,
Freedman's Village, near the current Memorial Amphitheater, on Dec. 4,
1863. More than 1,100 freed slaves were given land by the government,
where they farmed and lived during and after the Civil War.
“只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘了渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作
为賭博的资本。 漢代李陵戰敗投敵叛漢; 滿清李鸿章在甲午战争中徹底失敗, 把台灣, 朝鮮, 中國沿海利益割讓日本，滿清國勢一落千丈，走上亡國滅
族的不歸路；民國李宗仁一場豪賭, 竟在數月內輸光中華民國的老本 共產黨軍隊從此如入無人之境, 結束了長達三年內戰. 庸才誤國, 朽木不可雕，李
家可算是歷史上最有名的常敗將軍。”
On 11月2日, 下午3時04分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
> of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
> the motivation behind the agenda.
> > > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k- Cached
> > > Masao Kato
> > > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > > reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html-75k- Cached
> > > MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> > > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > > myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> > > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > > PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> > > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> > > are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> > > petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> > > plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> > > Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> > > ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> > > Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> > > more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game-52k- Cached
> > > 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> > > In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> > > 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-Cached
> > > bio
> > > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> > > composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> > > Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html-Cached
> > > NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> > > Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> > > products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25-59k- Cached
> > > < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
>
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> > > displays McAfee alerts optimal for the Yahoo! Search user and does not
> > > include all McAfee SiteAdvisor red ratings.
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mrliu918
Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
the motivation behind the agenda.
Did Leung want to use black against white or simply tried to
incite white supremacists to attack black?
In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
"[edit] Life after Defection
As a young and high-profile defector, the Chanyu held generous regard
of Li Ling, marrying Li his daughter and making Li Lord Youxiao (右校王),
which was at the same level as Chanyu's chief adviser (and a notorious
Han traitor), Wei Lü (衛律). However, the Xiongnu Queen Dowager (大閼氏)
disliked Li Ling and wanted to have him killed. The Chanyu therefore
sent Li Ling to a far northern region, and did not call him back until
after the Queen Dowager died."
It is not my concern whether descendants of Lee married to African
American after his unconditional surrender to the Union and finally
turn against his own kind during the civil right movement.
I do believe that the treatment for General Lee after Civil war is
very inhumane in modern standard.
I condemn the injustice by all sides and there are no conclusion
that every KKK members wear mask.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Quotation:
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_house.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000490/bio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ling_(Han_Dynasty)#Battle.2C_Defeat_and_Defection
Mississippi Burning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mississippi Burning
original US film poster
Directed by Alan Parker
Produced by Robert F. Colesberry
Frederick Zollo
Written by Chris Gerolmo
Frederick Zollo
Starring Gene Hackman
Willem Dafoe
Frances McDormand
Music by Trevor Jones
Cinematography Peter Biziou
Editing by Gerry Hambling
Distributed by Orion Pictures
Release date(s) December 9, 1988
Running time 128 min.
Country United States
Language English
IMDb • Allmovie
Mississippi Burning is a 1988 crime drama film based on the FBI
investigation into the real-life murders of three civil rights workers
in the U.S. state of Mississippi in 1964. The movie focuses on two
fictional FBI agents (portrayed by Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe) who
investigate the murders. Hackman's character is loosely based on FBI
agent John Proctor, and Dafoe's character is very loosely based on
agent Joseph Sullivan.
The film also stars Frances McDormand, Brad Dourif, R. Lee Ermey and
Gailard Sartain, and was written by Chris Gerolmo and directed by Alan
Parker. It won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, and was
nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Hackman), Best Actress in
a Supporting Role (McDormand), Best Director, Best Film Editing (Gerry
Hambling), Best Picture and Best Sound.
Contents [hide]
1 Plot
2 Critics
3 Context
4 Opening scenes
5 Awards
5.1 Nominations
6 On the set
7 References
8 External links
[edit] Plot
The story is loosely based on the real-life murders of three civil
rights workers in Mississippi in 1964. After the three are reported
missing, two FBI agents are sent to investigate the incident in rural
Jessup County, Mississippi (modeled after Neshoba County where the
real murders took place). Agent Alan Ward (Dafoe) is a northerner who
takes a direct approach to the investigation. Agent Rupert Anderson
(Hackman), a southerner who understands the intricacies of race
relations in the south, takes a more subtle tack. It is very hard for
the two to work in the town as well, as the Ku Klux Klan is run by the
local police force, and the two agents cannot talk to the local
African American community, due to their fear of Klan attacks. Slowly
but steadily, relations between the FBI and the local Jessup County
sheriff's office deteriorates, as do relations between the two FBI
agents. Things boil over when the bodies are located and the Deputy
Sheriff realises that his wife gave their locations to Mr. Anderson,
prompting him to beat her up. When Anderson sees her in the hospital,
he storms off to confront the Deputy. After a brief scuffle with Ward,
the two agree that they will work together and bring down the Klan
using both man's approach to the investigation. The ending shows
several scenes of the takedown of the Klan heads:
The first Klan head is taken down when he is abducted by an African
American man, who tells him a story about a man who was castrated by
the Klan for the colour of his skin (while implying that the same
thing will happen to him). Using this, the agents are able to scare
the head into giving evidence of the sheriff's involvement in the
murders. They then fly the African American out of the state where the
Klan can't get him.
Next, Anderson pays a visit to the barber shop and gives the Deputy
Sheriff an enormous beating and thereby punishing him for abusing his
wife.
Following this, some FBI members disguise themselves as Klan members
and chase another Klan head, before cornering him and pretending to
lynch him. The FBI suddenly show up and "chase" them away, before
offering the head protection from the Klan if he co-operates.
The final scene shows each Klan member arrested and detailing their
sentences.
[edit] Critics
Ku Klux Klan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"KKK" redirects here. For other uses, see KKK (disambiguation).
Ku Klux Klan
In Existence
1st Klan 1865-1870s
2nd Klan 1915-1944
3rd Klan1 since 1946
Members
1st Klan 550,000
2nd Klan 4,000,000[1] (1924 Peak)
3rd Klan1 2,500[citation needed]
Properties
Origin United States of America
Political ideology White supremacy
Political position Far right
1The 3rd Klan is decentralized, with approx. 179 chapters.
This box: view • talk • edit
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is the name of several past and present secret
domestic militant organizations in the United States, generally in the
southern states, that are best known for advocating white supremacy
and acting as vigilantes while hidden behind conical masks and white
robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism[2], violence, and lynching to
intimidate and oppress African Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics and
labor unions during periods of turmoil.
The first Klan was founded in 1865 by veterans of the Confederate
Army. Its purpose was to restore white supremacy in the aftermath of
the American Civil War. The Klan resisted Reconstruction by
intimidating "carpetbaggers", "scalawags" and freedmen. The KKK
quickly adopted violent methods. The increase in murders finally
resulted in a backlash among Southern elites who viewed the Klan's
excesses as an excuse for federal troops to continue occupation. The
organization declined from 1868 to 1870 and was destroyed by President
Ulysses S. Grant's prosecution and enforcement under the Civil Rights
Act of 1871.
In 1915, the second Klan was founded. It grew rapidly in another
period of postwar social tensions. After World War I, many Americans
coped with booming growth rates in major cities, where numerous waves
of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and the Great Migration
of Southern blacks and whites were being absorbed. After World War I,
labor tensions rose as veterans tried to reenter the work force. In
reaction to these new groups of immigrants and migrants, the second
KKK preached racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and
anti-Semitism. Some local groups took part in lynchings, attacks on
private houses and public property, and other violent activities.
Members used ceremonial cross burning to intimidate victims and
demonstrate its power. Murders and violence by the Klan were most
numerous in the South, which had a tradition of lawlessness.[3]
The film The Birth of a Nation and the sensationalized newspaper
coverage of the trial, conviction and lynching of Leo Frank of Georgia
sparked the Klan's revival. The second Klan was a formal fraternal
organization, with a national and state structure. At its peak in the
mid-1920s, the organization included about 15% of the nation's
eligible population, approximately 4–5 million men.[4] The Klan's
popularity fell rapidly during the Great Depression, and membership
fell further during World War II.[5]
The name Ku Klux Klan has since been used by many independent groups
opposing the Civil Rights Movement and desegregation, especially in
the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, they often acted with
impunity by alliances with Southern police departments, as during the
reign of Bull Connor in Birmingham, Alabama; or governor's offices, as
with George Wallace of Alabama.[6] Several members of KKK-affiliated
groups were convicted of manslaughter and murder in the deaths of
civil rights workers and children in the bombing of the 16th Street
Baptist Church in Alabama, the assassination of NAACP organizer Medgar
Evers, and the murders of three civil rights workers in Mississippi.
Today, researchers estimate there may be more than 150 Klan chapters
with 5,000-8,000 members nationwide. The U.S. government classifies
them as hate groups, with operations in separated small local units.
Contents [hide]
1 First Klan 1865-1874
1.1 Creation
1.2 Activities
1.3 Decline and suppression
1.4 Resistance
2 Disfranchisement and Great Migration
3 The second Klan 1915-1944
3.1 Creation
3.2 Members
3.3 Activities
3.4 Political influence
3.5 Resistance and Decline
4 Later Klans, 1950 through 1960s
5 Since the 1970s
6 Vocabulary
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Further reading
9 External links
First Klan 1865-1874
Aftermath of Defection
Emperor Wu initially thought Li Ling was killed in action, and
summoned his family to pay tribute. However, he observed no signs of
sorrow from Li's family and thus grew suspicious. As the battlefield
was not too far from the border, it was not long before news of Li's
surrender arrived. The Emperor became furious and ordered the court
martial of Chen Bule, who committed suicide upon the message. The
public opinion condemned Li as a traitor, and imperial officials began
purposing punishing Li's family for his crime of treason. Sima Qian (司馬
遷), a senior imperial historian and a friend of Li, was the only
person defending him in the Han court. Emperor Wu was offended by
Sima’s words of defence, taking them as an attack on his brother-in-
law Li Guangli, who had also fought against the Xiongnu without much
success. Sima was arrested for the crime of grand insult, and was
tried and sentenced to death. Although his charges were allowed to be
paroled to lesser punishments, Sima Qian was not rich enough to pay
it, so he was forced to accept the commutation to castration and
jailed for three years.
Despite his majestic rage, Emperor Wu soon regretted his decision to
allow Li Ling mobilize so hastely, and also realized what a mistake it
was not listening to Lu Bode's suggestion. As a gesture, he rewarded
the survivors from Li Ling's regiment.
One year later, Emperor Wu sent Gongsun Ao (公孫敖) in a rescue mission
to retrieve Li Ling. Gongsun failed to achieve anything, but captured
a Xiongnu soldier, who revealed that "Li Shaoqing" was training
Xiongnu troops for the Chanyu. Concluding that Li Ling's treachery was
evident, Emperor Wu had Li Ling's family executed. Since then,
everyone from Longxi perceived the Li family as disgrace. However, it
was later revealed that the one who trained Xiongnu forces was another
high-profile Han defector called Li Xu (李緒), who happened to share the
same courtesy name. Li Ling hence bore a deep hatred towards Li Xu,
and arranged his assassination.
[edit] Life after Defection
As a young and high-profile defector, the Chanyu held generous regard
of Li Ling, marrying Li his daughter and making Li Lord Youxiao (右校王),
which was at the same level as Chanyu's chief adviser (and a notorious
Han traitor), Wei Lü (衛律). However, the Xiongnu Queen Dowager (大閼氏)
disliked Li Ling and wanted to have him killed. The Chanyu therefore
sent Li Ling to a far northern region, and did not call him back until
after the Queen Dowager died.
李陵兵败的地方与边塞只有数百里，消息很快便传了过来。汉武帝以为李陵战死了，便召见了他的家人，但是却发现他们脸上毫无死过人的悲哀之色。后来得知李
陵投降了，汉武帝大怒，并且责问事前大夸李陵的陈步乐，陈步乐自杀。朝中大臣纷纷指责李陵，只有司马迁为李陵辩解，认为李陵以少敌多属于英雄行为，而且
投降也肯定是假降。但是汉武帝认为司马迁有意把责任推给李广利来为李陵开脱，并在言词中暗讽皇帝，便将司马迁以“大不敬”罪下狱，后来司马迁因无钱赎身
而被施与腐刑（阉割）。后来汉武帝后悔自己当初不该冒然派李陵出战，便派人犒赏了李陵部突围逃回的幸存者。
[编辑] 投降匈奴
李陵投降匈奴后一年，汉武帝派因杅将军公孙敖出兵营救李陵。公孙敖无功而返，但是捉得匈奴俘虏说“李少卿”帮助匈奴练兵对付汉朝。汉武帝闻知大怒，认定
李陵叛国证据确凿，族灭了李陵全家。从此，陇西人士均以李氏为耻。后来李陵从汉使处得此消息，才透露出原来为匈奴练兵的是另一叛国汉将李绪（和李陵同
字）[来源请求]。李陵恨李绪害他家破人亡，便派人刺杀李绪。李陵心灰意冷，彻头彻底的叛降了匈奴，并且作了匈奴驸马，被单于宠用封为右校王，和作了丁
灵王的汉奸卫律平起平坐。但是匈奴大阏氏讨厌李陵，想要杀他，单于只好把他派到北方藏起来，直到大阏氏死后才把他调回。
三K黨
維基百科，自由的百科全書
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
三k黨標誌三K黨（Ku Klux Klan，縮寫為KKK），是美國歷史上和現在的一個奉行白人至上主義的民間組織，也是美國種族主義的代表性組
織。
三K黨于1866年由南北戰爭中被擊敗的南方邦聯軍隊的退伍老兵組成。在其發展初期，三K黨的目標是在美國南部恢復民主黨的勢力，並反對由聯邦軍隊在南
方強制實行的改善舊有黑人奴隸待遇的政策。這個組織經常通過暴力來達成目的。1871年，尤里西斯·格蘭特總統簽發了三K黨和執行法案，強行取締了這個
政治組織。
第二個使用這個名稱的組織是在1915年由威廉·西蒙斯在亞特蘭大附近的石頭山頂建立的。這是一個營利性組織，其宗旨在於贏取白種新教徒對於黑人、羅馬
天主教徒、猶太人、亞裔及其他移民的相對優勢地位。儘管這個組織宣揚種族主義，並且實施私刑和其他暴力行為，但是卻在美國公開運作，並且在1920年代
的巔峰時期擁有400萬成員，其中包括在政府各級機關中的政治家。在經濟大蕭條時期，該組織的發展跌入了低谷，並且在第二次世界大戰之中因為徵兵或者志
願參軍而損失了很多成員。
該組織的名字「Ku Klux Klan」也曾經被其他許多組織所使用，其中包括1960年代反對民權法案和鼓吹人種差別待遇的組織。在當今美國和其他
國家，仍有數十個組織使用全部或者部分詞語作為名稱。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 歷史
1.1 初期三K黨及語源
1.2 第二次三K黨
1.3 後期三K黨
2 政治影響
3 當代三K黨
4 藝術中的三K黨
5 參見
6 外部連結
7 參考書目
8 註釋
[編輯] 歷史
“只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘了渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作
为賭博的资本。 漢代李陵戰敗投敵叛漢; 滿清李鸿章在甲午战争中徹底失敗, 把台灣, 朝鮮, 中國沿海利益割讓日本，滿清國勢一落千丈，走上亡國滅
族的不歸路；民國李宗仁一場豪賭, 竟在數月內輸光中華民國的老本 共產黨軍隊從此如入無人之境, 結束了長達三年內戰. 庸才誤國, 朽木不可雕，李
家可算是歷史上最有名的常敗將軍。”
> > > meaning "victory. ...www.20000-names.com/male_k_names.htm-92k- Cached
> > > Masao Kato
> > > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > > reveal his name and face. ...www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p08s01-woap.html-75k- Cached
> > > MH Essay—Kidong Kang
> > > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
> > > myô wo tsugu bekika ... Chokpal is a derogatory name used by Koreans
> > > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
> > > PLANTS Profile for Deparia petersonii (Japanese false spleenwort ...
> > > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
> > > are ... Scientific Name ... More Accounts and Images: Deparia
> > > petersonii (Kunze) M. Kato ...
> > > plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DEPE3 - 73k - Cached
> > > Raja Hasan - SaReGaMaPa " The Japanese Names Game
> > > ... with a name which reminds me of what my wife often shouts at me -
> > > Tarkaari Kato! ... but with such a wonderful Japanese name and an even
> > > more wonderful ...www.rajahasan.com/2008/07/07/the-japanese-names-game-52k- Cached
> > > 10.3. sci.lang.japan FAQ: How do Japanese names work?
> > > In Japanese, myouji (苗字・名字), the family name, comes first, and namae (名
> > > 前), the ... Date, Maeda, Kuki, Asai, Shibata, Kato, Takeda, Saito,
> > > Honda, Ii, Tanuma, Ooka, ...www.sljfaq.org/afaq/japanesenames.html-Cached
> > > bio
> > > Kato Hideki (Kato:family name; Hideki: given) is a Japanese-born
> > > composer ... He also recorded with another Japanese trio OMNI with
> > > Nakamura Toshimaru and ...www.mindspring.com/~otak/bio.html-Cached
> > > NewhallStation.com - High Quality Japanese Model Trains and Products
> > > Newhall Station - N scale Kato, Tomix, and MicroAce model trains and
> > > products from Japan. ... Product Name+ Price. Buy Now. 1. TO-92097 ...www.newhallstation.com/store/index.php/cPath/23_25-59k- Cached
> > > < Prev 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Next >
>
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mrliu918
After I learn about Lee role as Japanese Kato, I am no longer
interested his movies.
Has Lee ever pick up a Japanese samurai sword to massacre the chinese
people in the movie?
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 11月2日, 下午4時07分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
> of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
> the motivation behind the agenda.
>
> Did Leung want to use black against white or simply tried to
> incite white supremacists to attack black?
>
> In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
>
> Quotation:
>
> > > > 17 Jack Sharkey 38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
> > > > 1924-1936 orthodox Boston, Massachusetts, United States
> > > > 18 James J Jeffries 18 (15) - 1 (1) - 2
> > > > 1896-1910 orthodox San Francisco, California, United States
> > > > 19 Sam McVea 65 (47) - 16 (5) - 10
> > > > 1902-1921 orthodox Oxnard, California, United States
> > > > 20 Riddick Bowe 42 (33) - 1 (0) - 0
> > > > 1989-2005 orthodox Fort Washington, Maryland, United States
> > > > page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
> > > > 9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
>
> > > > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> > > > WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll Search
> > > > ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising ProgramsAbout
> > > > This PageCustomizeMy EnhancementsDefault EnhancementsMore...Browse
> > > > GalleryManage SettingsYahoo!Suggestions:
> > > > Start typing to
>
mrliu918
interested his movies.
Has Lee ever pick up a Japanese samurai sword to massacre the chinese
people in the movie?
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Character HistoryKato was Britt Reid's valet, who doubled as The Green
Hornet's unnamed, masked driver and sidekick to help him in his
vigilante adventures, disguised as the activities of a racketeer and
his chauffeur/bodyguard/enforcer. According to the storyline, years
before the events depicted in the series, Britt Reid had saved Kato's
life while travelling in the Far East. Depending on the version of the
story, this prompted Kato to become Reid's assistant or friend.Upon
the 1936 premiere of the radio program, Kato was presented as being
Japanese. The actions of Tojo, et al., soon made this bad public
relations, and there was no specification of ethnicity for the
character for several years, with Filipino eventually being used. A
long-standing urban legend maintained that the switch from one to the
other occurred immediately after the 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor, but
this is simply not so. In recent years, there has been a growing but
equally erroneous belief that Kato was initially said to be a Filipino
of Japanese ancestry. The fact is that he was first said to be
Japanese, then by 1940 nothing more specific than "Oriental," and
eventually Filipino. A side note to this subject is the fact that the
first of Universal's two movie serials, produced in 1939 but not
released to theaters until early 1940, had a passing reference in the
opening chapter that Kato was "a Korean" (the same dialogue exchange
also specified the location of Reid's saving the other's life as
Singapore).
--- 2008年11月3日 星期一，LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrli...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
日期: 2008 11 3 星期一 下午 3:34
Only Leung insist that on one defeated black in boxing regardless
of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
the motivation behind the agenda.
Did Leung want to use black against white or simply tried to
incite white supremacists to attack black?
In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
"[edit] Life after Defection
As a young and high-profile defector, the Chanyu held generous regard
of Li
Ling, marrying Li his daughter and making Li Lord Youxiao (右校王), which
was
at the same level as Chanyu's chief adviser (and a notorious Han
traitor),
Wei Lü (衛律). However, the Xiongnu Queen Dowager (大閼氏) disliked Li
Ling and wanted to have him killed. The Chanyu therefore sent Li Ling
to a far
northern region, and did not call him back until after the Queen
Dowager
died."
It is not my concern whether descendants of Lee married to African
American after his unconditional surrender to the Union and finally
turn against his own kind during the civil right movement.
I do believe that the treatment for General Lee after Civil war is
very inhumane in modern standard.
I condemn the injustice by all sides and there are no conclusion
that every KKK member wear mask.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Quotation:
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_house.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000490/bio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ling_(Han_Dynasty)#Battle.2C_Defeat_and_Defection
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial
Mississippi Burning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
First Klan 1865-1874
Sima Qian (司馬遷), a senior imperial historian and a friend of Li, was
the
only person defending him in the Han court. Emperor Wu was offended by
Sima’s
words of defence, taking them as an attack on his brother-in-law Li
[編輯] 歷史
“只会说空话，叫口号，电影里装腔作势，表演花拳绣腿的人在战场上往往不堪一击。别忘了渡江战役和解放南京战役的历史教训。国家民族的命运和前途不能作
为賭博的资本。 漢代李陵戰敗投敵叛漢;
滿清李鸿章在甲午战争中徹底失敗, 把台灣, 朝鮮,
中國沿海利益割讓日本，滿清國勢一落千丈，走上亡國滅族的不歸路；民國李宗仁一場豪賭,
> > > 16 Jimmy Bivins 86 (31) - 25 (5) - 1
> > > 1940-1955 orthodox Cleveland, Ohio, United States
> > > 17 Jack Sharkey 38 (13) - 14 (4) - 3
> > > 1924-1936 orthodox Boston, Massachusetts, United States
> > > 18 James J Jeffries 18 (15) - 1 (1) - 2
> > > 1896-1910 orthodox San Francisco, California, United
States
> > > 19 Sam McVea 65 (47) - 16 (5) - 10
> > > 1902-1921 orthodox Oxnard, California, United States
> > > 20 Riddick Bowe 42 (33) - 1 (0) - 0
> > > 1989-2005 orthodox Fort Washington, Maryland, United
States
> > > page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5
| 6 | 7 | 8 |
> > > 9 | 10 | 11 » [1004]
>
> > > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> > > WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll
Search
> > > ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising
ProgramsAbout
> > > This PageCustomizeMy EnhancementsDefault
EnhancementsMore...Browse
> > > GalleryManage SettingsYahoo!Suggestions:
> > > Yahoo!My Yahoo!MailWelcome, Guest [Sign In] Help
> > > WebImagesVideoLocalShoppingmoreAnswersAudioDirectoryJobsNewsAll
Search
> > > ServicesOptionsAdvanced SearchPreferencesAdvertising
ProgramsAbout
> > > This PageCustomizeMy EnhancementsDefault
EnhancementsMore...Browse
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mrliu918
The old man claimed to be father of liang qun is also a suspect. He
insists that no one defeated blackman in boxing, but he kneel to a
European American in front of Burger King at California around year
2000. The self proclaimed father of Liang qun called the young white
man emperor and the CCTV at Burger king record everything. The old man
later denied everything happened and blamed Burger King for food
poisoning him. He called forth the boycott of Burger King in Asia and
vow to retaliate white invaders with poison. Frankly, I do not
understand the cause of his obsession with boxing and insanity.
However, his threat should be taken seriously. The CCTV recording
should be on internet forever so that everyone understand the
instigators and the cause of madness. Some told me that the name of
old man is HanJian. His name sometimes can be found on cargo and
freight train in Asia.
All friendship with Liang's family is official ended today unless they
already have family tie.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
> --- 2008年11月3日 星期一，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
>
> 寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
> This box: view • talk • ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »
mrliu918
Unless they already have family tie, all friendship with Liang's
family is official ended today for their act of treason
against their own people and nations.
> > Quotation:http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_hou......
mrliu918
After I finished the examination by American doctors,
I didnot receive any long term medical treatment in Asia for
the concussion caused by car accident. It is a well planed
assassination attempt.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
mrliu918
It is a serious matter of honesty. Do you want a congressional hearing
or court-martial.
Quotation from:
http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/GWSUM.pdf
http://www.whale.to/a/gulfwar.html
"Therefore, the total number of US Gulf War casualties was 760 at the
time of redeployment. " From Rense.com ...
From Rense.com ...
159,238 US Gulf War I Casualties
A Commentary by Dr. Doug Rokke
Former US Army's DU team health physicist
Former US Army's DU Project Director
CASUALTY TYPE TOTAL ARMY AIR FORCE MARINES NAVY***
Killed in Action 143 96 20 22 5
Died of Wounds 4 2 2
Missing in Action - Declared Dead 0
Captured - Declared Dead 0
TOTAL HOSTILE DEATHS 147 98 20 24 5
Missing - Presumed Dead 12 2 8 2
Other Deaths 223 126 13 36 48
TOTAL NON-HOSTILE DEATHS 235 126 15 44 50
TOTAL IN-THEATER DEATHS* 382 224 35 68 55
TOTAL NON-THEATER DEATHS 1,565 608 299 171 487
TOTAL DEATHS 1,947 832 334 239 542
Killed in Action - No Remains 2 2
Missing in Action - No Remains
Captured - Declared Dead - No Remains
Non-hostile Missing - Presumed Dead - No Remains 12 2 8 2
Non-hostile Other Deaths - No Remains
TOTAL - NO REMAINS 14 0 2 8 4
WOUNDED - NOT MORTAL 467 354 9 92 12
SERVING WORLDWIDE** 2,225,000 782,000 561,000 213,000 669,000
SERVING IN-THEATER - ACTIVE DUTY 584,342 271,654 70,741 90,866 151,081
SERVING IN-THEATER - RECALLED 110,208 78,512 11,666 12,660 7,370
*Inclusive dates are August 7, 1990 to Sept 14, 1991. Any casualty
date in the detailed records after the end date represents a Service-
member who was wounded during the
period and subsequently died as a result of those wounds or a
Servicemember who was in a missing status during a part of the war
period and later declared dead.
**Estimated Figures ***Includes Coast Guard. Report does not include
one POW (Speicher).
Prepared by: Defense Manpower Data Center
PERSIAN GULF WAR - CASUALTY SUMMARY
Desert Shield/Storm as of May 16, 2008
On 11月5日, 下午6時23分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> After I finished the examination with American doctors,
mrliu918
To whom it may conern:
Fans of Lee (aka Li) and Leung aka (Liang) are thieves and criminals,
I do not mind to confront them again if necessary although I was never
a professional athletes. They specialized in poisoning, drug,
fabrication, and stealing. They have been using knowledge of
camouflage and connection with the entertainment business to steal
from the WBC and military for more than fifty years.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
After I finished the examination with American doctors,
I didnot receive any long term medical treatment in Asia for
the concussion caused by car accident. It is a well planed
assassination attempt.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
>
> > The old man claimed to be father of liang qun is also a suspect. He
> > insists that no one defeated blackman in boxing, but he kneel to a
> > European American in front of Burger King at California around year
> > 2000. The self proclaimed father of Liang qun called the young white
> > man emperor and the CCTV at Burger king record everything. The old man
> > later denied everything happened and blamed Burger King for food
> > poisoning him. He called forth the boycott of Burger King in Asia and
> > vow to retaliate white invaders with poison. Frankly, I do not
> > understand the cause of his obsession with boxing and insanity.
> > However, his threat should be taken seriously. The CCTV recording
> > should be on internet forever so that everyone understand the
> > instigators and the cause of madness. Some told me that the name of
> > old man is HanJian. His name sometimes can be found on cargo and
> > freight train in Asia.
>
> > > Ward (Dafoe) is a northerner who takes a direct approach to the
> > > investigation.
> > > Agent Rupert Anderson (Hackman), a southerner who understands the
> > > intricacies of
> > > race relations in the south, takes a more subtle tack. It is very hard
> > > for the
> > > two to work in the town as well, as the Ku Klux Klan is run by the
> > > local police
> > > force, and the two agents cannot talk to the local African American
> > > community,
> > > due to their fear of Klan attacks. Slowly but steadily, relations
> > > between the
> > > FBI and the local Jessup County sheriff's office deteriorates, as do
> > > relations between the two FBI agents. Things boil over when the bodies
> > > are
> > > located and the Deputy
>
> ...
>
> 閱讀更多 »- 隱藏被引用文字 -
>
> - 顯示被引用文字 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
為了不斷提升Yahoo! Mail，雅虎香港誠邀你參與意見調查
On 11月6日, 下午5時32分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> It is a serious matter of honesty. Do you want a congressional hearing
> or court-martial.
>
> Quotation from:
>
> http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/GWSUM.pdfhttp://www.whale.to/a/gulfwar.html
mrliu918
although I was never
a professional athletes. They specialized in poisoning, drug,
fabrication, and stealing. They have been using knowledge of
camouflage and connection with the entertainment business to steal
from the WBC and military for more than fifty years.
mrliu918
The "lion" decided to broadcast part of the 1990 incident in Middle
East.
The broadcast served more than the propse of propaganda and
physiological warfare. Many stalkers and spy in recent years are
concerning about the preformance of US Military Hand-to-Hand Combat
and the technology of US bullet proof vest. Evidences suggest that
poison, drug, mob violence and illegal interception of communication
are
involved in the extortion of information that might expose American
infantry
in the front line to unnecessary risk particularly in urban warfare
and close
range combat.
Once again, I cannot provide any information you are looking for.
Everyone
interested in learning about the US army and technology of the US
bullet
proof vest should contact the DOD directly.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
To whom it may conern:
Fans of Lee (aka Li) and Leung aka (Liang) are thieves and criminals,
I do not mind to confront them and their idols if necessary although I
was never a professional athletes. They are specialized in poisoning,
drug, fabrication, and stealing for generations. They have been using
knowledge of camouflage and connection with the entertainment business
to steal from the WBC and military for more than fifty years. If
anything went wrong in the process, they called it movie.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Answer to public concern about the size of special force and the army
divison responsible for killing more than 30000 Iraqi Republican
guards within days.
Answer to public concern whether the special force in Gulf War is
a oneman show and only true in propaganda.
In the past 15 years, I have been receiving phone calls and other
means of harassment particularly from Middle East Region concerning
whether the special force unit in Gulf War is a one man show and
only true in propaganda. The stalkers and spy oftens concern about
the number of special force units capable of doing the job and the
identity of those served in the special force units. They also
concern about members of special force involving in
killing the tigers and other predators.
They are interested in Information about the technology of US bullet
proof vest used by the special force.
My answer regarding this questions in past 15 years is consistent.
They should stop harassing me and contact the US army directly.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
Answer to public concern about technology of US bullet proof vest
and the killing of tiger in the 1990 incident.
Correction and updates of the 1990 incident:
US army bullet proof vest was used when I killed the tiger with
barehanded in the 1990 incident.
I was a consultant on the diplomatic list at the time. I do not
believe it would ever happened, but I did everything to save the
participants. If you could forward my message to the concern party
with the satellite phone, you will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
On 8月29日, 下午4時57分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
- 隱藏被引用文字 -
- 顯示被引用文字 -
> Answer to public concern about whether Lee set up someone else to do
> the job for him
> In 1988, I did receive a phone concerning whether Bruce Lee ever
> killed a tiger with barehanded in the past. The old women over the
> phone did not provide evidences regarding Lee's past battle with
> tiger, but she was interested in looking for someone capable of doing
> the job.
> Sincerely
> Yu Fung Liu
> On 8月29日, 下午4時44分, mrliu918 <dragonst...@excite.com> wrote:
> > Answer to public concern about involvement of other well known
> > person:
> > In 1988, I did receive a phone concerning whether Bruce Lee ever
> > killed a tiger with barehanded in the past. The old women over the
> > phone did not provide evidences regarding Lee's past battle with
> > tiger, but she was interested in looking for someone capable of doing
> > the job.
> > Sincerely
> > Yu Fung Liu
--- 2008年8月21日 星期四，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Other motivations of crimes regarding identity theft in the past
50 years
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): jfliu...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 8 21 星期四 下午 3:50
Correction:
There are also reports that they steal the children of
athletes and set them up for underground boxing match.
In some cases the eyes of the children were mutilated to
make sure that they lose in the underground match only
to cover up identity theft and other crimes in the past. Sincerely Yu
Fung Liu
--- 2008年8月19日 星期二，LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk> 寫道﹕
寄件人: LIU MR <mrliu...@yahoo.com.hk>
主題: Possible motivations of crimes regarding identity theft and 1990
incident
收件人: Ask...@usdoj.gov, ZaComm...@Anc.Org, "a...@ago.state.ma.us"
<a...@ago.state.ma.us>, cnn.feedb...@cnn.com,
media.operati...@olympic.org, dragonst...@excite.com,
b.li...@sify.com, b...@bic.boxing.com, AmCitBeij...@state.gov,
i...@wbcboxing.com, zho...@state.gov, she...@state.gov,
ca...@state.gov, wan...@state.gov, ruem...@tm.net.my,
moscow.viet...@hn.vnn.vn, russianemba...@mindspring.com,
ruspo...@mweb.co.za, rusembi...@parsonline.net, rus...@rogers.com
副本(CC): drgaonst...@excite.com, jfliu...@yahoo.com
日期: 2008 8 19 星期二 下午 4:56
Opened letter to DOD and the American people
Taiwanese government also set up many false consulates for the
purpose
of deception and stealing in the name of fighting communist
subversion. Many native Taiwanese and American fall victim to the
scheme. As a result, the victims were exploited, and even in some
cases poisoned and kidnapped. The truth is that they received
communist education and propaganda from the Taiwanese government at
their young age. The Taiwanese government turns their own people into
prey and performs the ritual of human sacrifice because of their
incompetence and failure on the war against communism. The Taiwanese
government does not deserve victory. The gross violation of human
right in Taiwan should be stopped.
The Taiwanese is unable to defend themselves against communists and
desperately seek foreign intervention. They use marriage with
foreigners as leverage against communist military power. The
Taiwanese
government did express concerns about the use of Weapon of Mass
destruction by the Communist power in future war.
In 1992, an American boxer, young was suspected of being drug and
abduct to Taiwan. His family members in USA preached for help and
called it blackmail. Phone call from Taiwan insisted that Young had a
new family and it is only a change of heart. The Taiwanese claim that
young enjoy the lifestyles in Taiwan and have too many wives to
handle. There are no conclusions in the matter. Although the
political objective of the gang still cannot be determine, it is
clear
that an organized gang with government and media background has
targeted some boxers for their troublesome personal lifestyles. The
organized gang took full advantages of the physical and mental
condition of the athletes.
It is also about Cold War and racial domination. The military want to
breed strong and intelligent soldiers. It is somewhat efficient, but
very inhumane. The program draws serious criticism and challenge
since
the very beginning. No wonder they are stealing one another and did
everything vicious to eliminate potential contenders. It is silly. It
turns everyone into animals.
Some of those failing to meet the minimum standard take to the
extreme. There are many reports that they stole the children of
athletes and set them up for underground boxing match. Many of these
fans have no respect for the law and due process. Drug, gang warfare,
harassment, and other illegal means of retaliation often lead them to
vicious cycles mutual destruction, social unrest, economic disparity
and political instabilities.
Sincerely
Yu Fung Liu
http://www.spanamwar.com/warcosts.htmhttp://cbs2.com/national/Vietnam...
mlhttp://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_did_the_Vietnam_War_cost&alreadyAs...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This site is best viewed with
a 4.0 browser and requires javascript
Almost without pause during the Cold War, the superpowers and their
allies attempted to subvert governments friendly to the other side.
Because this usually involved rather undiplomatic enterprises, it
often had to remain secret. Hence many of these tasks fell to
intelligence services, which used a variety of tactics to incite the
overthrow of unfriendly regimes: they might funnel money to an
opposition movement; they could provide arms and training; they might
promise support to military officers planning a coup. The stakes were
high: when subversion succeeded, it could be an easy, cheap way to
redraw the lines of the Cold War; when it failed, it could mean a
financial sinkhole and worldwide embarrassment.
Click on case files below for details
Assassination | Subversion | Infiltration |
Disinformation | Domestic Espionage
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Predictions: Your Pay Will Increase 3.6% in 2007! >>
Pro Athletes and Their Salaries
Athletes and their salaries are making the news often these days,
CNN.com reports that international soccer star David Beckham has
signed a 5-year deal worth $250 million dollars (salary +
endorsements) with the Los Angeles Galaxy. The 31-year-old will be
earning about $1 million a week, the highest professional athlete
salary for a soccer player. Even with that large income, he falls
behind golfer Tiger Woods, who reportedly earned over $97 million in
2006 (according sportsillustrated.cnn.com's list of athlete salaries
and incomes, putting him in first place of the top 10 highest paid
athletes.While that may seem outrageous, debates over pro athletes
AND
salaries are really not that new, as mentioned on findarticles.com.
Baseball great Babe Ruth reportedly earned a larger annual salary
than
President Hoover during the Great Depression in the 1930's. Ruth
defended his $75,000 annual salary by replying, "Why not? I had a
better year than (President Hoover) did." Athlete salary statistics
were headlines in 1962 when Wilt Chamberlain shocked the NBA in 1962
by turning down an offer of $25,000, which was the more than highest-
paid player at the time, Bob Cousey, who earned $22,500.How do you
and
your salary compare to athletes and their salaries? Play ball with
our salary survey.Sports Illustrated List of Athlete Salaries and
Compensation
According to SportsIllustrated.cnn.com, the second highest paid on
their list of athlete salaries and income is another golfer, Phil
Mickelson who earned $5,971,710 in salary and winnings, and then took
home another $40 million in endorsements, bringing his par up
$45,971,710! At number 3 is Miami Heat basketball player Shaquille
O'Neal, who earned $20 million in salary and winnings, then sunk
another $14 million in endorsements, to total $34 million. No numbers
for residuals from his short-lived rap music career; perhaps that is
best forgotten.At number 4 is O'Neal's former Los Angeles Lakers
teammate Kobe Bryant, whose salary, winnings and endorsements totaled
$33,656,932. Carson Palmer, quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals
signed a huge nine-year $119 million contract which included $24
million in up-front bonus money, scoring him the number 5 spot at
$31,550,000 in total yearly compensation. Another basketball player,
LeBron James, comes in at number six with $4,621,800 in salary and
winnings, as well as $24 million in corporate endorsements, bringing
the Cleveland Cavalier up to $28,621,800.The last two seem fair: you
would have to pay me >$25,000,000/year to live in Ohio too :-)
More Athlete Salary Statistics
Baseball makes an appearance at number 7, with the New York Yankees
Derek Jeter earning $21 million (winnings and salary) and $7 million
in endorsements, bringing his ballpark booty up to $28 million. His
Yankee teammate, Alex Rodriguez, comes in at number 8. He earned $21
million in salary (and winnings) and $6 million in endorsements,
bringing his total to $27 million. Interestingly the Yankees entire
payroll in 2006 was $196 million. That means Jeter and Rodriguez,
together, earned about 25 percent of the entire payroll! NASCAR champ
Dale Earnhardt Jr. drives in at number 9 with salary and winnings
totaling $5,761,830. He made his big bucks in endorsements, revving
up
$20 million, giving him a grand total of $25,761,830. Bringing up the
rear at number 10 is Atlanta Falcon quarterback Michael Vick with
$18,400,000 in salary and winnings, and another $7 million in
endorsements. His total compensation: $25,400,000. Vick will be
scoring financial touchdowns for quite some time with a 10-year $130
million contract that he signed in 2004.
Professional Athletes High Salaries: International
Not mentioned in Sports Illustrated's list of athlete salaries are
international stars, but here are a few of note. According to
ABCNews.com, Russian-born tennis player Maria Sharapova tops female
athlete salary statistics, earning "more than $20 million last year
as
a marketing engine for nine companies." For playing tennis, the
Wimbledon champ earned $1,493,923 in prize money. Because the female
athlete only devotes 10-12 days to marketing, per year, she earns a
staggering $1,357,144 per work day (Take that Don Imus!). The 7-time
world champion German race car driver Michael Schumacher earned a
reported $80 million in 2006, and that's only winning one race; the
rest was endorsements. According to sema.autoblog.com, he will
reportedly earn more in retirement than the average income for pro
athletes and Formula One drivers. Schumacher is predicted to earn $27
million in endorsements in 2007. However, his retirement income falls
far below icon Muhammad Ali who licenses his name to advertisers for
$55 million per year, according to Forbes.Is your salary scoring? The
PayScale Salary Calculator is a quick and easy way to compare
positions. But when you want powerful salary data and comparisons
customized for your exact position, be sure to build a complete
profile by taking PayScale's full salary survey.Cheers,Dr. Al Lee
Curious about salaries? Email Dr. Salary
Compare your salary: Get a free Salary Report
Highest-Paid Athletes 25 and Under - Images.BusinessWeek.com
Posted by Dr. Al Lee, PhD on June 11, 2007 in Salary Facts & Fun |
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About Dr. SalaryAl Lee, "Doctor Salary", is the Director of
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Relative Monetary Costs of American Wars By Patrick McSherry
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
General: This article provides a basic monetary cost comparison of
American wars from the Civil War to Vietnam. The data: One
interesting
comparison concerning the Spanish American War is the relative
financial cost of the war. This is one quantitative way of studying
the war, but, of course, it must be remembered that the financial
cost
can never address the death, pain and suffering on all sides of this,
or any other, war. Still, the following figures are interesting.
These
costs, adjusted for year 2000 dollars, are the costs for the major
conflicts in which the U.S. was involved since the mid-19th century
through Vietnam. It is not clear from the source if these costs
reflect total cost or just U.S. costs, but it would appear that they
are U.S. costs only. Assuming, however, that they are all calculated
the same, they do make for an interesting comparison.
American Civil War $62 Billion
Spanish American War $5 Billion
World War One $290 Billion
World War Two $2,300 Billion
Korean Conflict $111 Billion
Vietnam $165 Billion
The Spanish American War had a very dramatic effect on American
history in that the U.S. became an accepted world power virtually
overnight, catapulting the nation onto the world stage. Though each
of
the conflicts listed above had a strong effect on this country in
many
ways, the Spanish American War's legacy remains with us...and set the
stage for the U.S.'s involvement in all of the later conflicts listed
above. From a nationalistic U.S standpoint it could be argued that
seldom has the country had such a large effect from such a small
financial investment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bibliography:
World Features Syndicate, Durham, NH, as reported in the Lancaster,
PA
Intelligencer Journal, on April 3, 2000.
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Cost Of Iraq War Reaches Vietnam Levels
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| Print Jul 26, 2008 6:00 am US/Pacific
Cost Of Iraq War Reaches Vietnam Levels
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The total cost of the Iraq war is approaching the
Vietnam War's expense, a congressional report estimates, while
spending for military operations after 9/11 has exceeded it.
The new report by the Congressional Research Service estimates the
U.S. has spent $648 billion on Iraq war operations, putting it in
range with the $686 billion, in 2008 dollars, spent on the Vietnam
War, the second most expensive war behind World War II.
Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. has doled out
almost $860 billion for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and
elsewhere around the world.
All estimates, adjusted for inflation, are based on the costs of
military operations and don't include expenses for veterans benefits,
interest on war-related debts or assistance to war allies, according
to the nonpartisan CRS.
The report underscores how the price tag has been gradually rising
for
the war in Iraq, which began in March 2003. In late 2002, then-White
House budget director Mitch Daniels estimated the Iraq war would cost
$50 billion to $60 billion. A year later, L. Paul Bremer, then-chief
of the U.S. occupation government in Iraq, said the war would cost
$100 billion.
Yet the Iraq war has consumed less of the nation's gross domestic
product than other pricey conflicts. The Iraq war's costs represented
1 percent of GDP in the peak year of the war. World War II, with a
$4.1 trillion price tag in 2008 dollars, was nearly 36 percent of GDP
and the Vietnam War was 2.3 percent of GDP in that wars' peak years.
The report says comparisons of war expenses over hundreds of years
"are inherently problematic" because of varying definitions of war
costs. For example, the report's figures for the Vietnam War are
Defense Department estimates of the incremental costs of military
operations -- the costs of war activities more than the normal, day-
to-
day costs of a standing military force. The costs for post 9/11
military operations are estimated from Congress-appropriated amounts
and Defense Department reports.
The CRS report warns that comparisons of costs in inflation-adjusted
prices are a "very rough exercise."
"It is difficult to know what it really means to compare costs of the
American Revolution to costs of military operations in Iraq when, 230
years ago, the most sophisticated weaponry was a 36-gun frigate that
is hardly comparable to a modern $3.5 billion destroyer," researchers
wrote.
Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
--American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
--War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
--Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
--Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
--World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
--World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
--Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
--Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
--Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
--Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
--Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
--Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
--Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
((c) 2008 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material
may
not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)
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Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. has doled out
almost $860 billion for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and
elsewhere around the world.
CBS
Close
Since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. has doled out
almost $860 billion for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and
elsewhere around the world.
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How much did the Vietnam War cost?
In: Vietnam War [Edit]
Cost of Vietnam War
The Vietnam War ended up costing the US around $584 billion according
to this website: http://members.aol.com/usregistry/allwars.htm#cst
Here is more input from others: $30 billion in 1969
The real cost of Vietnam? For 58,000 Americans it cost them
everything: The chance to ever see their families again, their chance
to have a future, their chance to laugh, to cry, to have kids and
grandkids, the chance to work at a job and experience life - all
gone.
For those of us who survived: The nights when you wake up with a
flashback when you can still smell the burning flesh or remember the
blood that splattered on you from a friend that you were talking to
as
an enemy's bullet hits him in the head. The terrible stomach problems
that you endure because of Agent Orange and the VA will not recognize
that its cause because the chemical makers have so much clout. The
PTSD that makes people around you wonder what is wrong with you, the
limp you have because a mine destroyed a leg. The real cost of the
war? Far beyond $133 Billion.
The financial cost of the Vietnam War was $111 billion.
I believe that the cost of the Vietnam War was $133 billon dollars.
This war did affect our economy but, not as severely as World War 2.
Can we be more specific about if that money includes the money we
gave
to France to support their efforts to colonize Vietnam after WW2?
Wake
Up Britain
by Patrick Lavender. The facts are more frightening than the fiction
wakeupbritain.co.uk
World Peace Newsletter
Peace ideas, peace gifts, inner peace, global peace education
www.worldpeacenewsletter.com
Vigil for Iraq
Light a Candle w/ Me & Express Your Ideas. Learn More Here.
www.SaneRamblings.com
[Edit] Related Links vietnam war cost
First answer by ID1200108292. Last edit by Tlcbukwurm16. Contributor
trust: 1 [recommend contributor]. Question popularity: 105 [recommend
question]
Also see on Answers.com
Vietnam War (war, Southeast Asia/United States/France/Vietnam)
List of Vietnam War-related topics
Research your answer:
Can you answer other questions about Vietnam?
Who was the first African-American Navy SEAL?
Why did vietnam splitdivide into north and south?
What was ROTC officer's training at Fort Monmouth like in 1964?
Answers.com > Wiki Answers > Categories > History Politics and
Society
> War and Military History > Vietnam War > How much did the Vietnam
War cost?Our contributors said this page should be displayed for the
questions below. (Where do these come from)
If any of these are not a genuine rephrasing of the question, please
help out and edit these alternates.
The cost of war? Cost of vietnam? Vietnam War Cost? Cost of
vietnam
war? Vietnam War cost today? The cost of vietnam war? Cost of the
vietnam wra'? Total cost of vietnam war? How much did the war cost?
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has cost the most? Vietnam war cost to vietnam? Financial cost fo
vietnam war? How much did Vietnam war cost? How much did the
vietnam
cost? What was the cost of Vietnam war? How much did vietnam cost
the us? What was the cost of the Vietnam? Ecomonic cost of the
vietnam war?
mrliu918
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mrliu918
视.。民族政策上的失误使满汉之争遗留下的历史包袱越发沉重。
*群的父亲为了讨好外国势力和商人，竟谎称从来没有亚洲人能够在拳击比赛中打败黑人和泰森(Mike
tyson)，在加州汉堡王快餐店前用满族仪式向一位据说打败过泰森Mike tyson的欧裔白人下跪并三呼万岁，这事被美国警方全部录下，在香港航
运业和货柜运输业引起相当大的反响和轰动， hanjian之名不翼而飞，中央台曾访问了这位中文名字叫满坚欧裔白人，不少中国商品和商店如天河城都让
他做过广告，有的更把他当成商标 多年后才证明这位欧裔白人从未见过泰森(Miketyson)。这事证明*群的父亲确实很喜欢外国势力和外商， 并且
心甘情愿地投降了对方，既然是自己喜欢和父母的选择，就不该通过欺骗、下毒、强迫等手段害其他人为了*群斗个你死我活，最终死伤无数。回想小时候， 每
当*群做错事、说错话， 她和她的家人总说是别人"扮演"她，或那个人不是*群。 每次文章写不好或比武输了，就说真功夫留着真打的时候用， 刚才是演
戏。其他人都是"鬼"， 不能让他们看到， 一看到就让"鬼“学会偷走， 丈夫会被勾走，妻子会飞走， 令人哭笑不得。我在想古今中外圣贤哲人的伟论巨
著无不昭示天下，公诸于世，才有洛阳纸贵之说，他们的"真功夫"从来不怕后人偷走，只怕后人学不会， 做不到。 *群总向人说中国亡国了，北京和
东京全由日本人控制，但*群的居所内外却由美国人看着，歇斯底里的程度比台湾蓝绿阵营的政争还激烈。*群认为扳手板赢了， 拳击就一定赢，拳击和战略游
戏一旦都赢了，战争也一定赢，所以最爱向拳击界和体育界的外国友人宣扬这套理论，而且四处挑战他人。
Quotation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanjin_Shipping
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong
The old man claimed to be father of liang * is also a suspect. He
European American in front of Burger King at California around year
man
later denied everything happened and blamed Burger King for food
poisoning him. He called forth the boycott of Burger King in Asia and
vow to retaliate white invaders with poison. Frankly, I do not
understand the cause of his obsession with boxing and insanity.
However, his threat should be taken seriously. The CCTV recording
should be on internet forever so that everyone understand the
instigators and the cause of madness. Some told me that the name of
old man is HanJian. His name sometimes can be found on cargo and
freight train in Asia.
Korea. It is a subsidiary of the Hanjin Group.
Hanjin Shipping's subsidiaries include Hanjin Logistics, Keoyang
Shipping, Senator Lines, and CyberLogitec. Hanjin Shipping currently
transports over 100 million tons of cargo annually. Its fleet consists
of some 200 ships, which are a common sight off the West Coast of the
United States.
Hanjin Shipping has a comprehensive global business network with 3
regional headquarters, 200 overseas branch offices, and 30 local
corporations, earning about 90% of its total revenue overseas.
Eight-Nation Alliance
Jump to: navigation, search
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.
Military of the Powers during the Boxer Rebellion, with their naval
flags, from left to right: Italy, United States, France, Austria-
Hungary, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Russia. Japanese print,
1900.The Eight-Nation Alliance (simplified Chinese: 八国联军; traditional
Chinese: 八國聯軍; pinyin: bāgúo liánjūn) was an alliance of 8 nations
(Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States) which put down the Boxer Rebellion in
China in 1900. The troops looted the capital and thousands of citizens
died during the campaign.
At the end of the campaign, the imperial government was forced to sign
the unequal Boxer Protocol of 1901.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Leading factors
2 Events
2.1 Austro-Hungarian contribution
3 Perception by modern Chinese
5 References
At the end of the 19th century, resentment towards foreigners was on
the rise due to continued foreign involvement within China,
extraterritorial legal and trading privileges and influence over
China, with Empress Dowager Cixi's passive approval. The Chinese
coastline was cut up into spheres of influence for each of the eight
nations. Invasion by the Eight-Nation alliance was carried out
throughout the entire Eastern region of China.
Pillage and destruction of ancient, cultural artifacts and buildings
created resentment. These resentments grew to the extent that
destruction and violence against foreign companies, personnel, and
even items such as violins, automobiles, phone lines etc. was carried
out. Diplomats were assassinated, businesses vandalized and items were
set on fire in the streets. Although the Qing government formally
condemned these violent actions, they failed to prosecute the people
that carried out the acts.
With their commercial interests in China under threat and the
necessity to relieve the joint legations under siege in Beijing by the
Boxers, the eight-nation alliance sent troops to suppress the
uprising.
[edit] Events
Troops of the eight countries invaded and occupied Beijing on August
14, 1900. Empress Dowager Cixi, the Emperor, and higher officials fled
the Imperial Palace for Xi'an, and sent Li Hongzhang for peace talks.
八國聯軍
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
原文：意大利；简体：意大利；繁體：義大利；香港：意大利； 當前用字模式下顯示為→義大利
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
軍
{{{partof}}}的一部分
1900年的八國聯軍。
日期： 1900年
地點： 中國
結果： 八國聯軍勝利，簽訂辛丑條約。
領土變更： {{{territory}}}
參戰方
義和團 英國
美國
德國
法國
俄羅斯
日本
義大利
奧匈
指揮官
慈禧太后 愛德華·西摩爾
阿爾弗雷德·馮·瓦德西
兵力
義和團士兵1500名 ~50,000
50艘軍艦
傷亡
1500 600
八國聯軍是指1900年（庚子年）以軍事行動進入清朝中國的英、法、德、美、日、俄、義、奧的八國聯合軍隊。開始時總人數約3萬人，後來增至約5萬人。
此事件最後以清軍戰敗，聯軍佔領首都北京，清政府逃往陝西西安，最終與十一個國家簽訂《辛丑條約》、付出龐大賠款。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 起因
1.1 慈禧太后與洋人之仇
1.2 義和團起事
2 戰爭經過
3 影響
3.1 政治外交
3.2 經濟民生
4 參考文獻
4.1 注釋
4.2 參考書籍
5 相關題目
[編輯] 起因
左宗棠
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
出生 1812年11月10日
中國湖南湘陰
去世 1885年9月5日
身份 軍事家、政治家
左宗棠（1812年11月10日－1885年9月5日），字季高，湖南湘陰人，號湘上農人，清朝大臣，著名湘軍將領。一生經歷了湘軍平定太平天國運動，
洋務運動，鎮壓陝甘回變和收復新疆等重要歷史事件。
左宗棠少時屢試不第，轉而留意農事，遍讀群書，鑽研輿地、兵法。後竟因此成為清朝後期著名大臣，官至東閣大學士、軍機大臣，封二等恪靖侯。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 生平
2 收復新疆始末
3 新疆正式建省
4 中法戰爭
5 評價
6 趣聞
7 註釋
8 相關條目
9 外部連結
[編輯] 生平
[編輯] 生平
宗棠生於清仁宗嘉慶十七年（1812年），早年就讀於長沙岳麓書院，清宣宗道光十二年（1832年）成為舉人。
後入兩江總督陶澍幕府，並與陶結為親家。1851年起先後入湖南巡撫張亮基、駱秉章幕府，為平定太平軍籌劃。清文宗咸豐六年（1856年），升任兵部郎
中。
清穆宗同治元年（1862年）由曾國藩舉薦由太常卿升任浙江巡撫，並組成中法混合軍和擴充中英混合軍與太平軍作戰，克金華、紹興等地，升任閩浙總督。
1864年克杭州，並受封一等恪靖伯。之後致力於剿滅東南太平軍殘部。
1866年在福州馬尾辦船廠，也就是後來的福建船政局，並創辦求是堂藝局，培養海軍人才。同年，改任陝甘總督，其間創辦蘭州製造局。後創辦甘肅織呢總
局。此為中國第一個機器紡織廠，然而該廠從未盈利。
1867年2月授欽差大臣督辦陝甘軍務，定「先捻後回」方略，次年參與平定捻軍。
1873年12月14日授協辦大學士，次年9月18日授東閣大學士。
清德宗光緒元年1875年5月奉命以欽差大臣督辦新疆軍務。
1876年定「緩進急戰」方略，指揮劉錦棠、金順諸軍討伐阿古柏、白彥虎，次年收復除伊犁地區外的新疆全部領土，併為新疆建省開發等預作規劃。
1878年3月由一等恪靖伯，晉二等恪靖侯。
1881年2月入京任軍機大臣，10月改任兩江總督。
1884年6月入京任軍機大臣，9月以欽差大臣督辦閩海軍務。次年9月病故於福州，諡文襄。後歸葬于長沙石門鄉相竹村。有《左文襄公全集》行世。
[編輯] 收復新疆始末
[編輯] 中法戰爭
左宗棠因湘、淮派系之爭，以及對陸防海防政策之歧見，與李鴻章素來不睦，甚至勢同水火。在是否收復新疆的問題上，兩人意見就完全相反。1884年6月，
左宗棠入京任軍機大臣。時值中法戰爭，孤拔于8月全殲駐紮福建馬尾的南洋水師，戰局對中國不利。9月，左宗棠奉旨以欽差大臣身份督辦閩海軍務，挽救戰
局。
1885年正月，屬於左宗棠的湘軍系統的黑旗軍[1]和恪靖定邊軍在「鎮南關之戰」中取得了陸地戰場上的決定性勝利，法國茹費理內閣垮台之後，李鴻章卻
罕見地在世界外交史上搞出一個特例，以簽訂了一個有利於法國的中法天津條約結局。中法天津條約的主要內容就是確認了1884年戰局對中國不利時，法國和
越南簽訂的條約，其中否定了中國對越南的宗主權，改由法國全權管理越南。
左宗棠對李鴻章這種在1885年戰局大逆轉的情況下，卻要去簽一個對1884年才成立的條約的自傷行為完全不能理解，對當時主和的李鴻章作出以下批評：
「對中國而言，十個法國將軍，也比不上一個李鴻章壞事」；「李鴻章誤盡蒼生，將落個千古罵名」。李鴻章惱怒之餘，決定拿左宗棠的下屬開刀，指使親信潘鼎
新、劉銘傳等陷害攻擊「恪靖定邊軍」首領王德榜[2]、台灣兵備道劉璈，使他們失去兵權。左宗棠上書為屬下鳴冤叫屈，但因為一個月後就於7月27日（陽
曆9月5日）在福州病故，從此，左宗棠系的湘軍人馬不振，以至於李鴻章的淮軍自此在清廷的派系鬥爭中壓倒湘軍，控制了軍事大權，一直到北洋軍，都是清廷
的主要軍事力量。
[編輯] 評價
[編輯] 評價
一般評價：認為左宗棠之功遠高其過，胡林翼曾極力稱讚說左氏橫覽九州，才智超群，必成大器。在1870年代、1880年代力排李鴻章等海防派重臣之議，
抬棺西行，收復新疆。左氏是湘軍骨幹，漢之民族英雄，亦為清廷認為是國家棟樑，諡號「文襄」，取其襄贊國家之舉。
張之洞
維基百科，自由的百科全書
(重定向自張之洞)
跳轉到: 導航, 搜索
張之洞張之洞（1837年9月4日—1909年10月5日），字孝達，號香濤、香岩，又號壹公、無競居士，晚年自號抱冰。直隸南皮（今河北南皮）人。清
道光十七年八月初三生於貴州。咸豐二年（1852年）順天府解元，十八歲中舉人，廿六歲中進士。同治二年（1863年）探花，庶吉士，歷任翰林院編修、
教習、侍讀、侍講學士及內閣學士等職，一度是清流派健將，後期轉化為洋務派的主要代表人物，大力倡導「中學為體，西學為用」。他注重教育和治安，對清末
教育有很大的影響，同時中國近代的警察制度也是由他開始主導。曾任山西巡撫、兩廣總督、湖廣總督、兩江總督（多次署理，從未實授）、軍機大臣等職，官至
體仁閣大學士，曾創辦漢陽鐵廠、大冶鐵礦、湖北槍砲廠等。八國聯軍時，大沽砲台失守，張之洞會同劉坤一與駐滬各領事議訂「東南互保」，並鎮壓維新派的唐
才常、林圭、秦力山等自立軍起義，1908年11月，以顧命重臣晉太子太保，次年病卒，諡文襄。有《廣雅堂集》。張之洞與曾國藩、李鴻章、左宗棠並成為
晚清「四大名臣」。文化大革命期間，其墓遭人惡意破壞，屍骨從此失蹤直至近年尋回。
目錄 [隱藏]
1 生平大事記
2 身後
3 後代
4 參見
5 資料來源
[編輯] 生平大事記
First Sino-Japanese War
First Sino-Japanese War, major battles and troop movements
Result Japanese victory and a significant loss of prestige for the
changes Qing China loses the influence of the Korean peninsula to the
Empire of Japan.
Qing Dynasty China cedes Taiwan, Pescadores, and Liaodong Peninsula to
Empire of Japan
Belligerents
Qing Dynasty (China) Empire of Japan
Commanders
Li Hongzhang
Ting Ju ch'ang Yamagata Aritomo
Ito Sukeyuki
Strength
630,000 men
Beiyang Army
Beiyang Navy 240,000 men
Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Navy
Casualties and losses
35,000 dead or wounded 13,823 dead,
3,973 wounded
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Portrait of General Tso, by Piassetsky, 1875
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Viceroy of Liangjiang
In office
1881 – 1884
Preceded by Peng Yulin
Succeeded by Yulu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Born November 10, 1812(1812-11-10)
Xiangyin, Hunan
Died September 5, 1885 (aged 72)
Fuzhou, Fujian
Occupation Politician
Zuǒ Zōngtáng, 1st Marquess Kejing of the Second Class (traditional
Chinese: 左宗棠; Courtesy name: Jigao traditional Chinese: 季高) (November
10, 1812 - September 5, 1885), spelled Tso Tsung-t'ang in Wade-Giles
and known simply as General Tso or General Tsuo to Western Europeans,
was a Chinese statesman and military leader. He was born in
Wenjialong, north of Changsha in Hunan province in the waning years of
the Qing Dynasty. He served with distinction during China's most
important (and the world's largest) civil war, the 14 year long
Taiping Rebellion, in which it is estimated 20 million people died.
The Tso in General Tso is sometimes misspelled "Cho" in English,
probably due to Cantonese influence. The correct pronunciation of the
name in Mandarin is [ʤuɔ ʤʊŋtʰɑŋ].
Contents [hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early career
1.2 Taiping Rebellion
1.3 Success and appointments
1.4 Later life and death
2 General Tso's chicken
3 Notes
4 References
[edit] Biography
> of facts and the truth, and I don't understand her obsession and
> the motivation behind her agenda.
>
> Did Leung want to use black against white or simple tried to
> incite white supremacists to attack black?
>
> In either case, Leung is a traitor of her own people and nation.
>
> On 9月29日, 下午5時59分, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Li ( aka Lee ) and Liang ( aka Leung ) are Taiwanese. Lee is a
> > politician in Taiwan and Leung has friends in the film industry.
> > 梁*是台灣人, 因無能為國家民族立功失寵, 几代人都屢戰屢敗, 幾乎從未戰勝,
> > 想出演戲, 一女多嫁, 聯姻,和親等方法, 希望通過讓他人追求和爭奪他女儿,
> > 或在電影里扮演知名人仕, 以此提高名氣, 招兵買馬, 擴張私人力量, 靠女人謀功績富貴.
> > 他怎能與在戰場上出生入死的廖耀湘, 在革命年代和孫中山一起為民奮鬥的廖仲凱,
> > 在最短時間內橫掃世界各國代表, 殺虎屠熊, 百戰百勝的廖宇相比.
> > 你知道各國軍隊中有多少這種兵將.
> > 色偶天成
>
Misusing alliance compassion is their way of eliminating contenders
or
anyone
better than them. Li's family do not concern about national interest
and the
victory of people. They are interested in dictatorship more than the
glory of
been
most
famous battles in the first sino-Japanese war and the communist
liberation war
of NanJing. The countries they fought for was eventually invaded and
collapsed.
Liang's family never participated in any successful and major
military
campaign in modern history. The most famous person in Liang family
fled to Japan
after a failed political coup during the Qing dynasty.
> > > ... Kato Kensei (加藤剱正 'Katō Kensei'), was a famous Japanese ... Kato
> > > Masao. Kato's Attack and Kill. Japanese. kato. Kiseido Publishing
> > > Company. Japanese name ...www.spock.com/Masao-Kato-Cached
> > > Japanese man publicly fights grope charge | csmonitor.com
> > > After women started speaking out, some men now fear false ... Mr.
> > > Kato, in fact, is the first man convicted of indecent assault to
> > > Both names are his, and his history is apparent. bîru kumu waga hon-
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> > > for Japanese. ...www.modernhaiku.org/essays/KoreanJapaneseHaiku.html-Cached
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> > > ... known by one or more common names in different places, and some
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mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Age-of-caliphs.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt
A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political
leadership of the Muslim ummah in classical and medieval Islamic
history and juristic theory.[1] The head of state's position (Caliph)
is based on the notion of a successor to the Islamic prophet
Muhammad's political authority.
According to Sunnis the Caliph should be elected by Muslims or their
representatives;[2] and according to Shia Islam, is an Imam descended
in a line from the Ahl al-Bayt. From the time of Muhammad until 1924,
successive and contemporary caliphates were held by various dynasties,
including the Umayyads (who were driven from Damascus to Córdoba), the
Abbasids (who ruled from Baghdad and drove away the Umayyads from
Damascus), the Fatimids (who ruled from Cairo), and finally the
Ottomans.
The caliphate is the only form of governance that has full approval in
traditional Islamic theology, and "is the core political concept of
Sunni Islam, by the consensus of the Muslim majority in the early
centuries."[3]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Rashidun, 632-661
o 1.2 Umayyads, 7th-8th century
+ 1.2.1 The Caliphate in Hispania
o 1.3 Abbasids, 8th-13th century
o 1.4 Shadow Caliphate, 13th-16th century
o 1.5 Ottomans, 16th-20th century
o 1.6 Khilafat Movement, 1920
o 1.7 End of the Caliphate, 1924
o 1.8 Ahmadiyya caliphate
* 2 Religious Basis
o 2.1 Quran
o 2.2 Hadith
o 2.3 The Sahaba of Muhammad
o 2.4 The sayings of Islamic scholars
* 3 Reestablishment of the Caliphate
o 3.1 Islamist call
o 3.2 Opposition
* 4 Political system
o 4.1 Electing or appointing a Caliph
o 4.2 Shi'a belief
o 4.3 Sunni belief
o 4.4 Majlis al-Shura: Parliament
o 4.5 Accountability of rulers
o 4.6 Rule of Law
* 5 Famous caliphs
* 6 Further reading
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links
[edit] History
Umayyads, 7th-8th century
Main article: Umayyad
The Caliphate, 622-750 Expansion under the Prophet Muhammad,
622-632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632-661
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750
Under the Umayyads the Caliphate grew rapidly geographically. Islamic
rule expanded westward across North Africa and into Hispania and
eastward through Persia and ultimately to Sindh and Punjab in modern
day Pakistan. This made it one of the largest unitary states in
history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over
three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). Although not ruling all
of the Sahara, homage was paid to the Caliph by Saharan Africa usually
via various nomad Berber tribes.
Largely due to the fact that they were not elected via Shura, the
Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim
community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like Al-Zubayr;
others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, or
his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule. There were
numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the
Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between Yaman and Qays).
Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hisham and the supporters of the
lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the
Shiˤat ˤAlī, "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the
Abbasid dynasty took power, as the Abbasids were descended from
Muhammad's uncle, `Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib and not from Ali.
Following this disappointment, the Shiˤat ˤAlī finally split from the
majority Sunni Muslims and formed what are today the several Shiˤa
denominations.
The Umayyad Caliphate emerged as the rulers of the Islamic world.
Although they maintained the Sasanians' administrative practices, the
Umayyads considered Islam as primarily an Arab religion and were wary
of Persian culture. They enforced use of the Arabic language in
Persia, leading to the demise of the Middle Persian or Pahlavi
alphabet in favor of the new Arabic/Persian alphabet in use to this
day. They attempted to assimilate Persians as they had "Arabized" and
assimilated the Egyptians and the Assyrians, but with much less
success.[6]
[edit] The Caliphate in Hispania
Main article: Caliph of Córdoba
During the Ummayad period Hispania was an integral province of the
Ummayad Caliphate ruled from Damascus, Syria. Later the caliphate was
won by the Abbasids and Al-Andalus (or Hispania) split from the
Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad to form their own caliphate. The Caliphate
of Córdoba (خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian Peninsula from the city of
Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable
success in technology, trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of
Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great
Mosque of Córdoba. The title Caliph (خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-
Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of
Córdoba (أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the
Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba
and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The rule of the
Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian
peninsula, before it split into taifas. Spain possessed a significant
native Muslim population until 1610 with the success of the Catholic-
instigated Spanish Inquisition, which expelled any remnants of Spanish
Muslim (Morisco) or Jewish populations.
[edit] Abbasids, 8th-13th century
Main article: Abbasid
The umayyad dynasty was overthrown by another family of meccan origin,
the Abbasids, in 750. The Abbasids had an unbroken line of Caliphs for
over three centuries, consolidating Islamic rule and cultivating great
intellectual and cultural developments in the Middle East. By 940 the
power of the Caliphate under the Abbasids was waning as non-Arabs,
particularly the Berbers of the Maghreb, the Turks, and later the
Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century, gained
influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
However, the Caliphate endured as both a symbolic position and a
unifying entity for the Islamic world.During the period of the Abassid
dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The
Shiˤa Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which
claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the
title of Caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North
Africa. Initially covering Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, the
Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking
Egypt and Palestine, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the
tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally
ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to
rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph
in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.
Ottomans, 16th-20th century
Main article: Ottoman Caliphate
History of Egypt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the
History of Egypt series.
Ancient Egypt
Achaemenid Egypt
Ptolemaic Egypt
Roman Egypt
Christian Egypt
Arab Egypt
Ottoman Egypt
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Modern Egypt
Egyptians
Hathor
The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified
state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural
geographic and economic unit, bounded to the east and west by deserts,
to the north by the sea and to the south by the Cataracts of the Nile.
The need to have a single authority to manage the waters of the Nile
led to the creation of the world's first state in Egypt in about 3000
BC. Egypt's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack,
which is why Pharaonic Egypt was for so long an independent and self-
contained state. The Nubians and Hyksos were among the earliest
foreign rulers of Egypt, but the ancient Egyptians regained control of
their country soon after their invasions. The Neo-Assyrian Empire also
controlled Egypt for a while before native Egyptians regained control.
Once Egypt did succumb to foreign rule, however, it proved unable to
escape from it, and for 2,400 years, Egypt was governed by a series of
foreign powers: the Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Byzantines,
Rashidun, Umayyads, Abbasids, Ottomans, French, and British. At
certain periods during these 2,400 years, Egypt was independently
governed under the Ptolemies, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Mamluks
and Muhammad Ali. The founders and rulers of these governments,
however, were not native to Egypt.
When Gamal Abdel Nasser (President of Egypt) (1954–1970) remarked that
he was the first native Egyptian to exercise sovereign power in the
country since Pharaoh Nectanebo II, deposed by the Persians in 343 BC,
he was exaggerating only slightly.
In this encyclopedia, Egyptian history has been divided into eight
periods:
* History of ancient Egypt: 3100 BC to 525 BC
* History of Achaemenid Egypt: 525 BC to 332 BC
* History of Ptolemaic Egypt: 332 BC to 30 BC
* History of Roman Egypt: 30 BC to AD 639
* History of Arab Egypt: 639 to 1517
* History of Ottoman Egypt: 1517 to 1805
* History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty: 1805 to 1882
* History of modern Egypt: since 1882
On Sep 19, 5:48 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> Cost comparsion of American war from Civil war to Gulf war.
> Career and job required basic training in martial art and boxing.
> All military personnels from soldiers to generals required training in
> martial art.
>
>
> "Here are the report's estimated costs of major wars, in 2008 dollars,
> and their costs as a percentage of GDP in each of their peak years:
>
> --American Revolution: $1.8 billion; GDP figure not available
> --War of 1812: $1.2 billion; 2.2 percent
> --Civil War, Union: $45.2 billion; 11.3 percent
> --Civil War, Confederacy: $15.2 billion; GDP figure not available
> --World War I: $253 billion; 13.6 percent
> --World War II: $4.1 trillion; 35.8 percent
> --Korean War: $320 billion; 4.2 percent
> --Vietnam War: $686 billion; 2.3 percent
> --Gulf War: $96 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Iraq war: $648 billion; 1 percent
> --Afghanstian/Global war on terror: $171 billion; 0.3 percent
> --Post 9/11 domestic security: $33 billion; 0.1 percent
> --Post 9/11 operations: $859 billion; 1.2 percent
>
> (© 2008 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may
> not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)"
>
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> 1
> Tiger Woods
> Pro Golf
> Last Year's Rank: 1$22,902,706
> $105,000,000
> $127,902,706With close to $800 million in total earnings on and off
> the course over his 13-year career, Tiger should become the first
> billion-dollar athlete in the next two years -- and he's still only
> 32.
> 2
> Phil Mickelson
> Pro Golf
> Last Year's Rank: 3$9,372,685
> $53,000,000
> $62,372,685Lefty's numbers jump thanks to an extra $2 million in FedEx
> Cup points in '07 and lucrative appearance fees for his first
> participation on the Asian Tour in Singapore and Shanghai.
> 3
> LeBron James
> Cleveland Cavaliers (NBA)
> Last Year's Rank: 6$12,455,000
> $28,000,000
> $40,455,000King James has earned $167 million during his five seasons
> in the NBA, and has his eyes on serious entrepreneurship: He counts
> billionaire Warren Buffett as a role model and friend.
> 4
> Floyd Mayweather Jr.
> Boxing
> Last Year's Rank: 22$20,000,000
> $20,250,000
> $40,250,000It's been a monster year for Pretty Boy, who made $20
> million in purse and pay-per-view shares for his fight with Ricky
> Hatton and another $20 million for his foray into professional
> wrestling.
> 5
> Kobe Bryant
> Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
> Last Year's Rank: 5$19,490,625 ...
>
> read more »
mrliu918
埃及的歷史可以按以下的時段分为八个阶段：
* 古埃及歷史（法老时代）：公元前3100年到公元前525年
* 阿契美尼德埃及歷史：公元前525年到公元前332年
* 托勒密埃及歷史：公元前332年到公元前30年
* 羅馬埃及歷史：公元前30年到公元639年
* 阿拉伯诸王朝统治下的埃及歷史：公元639年到公元1517年
* 奥斯曼土耳其帝国统治下的埃及歷史：公元1517年到公元1805年
* 穆罕默德·阿里朝代統治下的埃及歷史：公元1805年到公元1882年
* 埃及现代史：始於公元1882年
[编辑] 参見
On Nov 11, 6:43 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Age-of-caliphs.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt
> ...
>
> read more »
mrliu918
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece
Greece
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Greece (disambiguation).
"Hellas" redirects here. For other uses, see Hellas (disambiguation).
Hellenic Republic
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía
Flag of Greece Coat of arms of Greece
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Ελευθερία ή θάνατος
Eleftheria i thanatos (transliteration)
"Freedom or Death"
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν
Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían
Hymn to Liberty1
Location of Greece
Location of Greece (dark green)
– on the European continent (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green) — [Legend]
Capital
(and largest city) Athens
[show location on an interactive map] 38°00′N 23°43′E / 38, 23.717
Official languages Greek
Demonym Greek
Government Parliamentary republic
- President Karolos Papoulias
- Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis
- Speaker Dimitris Sioufas
Modern statehood
- Independence from
the Ottoman Empire
25 March 1821
- Recognized 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol
- Current constitution 1975, "Third Republic"
EU accession 1 January 1981
Area
- Total 131,990 km² (96th)
50,944 sq mi
- Water (%) 0.8669
Population
- 2008 estimate 11,216,708[1] (74th)
- 2001 census 10,964,020[2]
- Density 84/km² (88th)
218/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2007 IMF estimate
- Total $324.891 billion[3] (33rd)
- Per capita $29,146[3] (28th)
GDP (nominal) 2007 IMF estimate
- Total $313.806 billion[3] (27th)
- Per capita $28,152[3] (27th)
Gini (2000) 34.32 (low) (35th)
HDI (2005) ▲ 0.926 (high) (24th)
Currency Euro (€)3 (EUR)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
- Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Internet TLD .gr4
Calling code +30
1 Also the national anthem of Cyprus.
2 UNDP Human Development Report 2007/08.
3 Before 2001, the Greek drachma.
4 The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European
Union member states.
Greece [ɡɹiːs] (help·info) (Greek: Ελλάδα, transliterated: Elláda [e̞
ˈlaða] (info), historically Ἑλλάς, Ellás, IPA: [e̞ˈlas]), officially
the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía,
[e̞liniˈkʲi ðimo̞kɾaˈtia]),[4] is a country in southeastern Europe,
situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. It has borders
with Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east
and south of mainland Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the west.
Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean basin feature a vast number of
islands.
Greece lies at the juncture of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is heir to
the heritages of ancient Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires,[5]
and nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule.[6] Greece is the birthplace
of democracy,[7] Western philosophy,[8] the Olympic Games, Western
literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and
mathematical principles, and Western drama,[9] including both tragedy
and comedy.
Greece is a developed country, a member of the European Union since
1981,[10] a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European
Union since 2001, NATO since 1952,[11] the OECD since 1961,[12] the
WEU since 1995 and ESA since 2005.[13] Athens is the capital;
Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Ioannina, Kavala,
Rhodes and Serres are some of the country's other major cities.
[hide]
* 1 History
o 2.1 Peripheries and prefectures
* 3 Geography
o 3.1 Climate
* 4 Economy
o 4.1 Maritime industry
o 4.2 Science and technology
o 4.3 International relations
* 5 Demographics
o 5.1 Immigration
o 5.2 Religion
o 5.3 Languages
* 6 Education
* 7 Culture
o 7.1 Cuisine
o 7.2 Sports
* 8 Armed forces
* 9 International rankings
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading
* 14 External links
History
Main article: History of Greece
希臘
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
汉漢▼▲
為了閱讀方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。轉換內容：
顯示↓關閉↑附加說明（對轉換結果有疑問時）
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由於技術所限，字詞轉換有時會不穩定，在剛增加標題轉換時，由於緩存原因標題不一定馬上顯示轉換後的正確結果。你可以嘗試單擊這裡進行強制刷新。
希臘共和國
通稱：希臘
國旗 國徽
國家格言：Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος
（希臘文：不自由吾寧死）
國歌：《自由頌》
自然地理
（實際管轄區）
首都 雅典
[顯示該地在地圖上的位置] 北緯38度00分，東經23度43分表達錯誤: 未預料的 / 運算符;表達錯誤: 未預料的 / 運算符
最大城市 雅典
面積
* 國土面積：131,990平方公里（世界第96名）
* 水域率：0.8669%
時區 歐洲東部時間（UTC+2）
人民生活
官方語言 希臘語
人口
* 總人口：11,216,708（世界第74名）
* 人口密度：84/km2（世界第88名）
政治文化
政治體制 議會民主制
國家領導人
* 國家元首：總統：卡羅洛斯·帕普利亞斯
* 政府首腦：總理：科斯塔斯·卡拉曼利斯
經濟實力
GDP(PPP) 3,562.58億美元
人均GDP(PPP) 32,010美元
HDI 0.926（高，2007年）
中央銀行 希臘中央銀行
貨幣單位 歐元（€）（EUR）
國家資料
國家代碼 GRC/GRE
國際域名縮寫 .gr
國際電話區號 +30
編輯
希臘共和國，簡稱希臘（希臘語: Ελλάδα 或 Ελλάς），位於歐洲東南部巴爾幹半島南端。陸地上北面與保加利亞、馬其頓以及阿爾巴尼亞接壤，
東部則與土耳其接壤，瀕臨愛琴海，西南臨愛奧尼亞海及地中海。希臘被譽為是西方文明的發源地，擁有悠久的歷史，並對三大洲的歷史發展有過重大影響。漢語
「希臘」是從「Hellás」譯過來的，Ελλάς原先寫作Ἑλλάς，拉丁化轉寫就是Hellás，現代希臘語寫法變成Ελλάς，拉丁化轉寫是
Ellás。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 歷史
* 2 政治
* 3 行政區
* 4 地理
o 4.1 氣候
* 5 經濟
* 6 人口
* 7 語言
* 8 文化
* 9 其他
* 10 外部連結
[編輯] 歷史
主條目：希臘歷史
這片愛琴海沿岸的土地見證了歐洲最早的兩大文明：米諾斯文明（Μινωικός πολιτισμός）及邁錫尼文明（Μυκηναϊκός
πολιτισμός）。之後希臘經歷了一段黑暗時期，直到公元前800年新的希臘文明的誕生。當時的希臘城邦在地中海沿岸建立起自己的殖民地，成功抵
禦波斯帝國入侵，並發展出燦爛的希臘文化。希臘，馬其頓和色雷斯地區的文明被統稱為海倫尼克(Ελληνιστική)。
古時的希臘是由各城市組成的城邦治。希臘曾經被其城邦馬其頓領導。在亞歷山大三世的領導下，馬其頓王國滅亡了波斯帝國，希臘文化隨之傳播到埃及、中東和
中亞地區，史稱希臘化時代。亞歷山大大帝死後，希臘歷史中政治與軍事上重要的城邦為：雅典、馬其頓、斯巴達和底比斯。
Alexander the Great
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Alexander the Great (disambiguation).
Alexander the Great
Basileus of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Pharaoh of Egypt,
Shahanshah of Persia
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. From Alexander Mosaic,
from Pompeii, Naples, Naples National Archaeological Museum.
Reign 336-323 BC
Born July 20, 356 BC
Birthplace Pella, Macedon
Died June 10 or June 11, 323 BC (aged 32)
Place of death Babylon
Predecessor Philip II
Successor Alexander IV
Consort Roxana of Bactria
Stateira of Persia
Offspring Alexander IV
Father Philip II of Macedon
Mother Olympias of Epirus
[show]
v • d • e
Wars of
Alexander the Great
Chaeronea (338 BC) – Thebes (338 BC) – Granicus (334 BC) – Miletus
(334 BC) – Halicarnassus (334 BC) – Issus (333 BC) – Gordium (333 BC)
– Tyre (332 BC) – Gaza (332 BC) – Gaugamela (331 BC) – Persian Gate
(330 BC) – Sogdian Rock (327 BC) – Aornos (327 BC) – Hydaspes (326 BC)
– Malli (325 BC)
Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας or Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος,[1]
Mégas Aléxandros; July 20, 356 BC[2] – June 10 or June 11, 323 BC),
[3] also known as Alexander III of Macedon (Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών)
was an ancient Greek[4][5] king (basileus) of Macedon (336–323 BC). He
was one of the most successful military commanders of all time and is
presumed undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had
conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks.[6]
Alexander assumed the kingship of Macedon following the death of his
father Philip II, who had unified[7] most of the city-states of
mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony in a federation called the
League of Corinth.[8] After reconfirming Macedonian rule by quashing a
rebellion of southern Greek city-states and staging a short but bloody
excursion against Macedon's northern neighbours, Alexander set out
east against the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which he defeated and
overthrew. His conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea,
Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and he extended the boundaries
of his own empire as far as Punjab, India.
Alexander had already made plans prior to his death for military and
mercantile expansions into the Arabian peninsula, after which he was
to turn his armies to the west (Carthage, Rome and the Iberian
Peninsula). His original vision, however, had been to the east, to the
ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea, as is described by his
boyhood tutor and mentor Aristotle.
Alexander integrated many foreigners into his army, leading some
scholars to credit him with a "policy of fusion". He also encouraged
marriages between his soldiers and foreigners, and he himself went on
to marry two foreign princesses.
Alexander died after twelve years of constant military campaigning,
possibly a result of malaria, poisoning, typhoid fever, viral
encephalitis or the consequences of alcoholism.[9][10] His legacy and
conquests lived on long after him and ushered in centuries of Greek
settlement and cultural influence over distant areas. This period is
known as the Hellenistic period, which featured a combination of
Greek, Middle Eastern and Indian culture. Alexander himself featured
prominently in the history and myth of both Greek and non-Greek
cultures. His exploits inspired a literary tradition in which he
appeared as a legendary hero in the tradition of Achilles.[11]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Early life
o 1.1 Ascent of Macedon
* 2 Period of conquests
o 2.1 Fall of the Achaemenid Persian Empire
+ 2.1.1 Hostility
o 2.2 Invasion of India
o 2.3 After India
* 3 Death
o 3.1 Cause
+ 3.1.1 Physical deformity and the cause of death
o 3.2 Successor
o 3.3 Body
o 3.4 Testament
* 4 Personal life
* 5 Legacy and division of the empire
o 5.1 Influence on Ancient Rome
* 6 Character
* 7 Greek and Latin sources
* 8 Legend
o 8.1 In the Bible
o 8.2 In the Qur'an
o 8.3 In the Shahnameh
o 8.4 Names
o 8.5 In ancient and modern culture
* 9 Notes
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
o 11.1 Non-Greek/Latin perspectives
* 12 External links
立即捐輸 »
[顯示]
請捐助Wikipedia：一個非牟利計劃
立即捐輸 »
亞歷山大大帝
跳轉到: 導航, 搜尋
汉漢▼▲
* 轉換標題為：简体：亚历山大大帝；繁體：亞歷山大大帝；香港：亞歷山大大帝；
* 實際標題為：亚历山大大帝；當前顯示為：亞歷山大大帝
為了閱讀方便，本文使用全文手工轉換。轉換內容：
1. 阿基里斯 當前用字模式下顯示為→阿基里斯
顯示↓關閉↑附加說明（對轉換結果有疑問時）
字詞轉換是中文維基的一項自動轉換，目的是通過電腦程式自動消除繁簡、地區詞等不同用字模式的差異，以達到閱讀方便。
字詞轉換包括全局轉換和手動轉換，本說明所使用的標題轉換和全文轉換技術，都屬於手動轉換。
由於技術所限，字詞轉換有時會不穩定，在剛增加標題轉換時，由於緩存原因標題不一定馬上顯示轉換後的正確結果。你可以嘗試單擊這裡進行強制刷新。
亞歷山大大帝（希臘語：Μέγας Αλέξανδρος或Αλέξανδρος ο Μέγας，其名字亞歷山大意為「人類的（ανδρός）守護者
（αλέξω）」；公元前356年7月22日－前323年6月10日）即馬其頓的亞歷山大三世（Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών）。馬
其頓王國國王。他維持了以馬其頓領導的統一希臘諸城邦，並征服了波斯、及其它亞西亞王國，直至印度的邊界。他用13年時間征服了當時歐洲視角的「已知世
界」，被認為是歷史上重要的軍事家。
目錄
[隱藏]
* 1 當時的地理環境
o 1.1 形式奇特的國家
* 2 生平
o 2.1 早年（前356年～前336年）
o 2.2 繼位和鞏固政權（前336年～前335年）
o 2.3 波斯出征初期（前334年～前333年）
o 2.4 伊蘇至高加美拉（前333年～前331年）
o 2.5 追捕大流士三世（前331年～前330年）
o 2.6 中亞細亞（前330年～前327年）
o 2.7 印度（前327年～前326年）
o 2.8 返回波斯（前326年～前325年）
o 2.9 末年（前324年～前323年）
* 3 遺留的格局
o 3.1 帝國分裂，繼業者戰爭（前322年～前281年）
o 3.2 古希臘全盛後期
* 4 亞歷山大大帝生平年表
* 5 參考文獻
o 5.1 同期記載
o 5.2 後期傳記
o 5.3 當代文獻
* 6 亞歷山大大帝麾下主要將領
* 7 關於亞歷山大大帝的圖片
On Nov 11, 6:45 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> 埃及的歷史可以按以下的時段分为八个阶段：
>
> * 古埃及歷史（法老时代）：公元前3100年到公元前525年
> * 阿契美尼德埃及歷史：公元前525年到公元前332年
> * 托勒密埃及歷史：公元前332年到公元前30年
> * 羅馬埃及歷史：公元前30年到公元639年
> * 阿拉伯诸王朝统治下的埃及歷史：公元639年到公元1517年
> * 奥斯曼土耳其帝国统治下的埃及歷史：公元1517年到公元1805年
> * 穆罕默德·阿里朝代統治下的埃及歷史：公元1805年到公元1882年
> * 埃及现代史：始於公元1882年
>
> [编辑] 参見
>
> On Nov 11, 6:43 pm, mrliu918 <mrliu...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
> read more »