The difference between them has significant meaning to browsers and bots.
What a 301 is saying is "if you ever come to this url again, you should go to this other one ALWAYS".
A 302 is effectively saying "just this time go to this page" so next time you need to check again and I might send you somewhere else.
What does this mean in reality?
301s are used for pages that are moved or renamed, or for common redirects like forcing www on a URL. You're telling a bit and Google "that url is out of date, it's now located somewhere else".
A 302 is typically used for form submissions or after performing a successful action that requires user input and where the location night change depending on that input or user state. If a user is not logged in, for example, and they try to go to /admin, if you 301 them to the login page, the next time they try to go to /admin (even if they are authenticated) the browser will send them to login again.
It sounds like your SEO agency needs a basic lesson in HTTP response codes...
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