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A New Look at the Principles of Motion. Section 3, Structure of Heavenly bodies
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Arindam Banerjee
May 29, 2019, 10:41:00 PM5/29/19
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A New Look at the Principles of Motion, by Arindam Banerjee
For keen and fresh young minds, introducing new physics for superior technology and a better understanding of the universe.
Section 3
The Structure of Heavenly Bodies
The Reason for Solar Energy
We are now in a position to discuss the reason for solar energy, or why the Sun is hot. First we briefly discuss the current theory, for same.
It seems that there is phenomenon called fusion, where the nuclei of hydrogen atoms unite to form a helium atom, with a great deal of release of energy. This process apparently takes place in the core of the Sun, where it is assumed that the enormous pressure creates the extraordinary temperatures required for the success of this phenomenon. On Earth, this phenomenon has been demonstrated by the very powerful hydrogen bomb. A fission bomb (a normal atom bomb, where heavy nuclei break up into smaller nuclei) creates a lot of heat, or a very high temperature, and apparently this high temperature is what unites the “heavy water” deuterium isotope (hydrogen with an extra neutron in its nucleus) into helium, with such a tremendous display of energy. This great energy can be explained by the simple formula e=mcc, where m is the mass that is totally annihilated, e the energy so generated, and c is the speed of light. So, mass is getting totally lost all the time in the Sun – yet it is so big, it can keep on generating as much energy the way it does for a very long time. The success of the hydrogen bomb, has sanctified (but not proved) Einstein’s famous equation e=mcc, and all the assumptions that went with its derivation. It has explained the reason for the energy radiated by the sun and indeed all the stars. However, it does not quite explain the energy generated by the Earth (so far no one talks about fusion going on in the Earth’s core, very hot though that has got to be), nor is there any sound explanation for the very strong magnetic fields in the Sun, and also the Earth’s magnetic field.
We now propose an alternative theory for solar energy. What we do know about the Sun is that it has an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. That is, the outer layers of the Sun is gaseous, not solid. And that this outer layer is very hot. (We do not know anything about the inner layers, actually. What current theory assumes is that the Sun is mostly hydrogen, and a little of helium, as it must have hydrogen at its core to perform the fusion reaction that leads to so much energy.) Let us proceed based on what is incontrovertibly known about the Sun.
We observe that there is a lot of turmoil on the solar surface. There is a lot of collision processes happening all the time on the surface; long streams of gases flowing in various directions; occasional solar flares, that could be very powerful like the erupting volcanoes on Earth; an extended atmosphere around the Sun, stretching out with decreasing density; and a very strong magnetic fields.
It is self-evident that the hydrogen atmosphere on the Sun should be as it is on the Earth, so far as density goes. Meaning, that the lower layers are usually more dense than the upper layers (phenomena such as tornadoes excepted). The lower layers, being more dense, are must have lower speed in comparison with the higher layers, when accelerated by the same amount of force.
Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere. This will lead to all the surrounding gases to rush to that part, so as to neutralize this low pressure region. All the layers will be subjected to the same force. As seen earlier, this will create a velocity differentiation between say the N contiguous layers – they will now act as the N travelators discussed earlier, that are free-standing and thus not tied to the surface, and with increasing relative velocities. The masses in the upper part of the 0v inertial reference system, will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the 1v inertial reference system; the masses on the upper part of the 1v inertial reference system, will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the 2v inertial reference system; and so on, till the masses in the upper part of the (N-1)v inertial reference system will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the Nv inertial reference system. Thus, a lot of mass will effectively have shifted from the 0v inertial frame of reference to the Nv frame of reference, thus creating a lot of free energy.
The region of low pressure will create the creation of such N-layer travelator-type systems from opposing sides. The high-velocity N layer masses will hit each other from the opposing sides – this impact will transform their kinetic energies, that are generated as free energy, into heat. This heat will radiate outside (making the Sun hot) and also impact upon the masses below, making them hotter. After their impact, the masses on the top layers will have not that much tangential velocity; this means that they will be forced up, or pushed below, to the lower layers. The area of low pressure will then become a cauldron of opposing masses, whirling, radiating energy – just as we see with our telescopes.
When the masses have moved away from where they existed, prior to the low pressure volume that we talked about, they created more low pressure areas, which in turn has to be filled up. We have just shown how. Thus the cycle continues, for ever and ever – the impacting masses on the top layer release their free energy as heat, to the rest of the universe.
There are two other factors involved. The first is the heat that is generated directly from the Sun’s gravity. Just as we have molten rock or lava a few kilometers under the Earth’s surface, as a result of the pressure from the matter over it, which heats the rock till it melts – it can be inferred that the Sun too generates such heat as a result of its enormous gravity. This heat radiates out, as well, as is constantly energizing the lower layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, such that there is continual movement of the gases. If the Sun’s gravity did not generate such heat, then the gases in the Sun could not move at all.
The second factor is the very strong magnetic field on the Sun. How is this caused, is presently a mystery we shall try to elucidate later. This magnetic field works on the ionized gases, causing strong electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion. These strong forces lead to a lack of symmetry in the gases, that should otherwise have existed. This lack of symmetry, then, could be one of the reasons for the creation or magnification of the low pressure volume regions in the Sun’s atmosphere.
Terrestrial Energy
It has only been recently realized that we are sitting right on the bottom of an ocean of atmosphere. Torricelli proved it by creating the first barometer. He filled a glass tube over thirty feet long with water, and made it stand in a trough of water. The water did not run down; the atmospheric pressure was holding it up. Another great experiment was the Magdeburg hemispheres. They were brought together, and air was pumped out of them. It took two teams of horses to pull the hemispheres apart!
The Earth receives a lot of energy from the sun, and this energy is largely responsible for the winds, the growth of the plants and other life-forms, oceanic currents, and so on. But the Earth also creates a lot of internal energy. The most visible form is the volcano – Earth’s internal energy pours out the most dramatically and violently. Geo-thermal energy is tapped for use in many parts of the world, such as around Rotorua in the volcanic North Island of New Zealand. The Earth also gives out its energy steadily. If we go caving, we will find that the temperature below say 20 meters from the surface is always remarkably steady, irrespective of the season, and from the evidence of the stalactites and stalagmites, has been so for millions of years.
As we progress further below, the reason becomes obvious. In deep mines, the rocks that are under pressure from the masses above them become so hot that they cannot be touched with bare hands. Thus, the high pressure (or squeeze) they are enduring from the gravitational force of the masses above upon them, and the resistance from the masses below them, is increasing the temperature. As we go further below, the rocks become so hot that they melt – they become molten rock, or lava. The surface of the Earth is thus resting upon a vast single ocean of molten rock. The drift of the continents, has been explained using this theory. The natural phenomenon of the volcano is explained as the escape of the lava through a weak spot in the Earth’s crust (the solid surface over the molten lava).
This heat from the lava has to escape. It has to flow from its higher temperature to the lower temperature region. One route is to the surface of the Earth, which is much cooler. There is thus a temperature gradient from the lava layer, to the surface layer; the hot walls of our deep mine we talked about earlier, is due not only to the pressure from the masses above and the resistance below, but also due to the heat being conducted out from the lower lava layers.
The Nature of the Earth’s core
As of now, the understanding is that the Earth’s core is very hot, molten metal; mostly ferrous in nature. This is stated as a fact in every high school physics textbook. The evidence comes from the flow of lava – evidently it gets hotter and hotter as we go below the Earth’s surface. Thus, it is assumed from some sort of extrapolation that the Earth’s core must be very hot indeed, what with all the pressure of the entire planet bearing down upon it. Then there are theories based upon the creation of the solar system: initially our planet was very hot, and has been cooling ever since.
Again, let us take an alternative outlook. There is no dispute that the Earth’s crust rests upon lava, which is formed several kilometers below the surface. But below that lava, what does exist?
It seems self-evident that the lava layer will be very deep. The temperature caused from high pressure, from the molten lava and the sold crust above, will continue to melt the rocks so long as there is sufficient mass “below” to permit the squeezing – in other words, if there is still a sizable radius of matter left, against which there can be squeezing. But near the centre of the Earth, where the radius is near zero, what is the pressure?
This is really the key question. Let us analyze it mathematically. The force acting upon a body upon the surface of the Earth is m*g, where m is the mass of the body and g is the acceleration due to the Earth’s gravity. Now as per the universal law of gravitation, formulated by Newton, the force of attraction F between two masses m1 and m2, with a distance r in between their respective centers of mass, is F = G*m1*m2/r^2, where G is a constant known as Gravitational Constant. Applying this to the mass m on the surface of the Earth, and taking the mass of the Earth to be M, and the radius R, we have, F = G*m*M/R^2, by taking the centre of mass of the Earth to be at its centre. Let the average density of the Earth be D, then we have the mass M as V * D, where V is the volume of the Earth. Now the volume of any sphere is pi*4*R^3/3, where pi = 3.1412 roughly, and R is the radius of the sphere. So M is D * V or M = D * pi*4*R^3/D. Substituting this value in the equation for force, we have:
F = G*m*D*pi*4*R^3/(R^2*3), or
F = G*m*D*pi*4*R/3
Now when R or the radius of the Earth is zero, which is the case when the m is at the centre of the Earth, then F = 0. Now pressure is force per unit area, so pressure at the centre of the Earth is also zero.
This looks strange – what of the huge masses all around the body m, why are they not crushing m to practically extinction? The point is that they are all pulling away at the mass m from all sides – so the resultant force acting upon the mass m is zero. It is like a body on the surface of the Earth – because the air pressure on both sides is equal, the forces cancel, and there is no net force. But is somehow the air pressure on one side is diminished (like what they did with the Magdeburg hemispheres) then the forces resulting from the atmospheric pressure starts to become apparent.
Where the pressure is zero, the temperature is also zero, or near zero. Let us assume for the moment that it is so, and that the core of the Earth is iron – very cold iron. Because it is so cold, it can support superconductivity, and because it can support superconductivity, there is a very large and steady current flowing through it. Now such a large current will naturally create a magnetic field – can we measure it? Indeed we can! Natural magnets (lodestones) have always existed, and helped mariners by naturally pointing to the North. Looked at from the other side, simply because we have a steady magnetic field that is a fact, we must have a steady electric current permanently “on”, and circulating in planes at right angles to the magnetic N-S axis of the Earth. The superconducting effect is the only physics effect we know that can permit this to happen. Superconductivity cannot happen unless the temperature of the conductor of electricity is very low. So, the centre of the Earth must have a very low temperature.
If we conclude that this is so, then the question immediately arises, why does not the heat from the lava layers reach the core by conduction, and thus make the core equally hot? One answer is – there have to be thousands of kilometers of insulation between the lava layers and the core. As the pressures decrease when we progress to the centre of the Earth, the lava solidifies, and again becomes rock. If this rock is like mica, it will act as an excellent insulator of heat. Thus, the centre of the Earth is kept cold by so much insulation.
Some heat energy does seep in continually, despite the insulation – this energy keeps the electric current in the core continually circulating. If no energy came in, at all, then the electric current would die down in due course.
We thus have a perfectly steady, balanced, self-sustaining model to account for the terrestrial energy of our planet. It could be that the lava layers, being fluid, could generate free energy the way we have described earlier, and that this free energy, when rapidly accumulated, could find release as surplus heat energy – thus explaining the sudden and random volcanic actions throughout the ages.
The Structure of the Sun
It is tempting to think of the Sun as having the same basic structure as the Earth – that is, with a thick atmosphere (of hydrogen gas), a solid crust, lava layers, insulating layers and finally a very cold core that thus supports the superconductivity required for the continuously circulating current which in turn creates the Sun’s magnetic field. With this structure in mind, we can explain the reason for the Sun’s magnetic field, the solar flares (volcanoes erupting) and of course, the great energy radiated from the Sun (both from its powerful internal gravitational forces, and the free energy created by its lava layers, and atmosphere layers) and maybe also from radioactive processes such as fission from materials on or near its surface.
The Structure of the Moon
Our Moon is smaller than our Earth, and so lacks the gravity to hang on to any atmosphere. Hence it has no atmosphere, and its rocky surface is clearly visible to the naked eye. It would not be correct to consider it as just one big dead rock. The Moon has shown signs that it is not dead – there is some amount of internal activity. So there could be a layer of hot rock, if not lava, a few kilometers beneath the Moon’s cratered surface.
Conclusion to Section 3
It is thus evident from the earlier discussions that the internal energy of any heavenly body is in direct proportion to its size and related to its structure. It is perfectly possible for it to have a cold core, to support the superconducting currents that are necessary to produce the measured magnetic field. With this our alternative explanation for the energy of the sun and the stars, is not necessary to assume that the core of any star has to be extremely hot, so as to support the temperatures necessary for nuclear fusion. So nuclear fusion need not exist as a natural phenomenon – it can not exist when we consider the formation of the magnetic fields from the currents caused by the phenomenon of superconductivity, that necessity the existence of a very cold core. But if nuclear fusion does not exist, how can we have the extraordinary energies that are produced by the hydrogen bombs? We will study this important point in detail in the next section.
About such phenomena as nova or supernova – apparently these are stars that explode as a result of internal nuclear activity. They could also be the result of stars colliding – just as comets hit planets. Or there could be better explanations, that only travel to outer space, permitting closer investigations, may provide.
For keen and fresh young minds, introducing new physics for superior technology and a better understanding of the universe.
Section 3
The Structure of Heavenly Bodies
The Reason for Solar Energy
We are now in a position to discuss the reason for solar energy, or why the Sun is hot. First we briefly discuss the current theory, for same.
It seems that there is phenomenon called fusion, where the nuclei of hydrogen atoms unite to form a helium atom, with a great deal of release of energy. This process apparently takes place in the core of the Sun, where it is assumed that the enormous pressure creates the extraordinary temperatures required for the success of this phenomenon. On Earth, this phenomenon has been demonstrated by the very powerful hydrogen bomb. A fission bomb (a normal atom bomb, where heavy nuclei break up into smaller nuclei) creates a lot of heat, or a very high temperature, and apparently this high temperature is what unites the “heavy water” deuterium isotope (hydrogen with an extra neutron in its nucleus) into helium, with such a tremendous display of energy. This great energy can be explained by the simple formula e=mcc, where m is the mass that is totally annihilated, e the energy so generated, and c is the speed of light. So, mass is getting totally lost all the time in the Sun – yet it is so big, it can keep on generating as much energy the way it does for a very long time. The success of the hydrogen bomb, has sanctified (but not proved) Einstein’s famous equation e=mcc, and all the assumptions that went with its derivation. It has explained the reason for the energy radiated by the sun and indeed all the stars. However, it does not quite explain the energy generated by the Earth (so far no one talks about fusion going on in the Earth’s core, very hot though that has got to be), nor is there any sound explanation for the very strong magnetic fields in the Sun, and also the Earth’s magnetic field.
We now propose an alternative theory for solar energy. What we do know about the Sun is that it has an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. That is, the outer layers of the Sun is gaseous, not solid. And that this outer layer is very hot. (We do not know anything about the inner layers, actually. What current theory assumes is that the Sun is mostly hydrogen, and a little of helium, as it must have hydrogen at its core to perform the fusion reaction that leads to so much energy.) Let us proceed based on what is incontrovertibly known about the Sun.
We observe that there is a lot of turmoil on the solar surface. There is a lot of collision processes happening all the time on the surface; long streams of gases flowing in various directions; occasional solar flares, that could be very powerful like the erupting volcanoes on Earth; an extended atmosphere around the Sun, stretching out with decreasing density; and a very strong magnetic fields.
It is self-evident that the hydrogen atmosphere on the Sun should be as it is on the Earth, so far as density goes. Meaning, that the lower layers are usually more dense than the upper layers (phenomena such as tornadoes excepted). The lower layers, being more dense, are must have lower speed in comparison with the higher layers, when accelerated by the same amount of force.
Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere. This will lead to all the surrounding gases to rush to that part, so as to neutralize this low pressure region. All the layers will be subjected to the same force. As seen earlier, this will create a velocity differentiation between say the N contiguous layers – they will now act as the N travelators discussed earlier, that are free-standing and thus not tied to the surface, and with increasing relative velocities. The masses in the upper part of the 0v inertial reference system, will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the 1v inertial reference system; the masses on the upper part of the 1v inertial reference system, will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the 2v inertial reference system; and so on, till the masses in the upper part of the (N-1)v inertial reference system will be rubbed onto or get picked up by the Nv inertial reference system. Thus, a lot of mass will effectively have shifted from the 0v inertial frame of reference to the Nv frame of reference, thus creating a lot of free energy.
The region of low pressure will create the creation of such N-layer travelator-type systems from opposing sides. The high-velocity N layer masses will hit each other from the opposing sides – this impact will transform their kinetic energies, that are generated as free energy, into heat. This heat will radiate outside (making the Sun hot) and also impact upon the masses below, making them hotter. After their impact, the masses on the top layers will have not that much tangential velocity; this means that they will be forced up, or pushed below, to the lower layers. The area of low pressure will then become a cauldron of opposing masses, whirling, radiating energy – just as we see with our telescopes.
When the masses have moved away from where they existed, prior to the low pressure volume that we talked about, they created more low pressure areas, which in turn has to be filled up. We have just shown how. Thus the cycle continues, for ever and ever – the impacting masses on the top layer release their free energy as heat, to the rest of the universe.
There are two other factors involved. The first is the heat that is generated directly from the Sun’s gravity. Just as we have molten rock or lava a few kilometers under the Earth’s surface, as a result of the pressure from the matter over it, which heats the rock till it melts – it can be inferred that the Sun too generates such heat as a result of its enormous gravity. This heat radiates out, as well, as is constantly energizing the lower layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, such that there is continual movement of the gases. If the Sun’s gravity did not generate such heat, then the gases in the Sun could not move at all.
The second factor is the very strong magnetic field on the Sun. How is this caused, is presently a mystery we shall try to elucidate later. This magnetic field works on the ionized gases, causing strong electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion. These strong forces lead to a lack of symmetry in the gases, that should otherwise have existed. This lack of symmetry, then, could be one of the reasons for the creation or magnification of the low pressure volume regions in the Sun’s atmosphere.
Terrestrial Energy
It has only been recently realized that we are sitting right on the bottom of an ocean of atmosphere. Torricelli proved it by creating the first barometer. He filled a glass tube over thirty feet long with water, and made it stand in a trough of water. The water did not run down; the atmospheric pressure was holding it up. Another great experiment was the Magdeburg hemispheres. They were brought together, and air was pumped out of them. It took two teams of horses to pull the hemispheres apart!
The Earth receives a lot of energy from the sun, and this energy is largely responsible for the winds, the growth of the plants and other life-forms, oceanic currents, and so on. But the Earth also creates a lot of internal energy. The most visible form is the volcano – Earth’s internal energy pours out the most dramatically and violently. Geo-thermal energy is tapped for use in many parts of the world, such as around Rotorua in the volcanic North Island of New Zealand. The Earth also gives out its energy steadily. If we go caving, we will find that the temperature below say 20 meters from the surface is always remarkably steady, irrespective of the season, and from the evidence of the stalactites and stalagmites, has been so for millions of years.
As we progress further below, the reason becomes obvious. In deep mines, the rocks that are under pressure from the masses above them become so hot that they cannot be touched with bare hands. Thus, the high pressure (or squeeze) they are enduring from the gravitational force of the masses above upon them, and the resistance from the masses below them, is increasing the temperature. As we go further below, the rocks become so hot that they melt – they become molten rock, or lava. The surface of the Earth is thus resting upon a vast single ocean of molten rock. The drift of the continents, has been explained using this theory. The natural phenomenon of the volcano is explained as the escape of the lava through a weak spot in the Earth’s crust (the solid surface over the molten lava).
This heat from the lava has to escape. It has to flow from its higher temperature to the lower temperature region. One route is to the surface of the Earth, which is much cooler. There is thus a temperature gradient from the lava layer, to the surface layer; the hot walls of our deep mine we talked about earlier, is due not only to the pressure from the masses above and the resistance below, but also due to the heat being conducted out from the lower lava layers.
The Nature of the Earth’s core
As of now, the understanding is that the Earth’s core is very hot, molten metal; mostly ferrous in nature. This is stated as a fact in every high school physics textbook. The evidence comes from the flow of lava – evidently it gets hotter and hotter as we go below the Earth’s surface. Thus, it is assumed from some sort of extrapolation that the Earth’s core must be very hot indeed, what with all the pressure of the entire planet bearing down upon it. Then there are theories based upon the creation of the solar system: initially our planet was very hot, and has been cooling ever since.
Again, let us take an alternative outlook. There is no dispute that the Earth’s crust rests upon lava, which is formed several kilometers below the surface. But below that lava, what does exist?
It seems self-evident that the lava layer will be very deep. The temperature caused from high pressure, from the molten lava and the sold crust above, will continue to melt the rocks so long as there is sufficient mass “below” to permit the squeezing – in other words, if there is still a sizable radius of matter left, against which there can be squeezing. But near the centre of the Earth, where the radius is near zero, what is the pressure?
This is really the key question. Let us analyze it mathematically. The force acting upon a body upon the surface of the Earth is m*g, where m is the mass of the body and g is the acceleration due to the Earth’s gravity. Now as per the universal law of gravitation, formulated by Newton, the force of attraction F between two masses m1 and m2, with a distance r in between their respective centers of mass, is F = G*m1*m2/r^2, where G is a constant known as Gravitational Constant. Applying this to the mass m on the surface of the Earth, and taking the mass of the Earth to be M, and the radius R, we have, F = G*m*M/R^2, by taking the centre of mass of the Earth to be at its centre. Let the average density of the Earth be D, then we have the mass M as V * D, where V is the volume of the Earth. Now the volume of any sphere is pi*4*R^3/3, where pi = 3.1412 roughly, and R is the radius of the sphere. So M is D * V or M = D * pi*4*R^3/D. Substituting this value in the equation for force, we have:
F = G*m*D*pi*4*R^3/(R^2*3), or
F = G*m*D*pi*4*R/3
Now when R or the radius of the Earth is zero, which is the case when the m is at the centre of the Earth, then F = 0. Now pressure is force per unit area, so pressure at the centre of the Earth is also zero.
This looks strange – what of the huge masses all around the body m, why are they not crushing m to practically extinction? The point is that they are all pulling away at the mass m from all sides – so the resultant force acting upon the mass m is zero. It is like a body on the surface of the Earth – because the air pressure on both sides is equal, the forces cancel, and there is no net force. But is somehow the air pressure on one side is diminished (like what they did with the Magdeburg hemispheres) then the forces resulting from the atmospheric pressure starts to become apparent.
Where the pressure is zero, the temperature is also zero, or near zero. Let us assume for the moment that it is so, and that the core of the Earth is iron – very cold iron. Because it is so cold, it can support superconductivity, and because it can support superconductivity, there is a very large and steady current flowing through it. Now such a large current will naturally create a magnetic field – can we measure it? Indeed we can! Natural magnets (lodestones) have always existed, and helped mariners by naturally pointing to the North. Looked at from the other side, simply because we have a steady magnetic field that is a fact, we must have a steady electric current permanently “on”, and circulating in planes at right angles to the magnetic N-S axis of the Earth. The superconducting effect is the only physics effect we know that can permit this to happen. Superconductivity cannot happen unless the temperature of the conductor of electricity is very low. So, the centre of the Earth must have a very low temperature.
If we conclude that this is so, then the question immediately arises, why does not the heat from the lava layers reach the core by conduction, and thus make the core equally hot? One answer is – there have to be thousands of kilometers of insulation between the lava layers and the core. As the pressures decrease when we progress to the centre of the Earth, the lava solidifies, and again becomes rock. If this rock is like mica, it will act as an excellent insulator of heat. Thus, the centre of the Earth is kept cold by so much insulation.
Some heat energy does seep in continually, despite the insulation – this energy keeps the electric current in the core continually circulating. If no energy came in, at all, then the electric current would die down in due course.
We thus have a perfectly steady, balanced, self-sustaining model to account for the terrestrial energy of our planet. It could be that the lava layers, being fluid, could generate free energy the way we have described earlier, and that this free energy, when rapidly accumulated, could find release as surplus heat energy – thus explaining the sudden and random volcanic actions throughout the ages.
The Structure of the Sun
It is tempting to think of the Sun as having the same basic structure as the Earth – that is, with a thick atmosphere (of hydrogen gas), a solid crust, lava layers, insulating layers and finally a very cold core that thus supports the superconductivity required for the continuously circulating current which in turn creates the Sun’s magnetic field. With this structure in mind, we can explain the reason for the Sun’s magnetic field, the solar flares (volcanoes erupting) and of course, the great energy radiated from the Sun (both from its powerful internal gravitational forces, and the free energy created by its lava layers, and atmosphere layers) and maybe also from radioactive processes such as fission from materials on or near its surface.
The Structure of the Moon
Our Moon is smaller than our Earth, and so lacks the gravity to hang on to any atmosphere. Hence it has no atmosphere, and its rocky surface is clearly visible to the naked eye. It would not be correct to consider it as just one big dead rock. The Moon has shown signs that it is not dead – there is some amount of internal activity. So there could be a layer of hot rock, if not lava, a few kilometers beneath the Moon’s cratered surface.
Conclusion to Section 3
It is thus evident from the earlier discussions that the internal energy of any heavenly body is in direct proportion to its size and related to its structure. It is perfectly possible for it to have a cold core, to support the superconducting currents that are necessary to produce the measured magnetic field. With this our alternative explanation for the energy of the sun and the stars, is not necessary to assume that the core of any star has to be extremely hot, so as to support the temperatures necessary for nuclear fusion. So nuclear fusion need not exist as a natural phenomenon – it can not exist when we consider the formation of the magnetic fields from the currents caused by the phenomenon of superconductivity, that necessity the existence of a very cold core. But if nuclear fusion does not exist, how can we have the extraordinary energies that are produced by the hydrogen bombs? We will study this important point in detail in the next section.
About such phenomena as nova or supernova – apparently these are stars that explode as a result of internal nuclear activity. They could also be the result of stars colliding – just as comets hit planets. Or there could be better explanations, that only travel to outer space, permitting closer investigations, may provide.
Paul Alsing
Aug 9, 2021, 12:17:17 AM8/9/21
to
On Wednesday, May 29, 2019 at 7:41:00 PM UTC-7, banerjee...@gmail.com wrote:
> Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere.
Right here you are wandering from the Scientific Method. What do you mean "somehow:"? Either you have observations and/or experiments to justify this outlandish claim or you do not.
> Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere.
I believe that you do not.
Show me how I am wrong and you are right.
"Suppose" is not a valid argument.
Arindam Banerjee
Aug 9, 2021, 12:51:57 AM8/9/21
to
On Monday, 9 August 2021 at 14:17:17 UTC+10, pnal...@gmail.com wrote:
> On Wednesday, May 29, 2019 at 7:41:00 PM UTC-7, banerjee...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere.
> Right here you are wandering from the Scientific Method. What do you mean "somehow:"? Either you have observations and/or experiments to justify this outlandish claim or you do not.
This work is dated. My work on solar energy was done far more thoroughly last year when I wrote about novas and supernovas.
> On Wednesday, May 29, 2019 at 7:41:00 PM UTC-7, banerjee...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > Now let there arise, somehow, a region of lower pressure within the Sun’s atmosphere.
> Right here you are wandering from the Scientific Method. What do you mean "somehow:"? Either you have observations and/or experiments to justify this outlandish claim or you do not.
Anyway, I can see that there are low pressure regions in the Earth's atmosphere.
So there should be low pressure regions in the Sun's atmosphere.
There have to be so, for gas movement goes from high pressure to low pressure. Always, everywhere. Hear any weather report.
> I believe that you do not.
>
> Show me how I am wrong and you are right.
>
> "Suppose" is not a valid argument.
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