COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF CAUSATIVES IN SANSKRIT WITH MEANINGS IN ENGLISH/HINDI

[DR Y N RAO]

Dear List-Members,

NAMASTE!

I am in urgent need of 'CAUSATIVES IN SANSKRIT'.    I shall be highly grateful if any Member could suggest a Link/Book (with detailed Address of its Availability) containing a Comprehensive List of Causatives in Sanskrit with meanings in English or Hindi at the earliest.

With best wishes,

--Dr. Y.N. RAO,

14/05/2018

[Taff Rivers]

Dr,

When you consider the meaning of the word, you will realise that there cannot be any such list, but see below for what Wiki has to say on the subject!. 

causative

The Oxford English Dictionary of Style:

  Semantics. (n. & adj.) (A word, especially a verb) expressing causation. 

  The term is particularly used in connection with verbs. 

  In classic semantic theory, the verb kill is a causative verb, meaning ‘cause to die’. Other causatives include verbs of motion such as place or put, i.e. cause (something) to be (in a place), and more general verbs that have a result, e.g. elect (They have elected my brother as chairman).

  In popular pedagogic grammar, get and have are the prime causative verbs, as in Get your hair cut or We’ve had the house painted.

  The term is sometimes applied to other linguistic units. Because of can be described as a causative preposition; in She died of a fever, of a fever is a causative adverebial.

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar/Chapter_XIV

  This will need some understanding!

IV. Causative.

1041. a. In the later language is allowed to be made from most roots a complete causative conjugation. The basis of this is a causative stem, formed by appending the causative-sign आय áya to the, usually strengthened, root.

b. But by no means all conjugation-stems formed by the sign आय áya are of causative value; and the grammarians regard a part of them as constituting a conjugation-class, the tenth or cur-class, according to which roots may be inflected as according to the other classes, and either alone or along with others (775).

c. In RV., the proportion without causative value is fully one third. The formation is a more obviously denominative one than any of the other conjugation-classes, an intermediate between them and the proper denominatives. A causative meaning has established itself in connection with the formation, and become predominant, though not exclusive. A number of roots of late appearance and probably derivative character are included in the class, and some palpable denominatives, which lack only the usual denominative accent (below, 1056).

d. The causative formation is of much more frequent use, and more decidedly expanded into a full conjugation, than either the intensive or the desiderative. It is made from more than three hundred roots in the early language (in RV., from about one hundred and fifty); but in the oldest, its forms outside the present-system are (apart from the attached reduplicated aorist: 1046) exceedingly few.

1042. The treatment of the root before the causative-sign अय aya is as follows:

a. Medial or initial i, u, ṛ, ḷ have the guṇa-strengthening (if capable of it: 240; thus, vedaya from √vid, codaya from √cud, tarpaya from √tṛp; and kalpaya from √kḷp (only example): but cintaya, gulphaya, dṛṅhaya.

b. But a few roots lack the strengthening: these are, in the older language, cit (citaya and cetaya), iṣ, iḷ, riṣ (riṣaya and reṣaya), vip (vipaya and vepaya), tuj, tur, tuṣ (tuṣaya and toṣaya), dyut (dyutaya and dyotaya), ruc (rucaya and rocaya), çuc (çucaya and çocaya), çubh (cubhaya and çobhaya), kṛp, mṛḍ, spṛh; and grabh makes in RV. gṛbhaya. Duṣ and guh lengthen the vowel instead. Mṛj sometimes has vṛddhi, as in other forms: thus, mārjaya (beside marjaya). On the other hand, guṇa appears irregularly (240 b) in srevaya (beside çrīvaya), heḍaya, mekṣaya. Similar irregularities in the later language are giraya, tulaya (also tolaya), churaya (also choraya), muṣaya, sphuraya. No forms without strengthening have a causative value made in the older language.

c. A final vowel has the vṛddhi-strengthening: thus, cāyaya, çāyaya, cyāvaya, bhāvaya, dhāraya, sāraya.

d. But no root in i or ī has vṛddhi in the Veda (unless pāyaya [k, below] comes from pī rather than pā) — as, indeed, regular causatives from such roots are hardly quotable: only RV. has kṣayaya (beside kṣepaya) from √kṣi possess; for a few alternatively permitted forms, see below, 1. In B. and S., however, occur çāyaya and sāyaya (√si or sā); and later -āyaya, cāyaya, smāyaya, ḍāyaya, nāyaya.

e. A few roots have a form also with guṇa-strengthening: thus, cyu, dru, plu, yu separate, çru, pū, stu, sru; jṛ waste away, dṛ pierce, sṛ, smṛ, hṛ; vṛ choose makes varaya later (it is not found in V.: epic also vāraya).

f. A medial or initial a in a light syllable is sometimes lengthened, and sometimes remains unchanged: thus, bhājaya, svāpaya, ādaya; janaya, çrathaya, anaya (but mandaya, valgaya, bhakṣaya).

g. The roots in the older language which keep their short a are jan, pan, svan, dhan, ran, stan, gam (gāmaya once in RV.), tam, dam, raj (usually rañjaya), prath, çrath, çnath, vyath, svad, chad please (also chandaya), nad, dhvas (also dhvaṅsaya), rah, mah (also maṅhaya), nabh (also nambhaya), tvar, svar, hval. In the later language, further, kvaṇ, jvar, trap, day, paṇ, rac, ran ring, vadh, val, vaç, çlath, skhal, sthag. Both forms are made (either in the earlier or in the later language, or in both taken together) by ad, kal, kram, kṣam, khan, ghaṭ, cam, cal, jval, tvar, dal, dhvan, nad, nam, pat, bhram, math, mad, yam, ram, lag, lal, vam, vyadh, çam be quiet, çram, çvas, svap. The roots which lengthen the vowel are decidedly the more numerous.

h. If a nasal is taken in any of the strong forms of a root, it usually appears in the causative stem: e. g. dambhaya, daṅçaya, indhaya, limpaya, rundhaya, çundhaya, kṛntaya, dṛṅhaya. From a number of roots, stems both with and without the nasal are made: thus (besides those mentioned above, g), kuñcaya and kocaya, granthaya and grathaya, bṛṅhaya and barhaya, bhraṅçaya and bhrāçaya, çundhaya and çodhaya, sañjaya and sajjaya, siñcaya and secaya. In a few of these is seen the influence of present-stems.

i. Most roots in final ā, and the root ṛ, add p before the conjugation-sign: thus, dāpaya, dhāpaya, sthāpaya; arpaya.

j. Such stems are made in the older language from the roots kṣā, khyā, gā sing (also gāyaya), glā, ghrā, jñā, dā give, dā divide, drā run, dhā put and dhā suck, mā measure, mlā, yā, vā blow, sthā, snā, hā remove; the later language adds kṣmā, dhmā, and hā leave. From jñā and snā are found in AV. and later the shortened forms jñapaya and snapaya, and from çrā only çrapaya (not in RV.). Also, in the later language, glā forms glapaya, and mlā forms mlapaya.

k. Stems from ā-roots showing no p are, earlier, gāyaya (also gāpaya) from √gā sing, chāyaya, pāyaya from √pā drink (or pī), pyāyaya from √pyā or pyāy; sāyaya from √sā (or si); also, later, hvāyaya from √hvā (or hū); — and further, from roots vā weave, vyā, and çā (or çi), according to the grammarians.

l. The same p is taken also by a few i- and ī-roots, with other accompanying irregularities: thus, in the older language, kṣepaya (RV., beside kṣayaya) from √kṣi possess; jāpaya (VS. and later) from √ji; lāpaya (TB. and later; later also lāyaya) from √lī cling; çrāpaya (VS., once) from √çri; adhyāpaya (S. and later) from adhi+√i; — in the later, kṣapaya (beside kṣayaya) from √kṣi destroy; māpaya from √mī; smāpaya (beside smāyaya) from √smi; hrepaya from √hrī; — and the grammarians make further krāpaya from √krī; cāpaya (beside cāyaya) from √ci gather; bhāpaya (beside bhāyaya and bhīṣaya) from √bhī; repaya from √rī, and vlepaya from √vlī. Moreover, √ruh makes ropaya (B. and later) beside rohaya (V. and later), and √knū makes knopáya (late).

m. More anomalous cases, in which the so-called causative is palpably the denominative of a derived noun, are: pālaya from √pā protect; prīṇaya from √prī; līnaya (according to grammarians) from √lī; dhūnaya (not causative in sense) from √dhū; bhīṣaya from √bhī; ghātaya from √han; sphāvaya from √sphā or sphāy.

n. In the Prakrit, the causative stem is made from all roots by the addition of (the equivalent of) āpaya; and a number (about a dozen) of like formations are quotable from Sanskrit texts, mostly of the latest period; but three, krīḍāpaya, jīvāpaya, and dīkṣāpaya, occur in the epics; and two, açāpaya and kṣālāpaya, even in the Sutras.

1043. Inflection: Present-System. The causative stem is inflected in the present-system precisely like other stems in अ a (733 a): it will be sufficient to give here in general the first persons of the different formations, taking as model the stem धारय dhāráya, from √धृ dhṛ. Thus:

1. Present Indicative.

active.

s. d. p.

1 धारयामि

dhāráyāmi धारयावस्

dhāráyāvas धारयामस्

dhāráyāmas

etc. etc. etc.

middle.

s. d. p.

1 धारये

dhāráye धारयावहे

dhāráyāvahe धारयामहे

dhāráyāmahe

etc. etc. etc.

a. The 1st pl. act. in masi greatly outnumbers (as ten to one) that in mas in both RV. and AV. No example occurs of 2d pl. act. in thana, nor of 3d sing. mid. in e for ate.

Regards,

    Taff_Rivers

[Hnbhat B.R.]

Thanks for giving a comprehensive list as required.

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[DR Y N RAO]

Dear Taff Mahodaya,

Thanks a lot for the descriptive analysis on the topic!

With best wishes,

--Dr. Y.N. RAO,

14/05/2018

[Taff Rivers]

Dr,

   Thanks,

      The English definition is actually to be found in The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar,

      not The Oxford English Dictionary of Style as I wrote, (which in turn is properly titled The Oxford Guide to Style!).

The Gremlins were the causatives of the above.

best,

  Taff_Rivers

[G S S Murthy]

There are certain verbs in English which can be only expressed as a causative in Sanskrit. For example "show"=दर्शय. Is there a list of such verbs?

Regards,

Murthy

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My web site : http://murthygss.tripod.com/index.htm
and also my Sanskrit blog :

http://simplesanskrit.blogspot.com/

http://gssmurthy.blogspot.com

[DR Y N RAO]

Dear Taff Mahodaya,

Thanks!  I got it.

With best wishes,

--Dr. Y.N. RAO,

15/05/2018

On Tue, May 15, 2018 at 12:34 AM, Taff Rivers <eddie...@gmail.com> wrote:

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[S. L. Abhyankar]

Causative is णिच्-प्रयोगः 

In अष्टाध्यायी the word णिच् is in 3 सूत्र-s

• (1'3'74) णिचश्च 
  
• (3'1'21) मुण्डमिश्रश्लक्ष्णलवणव्रतवस्त्रहलकलकृततूस्तेभ्यो णिच् 
• (3'1'25) सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् 
• This carries forward also to (3'1'26) हेतुमति च |

सूत्र-s (3'1'21) and (3'1'25) seem to be containing sort of lists, that may interest you. 

(3'1'26) हेतुमति च suggests one of the applications of णिच्-प्रयोगः 

In causative णिच्-प्रयोगे the verbal forms become similar to those in "चुरादि" दशमगणः e.g. खाद् (खादति) => खादयति कृ (करोति) = कारयति Although these are examples of  णिच्-प्रयोगे परस्मैपदीनि रूपाणि, the सूत्रम् णिचश्च (1'3'74) with अनुवृत्ति of आत्मनेपदम् from (1'3'12) and of कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले (1'3'72) आत्मनेपदीनि रूपाणि are also endorsed. 

It seems most णिच्-प्रयोगे रूपाणि are उभयपदीनि. This is my अनुमान. I would like this अनुमान to be commented upon.

[Taff Rivers]

Murthy,

  There is a difference between verbal expressions and verb forms.

A verbal expression would be something like 'The student made the teacher very annoyed'.

or  

 'The student caused the teacher to be very annoyed.

Whereas a causative form of the verb annoyed would do no more than save a single word, from the expression 'made annoyed'.

Sanskrit doesn't have to use a causative form, it could simply take the trouble to use the Sanskrit verb 'cause' to express exactly the same idea.

But English is flexible, how about 'The student bothered the teacher'.

Where bother suggests causing trouble or weariness or repeatedly interrupting in the midst of pressing duties?

  On the subject of causatives, Walter Harding Maurer, in his 'The Sanskrit Language' has 'Lesson Twenty-Eight' with this topic. There he says 'Modern English has only half a dozen or so causative verbs inherited from Old English'.

I only have his paper book, so unfortunately I can't copy & paste content. Anyway those half dozen or so aren't really helpful. e.g. 'bait cause to bite' unless you go fishing!

Regards,

  Taff_Rivers

[Sunder Hattangadi]

Lesson 28

Lesson 28 Exercise Page 408

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[Hnbhat B.R.]

On Tuesday, May 15, 2018, S. L. Abhyankar <sl.abh...@gmail.com> wrote:

Causative is णिच्-प्रयोगः 

In अष्टाध्यायी the word णिच् is in 3 सूत्र-s

• (1'3'74) णिचश्च 
  

• (3'1'21) मुRण्डमिश्रश्लक्ष्णलवणव्रतवस्त्रहलकलकृततूस्तेभ्यो णिच् 

• (3'1'25) सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् 
• This carries forward also to (3'1'26) हेतुमति च |

सूत्र-s (3'1'21) and (3'1'25) seem to be containing sort of lists, that may interest you. ?

The first is a list of words to which णिच्  is affixed in the meaning करणे and not causative. मुण्डं करोति मुण्डयति etc.

The second list affixes णिच् to the words  in special sense for each word. 

सत्यमाचष्टे - सत्यापयति,  पाशाद् विमोचने विपाशयति। रूपाद् दर्शने रूपयति। वीणयोपगायति उपवीणयति। तूलेनानुकुष्णाति अनुतूलयति etc.

And to the चुरादि list 10th conjugation in स्वार्थे. That is चुर् स्तेये चोरयति means to steal and not to cause one steal! To make causative, one mor causative णिच् is to be added even though there is no difference in form, there will be difference in structure of sentence.

(3'1'26) हेतुमति च suggests one of the applications of णिच्-प्रयोगः 

 

This is the actual causative  णिच् added to any verb. पठति read पाठयति - causes one to read!

 

In causative णिच्-प्रयोगे the verbal forms become similar to those in "चुरादि" दशमगणः e.g. खाद् (खादति) => खादयति कृ (करोति) = कारयति Although these are examples of  णिच्-प्रयोगे परस्मैपदीनि रूपाणि, the सूत्रम् णिचश्च (1'3'74) with अनुवृत्ति of आत्मनेपदम् from (1'3'12) and of कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले (1'3'72) आत्मनेपदीनि रूपाणि are also endorsed. 

It seems most णिच्-प्रयोगे रूपाणि are उभयपदीनि. This is my अनुमान. I would like this अनुमान to be commented upon.

Not all. आकुस्मादात्मनेपदिनः     The rule is the same णिचश्च makes ubhayapadi.

[Taff Rivers]

Professor, and other most learned ones,

Will no doubt find the following short Harvard pdf quite interesting as it seems to be an āgama on the topic.

Causing one to become more learned on this causative matter.

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/ollett/files/causative.pdf

Best regards,

  Taff_Rivers

On Tuesday, May 15, 2018 at 4:21:52 PM UTC+1, hn bhat wrote:

On Tuesday, May 15, 2018, S. L. Abhyankar <sl.abh...@gmail.com> wrote:

Causative is णिच्-प्रयोगः 

In अष्टाध्यायी the word णिच् is in 3 सूत्र-s

• (1'3'74) णिचश्च 
  
• (3'1'21) मुRण्डमिश्रश्लक्ष्णलवणव्रतवस्त्रहलकलकृततूस्तेभ्यो णिच् 
• (3'1'25) सत्यापपाशरूपवीणातूलश्लोकसेनालोमत्वचवर्मवर्णचूर्णचुरादिभ्यो णिच् 
• This carries forward also to (3'1'26) हेतुमति च |

सूत्र-s (3'1'21) and (3'1'25) seem to be containing sort of lists, that may interest you. ?

The first is a list of words to which णिच्  is affixed in the meaning करणे and not causative. मुण्डं करोति मुण्डयति etc.

The second list affixes णिच् to the words  in special sense for each word. 

सत्यमाचष्टे - सत्यापयति,  पाशाद् विमोचने विपाशयति। रूपाद् दर्शने रूपयति। वीणयोपगायति उपवीणयति। तूलेनानुकुष्णाति अनुतूलयति etc.

And to the चुरादि list 10th conjugation in स्वार्थे. That is चुर् स्तेये चोरयति means to steal and not to cause one steal! To make causative, one mor causative णिच् is to be added even though there is no difference in form, there will be difference in structure of sentence.

(3'1'26) हेतुमति च suggests one of the applications of णिच्-प्रयोगः 

 

This is the actual causative  णिच् added to any verb. पठति read पाठयति - causes one to read!

 

In causative णिच्-प्रयोगे the verbal forms become similar to those in "चुरादि" दशमगणः e.g. खाद् (खादति) => खादयति कृ (करोति) = कारयति Although these are examples of  णिच्-प्रयोगे परस्मैपदीनि रूपाणि, the सूत्रम् णिचश्च (1'3'74) with अनुवृत्ति of आत्मनेपदम् from (1'3'12) and of कर्त्रभिप्राये क्रियाफले (1'3'72) आत्मनेपदीनि रूपाणि are also endorsed. 

It seems most णिच्-प्रयोगे रूपाणि are उभयपदीनि. This is my अनुमान. I would like this अनुमान to be commented upon.

Not all. आकुस्मादात्मनेपदिनः     The rule is the same णिचश्च makes ubhayapadi.

 

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[DR Y N RAO]

Dear S/Shri Taff, Abhyankar, Sunder and Hnbhat,

Thank you all!  I feel, I am benefited of the discussion on this thread.

With best wishes,

--Dr. Y.N. RAO,

16/05/2018 

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