Europeans Were Lactose Intolerant Post Agriculture
Damien Marsic
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Source: http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2014/10/europeans-were-lactose-intolerant-post-agriculture
Europeans Were Lactose Intolerant Post Agriculture
Cattle in Dedham, Essex, England. Image: Keven Law, WikimediaBy
analyzing DNA extracted from the petrous bones of skulls of ancient
Europeans, scientists have identified that these peoples remained
intolerant to lactose (natural sugar in the milk of mammals) for 5,000
years after they adopted agricultural practices and 4,000 years after
the onset of cheese-making among Central European Neolithic farmers.
The find, published online in the scientific journal Nature Communications, also suggests that major technological transitions in Central Europe between the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age were also associated with major changes in the genetics of these populations.
For the study, the international team of scientists examined nuclear ancient DNA extracted from thirteen individuals from burials from archaeological sites located in the Great Hungarian Plain, an area known to have been at the crossroads of major cultural transformations that shaped European prehistory. The skeletons sampled date from 5,700 BC (Early Neolithic) to 800 BC (Iron Age).
It took several years of experimentation with different bones of varying density and DNA preservation for the scientists to discover that the inner ear region of the petrous bone in the skull, which is the hardest bone and well protected from damage, is ideal for ancient DNA analysis in humans and any other mammals.
According to Prof. Ron Pinhasi from the UCD Earth Institute and UCD School of Archaeology, Univ. College Dublin, the joint senior author on the paper, "The high percentage DNA yield from the petrous bones exceeded those from other bones by up to 183-fold. This gave us anywhere between 12 percent and almost 90 percent human DNA in our samples compared to somewhere between 0 percent and 20 percent obtained from teeth, fingers and rib bones."
For the first time, these exceptionally high percentage DNA yields from ancient remains made it possible for scientists to systematically analyze a series of skeletons from the same region and check for known genetic markers including lactose intolerance.
"Our findings show progression towards lighter skin pigmentation as hunter and gatherers and non-local farmers intermarried, but surprisingly no presence of increased lactose persistence or tolerance to lactose" adds Pinhasi. "This means that these ancient Europeans would have had domesticated animals like cows, goats and sheep, but they would not yet have genetically developed a tolerance for drinking large quantities of milk from mammals."
According to Prof. Dan Bradley from the Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, co-senior author on the paper, "Our results also imply that the great changes in prehistoric technology including the adoption of farming, followed by the first use of the hard metals, bronze and then iron, were each associated with the substantial influx of new people. We can no longer believe these fundamental innovations were simply absorbed by existing populations in a sort of cultural osmosis."