Hi Jan,
The USB support is built on top of the Android Debug Bridge. You can use this utility to help us diagnose your problem further.
1. Open a command prompt. Usually the fastest way to do this is press Windows+R, type cmd.exe, and press enter.
2. In the prompt that opens, type (including quotes): "C:\Program Files (x86)\AppInventor\commands-for-AppInventor\adb.exe" devices and press enter.
3. You should get something that looks like this (actual values will vary):
List of devices attached
be42b13eca80 device
If you don't see anything, that means that ADB isn't detecting your device for some reason.
If you see "offline", your phone is detected but isn't responding to ADB. You may need to restart your phone.
If you see "unauthorized", then your phone doesn't trust your computer. You can go into the debugging menu and clear USB authorizations, and then run the ADB command again and it should prompt for authorization
If you see "device", then you are able to connect to your phone with ADB, and there is a problem elsewhere, possibly in App Inventor.
Regards,
Evan