Erik,
You beat me to the punch... by over a month... and I'm sorry to see that you got no response, and pinged again a few hours ago. Today must be the day for this issue!
I've been trying to figure that out tonight, and searching around, found all the stuff about high-resolution displays on phones and tablets, but the only debug technique I can find suggested is
at StackOverflow, and the problem with the suggestion was pointed out by Victoria just minutes before I found that... the workaround causes all aspects of the browser to be expanded, including the chrome around the user area, and the whole of the debugger. So this results in the possibility of emulating the display, and possibly the media queries, but it is really hard to debug. Firebug does have features to adjust its own text size, etc., but I'm not convinced that makes it usable... switching the layout.css.devPixelsPerPx is too big of a hammer, it seems...
As Victoria suggests there, perhaps there should be a way to affect only the setting of a single tab, or at least of a single window, and best would be only the user area of the debugger.
Printers, are, of course, just the same as mobile
devices, in having higher-resolution "screens", only their screens are
typically also larger, making for a lot of pixels, and far too much
"zoom factor" for it to be applied to the chrome and debugger areas as well.
I read something about a forthcoming version of Firefox containing
lots of mobile debug tools, but whether those are only for debugging
actual devices, or whether they would help solve this emulation problem, is
unclear.