Hi. So I ran this as user celery with some of the usual options for the logs, and I got an unexpected error about SOUTH_DATABASE_ADAPTERS. As I said, I had little knowledge of django, and had nothing to do with the installation I was trying to debug. So hunting down the what, where and how down "South," I finally followed the directions and put in an explicit configuration in the django site settings, even though up to a week ago, celeryd started up completely fine w/o any such configuration.
The error does not appear when one runs the startup from the script in /etc/init.d because the ultimate command execution (i.e. the one that I ran by hand, as Matt suggested, which exec's celeryd) occurs under a process which has had its stderr closed. Specifically, when manage.py imports the module south, __init__.py is run and hits the error on the missing configuration, but the error message disappears into /dev/null. You won't see the error when this command is being run after several intermediate calls in a detached (and muted) child off the parent shell.
Thanks to all for helping.
--Ian